History Grade 12 P1 Eastern Cape June 2023 Addendum (Eng)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 JUNE 2023 HISTORY P1 ADDENDUM This addendum consists of 14 pages.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 2 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2023) QUESTION 1: WHAT WERE THE REASONS FOR THE BUILDING OF THE BERLIN WALL IN AUGUST 1961? SOURCE 1A The following source describes the economic conditions in East Berlin between 1959 and 1961. West Berlin, situated deep within the surrounding East Germany (GDR), presented both problems and opportunities for the eastern bloc. The GDR economy had indeed made great strides to overcome wartime destruction and Soviet dismantling, which had removed around 30 percent of the industry, yet manufacturing was still fragile, suffering from dwindling (decreasing) raw materials and manpower. Besides production bottlenecks, there was a crisis of consumption. 1958 witnessed the lifting of rationing, yet distribution proved unequal to increased demand for even basic foodstuffs and clothing. The forced collectivization of agriculture, accelerated in the spring of 1960, only worsened the problem in the public eye. Then came the threat of an embargo of West German exports to the GDR … Whereas West Germany commanded the Ruhr’s heavy industry and had benefited from Marshall Aid, the GDR was not self-sufficient in raw materials, lacking hard coal and iron ore. Between 1945 and 1961 approximately one in six East Germans left the country. Engineers and skilled workers were leaving in irreplaceable numbers. Those who stayed behind could also cause severe difficulties. Whereas West Germany’s population swelled from 47,3 to 56,2 million from 1948 to 1961, the GDR, despite a birth surplus, dwindled from 19,1 to 17,1 million. This massive brain drain forced the GDR into a struggle for survival. Neither the superpowers nor their allies could control the exodus. In June 1961, Nikita Khrushchev served notice on the three western powers to evacuate West Berlin within six months. The Kremlin leader had always considered the western city a ‘festering sore’ on the GDR. [From Behind the Berlin Wall by Patrick Major] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2023) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 3 SOURCE 1B The source below is an extract of a speech delivered by American president John F. Kennedy to American citizens during the Berlin Crisis on July 25th, 1961. President Kennedy explained the American reaction to the Russian threats. … In Berlin, as you recall, he intends to bring to an end, through a stroke of the pen, first our legal rights to be in West Berlin; and secondly our ability to make good on our commitment to the two million free people of that city. That we cannot permit. … The immediate threat to free men is in West Berlin. … Our presence in West Berlin, and our access thereto, cannot be ended by any act of the Soviet government. The NATO shield was long ago extended to cover West Berlin – and we have given our word that an attack upon that city will be regarded as an attack upon us all. … We cannot and will not permit the communists to drive us out of Berlin, either gradually or by force. Accordingly, I am now taking the following steps: 1. I am tomorrow requesting the Congress for the current fiscal year an additional $3,247 billion of appropriations for the Armed Forces. 2. … I am requesting an increase in the Army’s total authorised strength from 875 000 to approximately one million men. The world is not deceived by the communists’ attempt to label Berlin as a hotbed of war. There is peace in Berlin today. The source of world trouble and tension is Moscow, not Berlin. And if war begins, it will have begun in Moscow and not Berlin. The choice of peace or war is largely theirs, not ours. In short, while we are ready to defend our interests, we shall also be ready to search for peace – in quiet exploratory talks, in formal or informal meetings. We do not want military considerations to dominate the thinking of either East or West. [From https://alphahistory.com/coldwar/john-f-kennedys-address-berlin-crisis-1961/. Accessed on 23 February 2022.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 4 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2023) SOURCE 1C The following source explains how Russia closed the border between East and West Berlin on 13 August 1961. Khrushchev and Ulbricht decided that they would seal the border during the early morning of August 13, a Sunday, when there would be little traffic and few workers going back and forth. … He asserted (stated) that Adenauer was sending spies through West Berlin into East Germany and Eastern Europe. Those were the main reasons, he argued, to seal the border. Khrushchev reinforced Soviet forces along the border with West Germany and around Berlin. He planned to encircle the city with ‘an iron ring’ by stringing barbed wire along the border and then if the allies did not act during the first few days, would put up a concrete wall. The Western officials quickly realised that they could not try to remove the barbed wire. … In the hours after the border closed, East Berliners who wanted to get to West Berlin realised that they would have to move fast. Some of them found open spots in the barbed wire and fled on August 13 or the following days. Others swam across those parts of the Teltow Canal and the Spree River that flow between East and West Berlin and which only a few East German police had yet been assigned to guard. Others fled or sneaked across the less heavily guarded stretches of the barbed wire. Thus, East German construction teams on August 16 began to build a wall of concrete blocks along the sector borders and across most of the streets between East and West Berlin. They built the new concrete barrier — which soon became known in the press as the Berlin Wall. [From Kennedy and the Berlin Wall by W.R. Smyser] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2023) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 5 SOURCE 1D The picture below shows East German workers laying bricks during the construction of the Berlin Wall in November 1961. [From https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8xgsrd/revision/3. Accessed on 23 February 2023.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 6 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2023) QUESTION 2: WHY DID THE ANGOLAN CIVIL WAR OF 1975 BECOME THE BATTLEGROUND OF THE COLD WAR IN AFRICA? SOURCE 2A The following source explains how the end of Portuguese colonial rule led to rivalry amongst the liberation movements in 1975. The leaders of the three Angolan movements came together in Mombasa where they recognised each other’s legitimacy. On 15 January 1975, at Alvor in Southern Portugal, the three movements signed an independence agreement with Portugal that promised peace and a working political future for Angola. The Alvor Agreement empowered a transitional government to administrate Angola from 31 January 1975 until elections, which would be held later that year to determine a new government. When the Portuguese flag was lowered over Angola for the last time on 10 November 1975, the High Commissioner transferred sovereignty (power) to all Angolans and not to any one movement in particular. … The rivalry (competition) for ascendancy (control) among them now emerged as a priority. … The movements now looked to legitimise themselves face- to-face with each other. The movements now sought aid exclusively to bolster their positions as calculated against each other. By the end of the anti-colonial war, the MPLA, the FNLA and UNITA did not have sophisticated weapons. … they were little more than a collection of small guerrilla units. A year later, however, columns of motorised armoured carriers, large mortars, rocket launchers, tanks and jet fighters were all in action as the MPLA faced the combined forces of the FNLA and UNITA in a furious civil war for power in Angola. [From The origins of the Angolan Civil War by Fernando Andresen Guimaraes] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2023) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 7 SOURCE 2B The source below explains how the USA and South Africa became involved in the Angolan Civil War of 1975. The MPLA also turned to Cuba for help … which sent 230 Cuban instructors to Angola. Strengthen by the influx of Russian weapons and the support of Cuba, the MPLA drove the FNLA and UNITA out of Luanda. … the transitional government collapsed, and the government of Angola remained effectively in the hands of the MPLA. The Angolan Civil War turned into a major international conflict, drawing in both the United States of America and South Africa in a determined effort to prevent the Soviet-backed MPLA from gaining power. Henry Kissinger, the US Secretary of State, concluded that unless America countered Soviet activities, the larger balance of power between the superpowers would be impaired (damaged). America authorised Kissinger to mount a major covert (secret) operation supplying arms to both the FNLA and UNITA. South Africa launched their own intervention in Angola. They saw the Soviet and Cuban intervention as a part of a communist plan to dominate Southern Africa. They believed that Angola, under a pro-communist government was likely to become a springboard for nationalist guerrillas from the South West Africa People’s Organisation to attack South West Africa which South Africa controlled. South Africa hoped to achieve the installation of a pro- Western government in Angola amendable to South African interests. South Africa wanted to demonstrate to the USA its value as a staunch (loyal) anti-communist regional power. [From The State of Africa by Martin Meredith] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 8 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2023) SOURCE 2C This source outlines the reasons and nature of the Cuban and Russian intervention in the Angolan Civil War of 1974–1975. The Soviet decision to massively increase military aid to the MPLA in March 1975 fundamentally altered the nature of the Angolan conflict, ... the injection of vast amounts of high-tech weaponry unleashed deep-seated hatreds. Between March and November 1975, the Soviets sent a total of twenty-seven shiploads and thirty-to-forty cargo planes of weaponry to the MPLA, providing the raw material for a formidable FAPLA army. On 3 November, the MPLA Politburo met in an emergency session and unanimously endorsed a proposal made by Neto to request immediate and massive reinforcements from Havana. The Cuban response came within hours, Castro agreeing to the request after consulting in private with his most trusted colleagues, among them his brother Raúl. From now on all pretence of secrecy would be abandoned as Cuba launched a military intervention on an unprecedented (exceptional) scale. The mission was code-named ‘Operation Carlota’. The possibility that dozens of Cuban personnel would be taken prisoner or killed by the South Africans – and that an anti-Communist regime would take root in Angola would certainly have diminished (reduced) Castro’s standing and influence with his Soviet patron. It is thus no surprise that Castro’s response was immediate, as he had no other choice. In November 1975, Cuba launched the largest intervention in its history, sending 36 000 troops into Angola to defend its Marxist ally from twin invasions by South African and Zairian forces. [From The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991 by Edward George] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2023) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 9 SOURCE 2D The picture below depicts Russian tanks in the harbour of Luanda and MIGs of the Angolan Air Force. The pictures were taken in February 1976. [From https://www.jstor.org/stable/al.sff.document.nizap2c00283. Accessed on 22 February 2023.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2023) QUESTION 3: HOW DID THE FREEDOM SUMMER CAMPAIGN OF 1964 CONTRIBUTE TO THE GRANTING OF VOTING RIGHTS TO BLACK AMERICANS LIVING IN THE USA IN THE 1960s? SOURCE 3A The source below explains the reasons for the launching of the Freedom Summer Campaign in Mississippi in June 1964. Mississippi had one of the lowest rates of registered black voters – just 1 in 20. With a statewide black population that made up 45 percent of the state’s total population, blacks could have controlled politics in many Mississippi counties where they formed the majority. The state was notorious (famous) for its high number of random lynchings and attacks on blacks. The campaign to “get out the vote” in Mississippi … hit its stride in the summer of 1964. The campaign’s activities involved volunteers from CORE, the SCLC, the NAACP, and the SNCC, largely working together under a special umbrella organisation called the Council of Federated Organisations (COFO). That summer, COFO members requested that Northern white students join them in their voter registration campaign. More than a thousand answered the call. … Civil rights leaders believed that it would help the campaign receive greater media attention. … Mississippi whites resented (hated) them, considering them meddlers, “problem brats, sexually promiscuous, addicted to interracial lovemaking, brainwashed on communist doctrines.” Tragedy struck the campaign early that summer when, on June 21, two whites, Michael Schwerner and Andrew Goodman, and James Chaney, a 21-year-old black Mississippi civil rights worker, suddenly disappeared while organising voter registration. [From The Civil Rights Movement – Striving for Justice by Tim McNeese] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2023) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 11 SOURCE 3B The following source is an extract from an article written by journalist Jonathan Steele that was published in The Guardian on the 18th of June 1964. Jonathan Steele was a member of the Freedom Summer campaign in Mississippi in June 1964 when three of his co-activists were murdered. The FBI was conducting a nationwide manhunt for three men who had disappeared in Mississippi. … The missing men were three volunteer activists who had been helping black people stand up for their rights and register to vote in the Deep South's most violent state. They had been arrested by the deputy sheriff of Neshoba County on June 21, held for a few hours, and released after dark. Two days later their burned-out station wagon was discovered, but the men were nowhere to be found. James Chaney, 21, was a black Mississippian, Micky Schwerner, 24, was a Jewish activist from New York City, and Andrew Goodman, 20, came from an upper-middle-class New York family. … We immediately assumed that they had been lynched, as a warning to all outside agitators (protestors). Mississippi's law enforcement officials showed an unsurprising lack of concern at the news. The families of Goodman and Schwerner demanded action. … Lyndon Johnson was pressed to show he was a national and not just a regional politician. After several weeks James Jordan, a member of the Ku Klux Klan, decided to become a federal witness … and led the FBI to a dam where the men's bodies were found. …He had been on the scene when the murders occurred: … The policemen shot them one by one. The Freedom Summer campaign also gave a huge impetus to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which removed most of the artificial qualifications for registration. [From https://spartacus-educational.com/USAfreedomS.htm. Accessed on 12 February 2023.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 12 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2023) SOURCE 3C The source below is a poster issued by the FBI on 29 June 1964 about the disappearance of the three activists of the Freedom Summer campaign in Mississippi. [From Freedom Summer – The 1964 Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi by Susan Goldman Rubin] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2023) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 13 SOURCE 3D This source outlines the successes and challenges of the Freedom Summer campaign on African Americans living in the USA in the 1960s. Americans all around the country were shocked by the killing of civil rights workers and the brutality they witnessed on their televisions. Freedom Summer campaign raised the consciousness of millions of people to the plight of African Americans and the need for change. Mississippi's black residents gained organising skills and political experience. Conditions changed after the Voting Rights Act of 1965 legally empowered the federal government to send its own officials into local courthouses. By the end of 1966, more than half of African Americans in southern states had registered to vote. In the years that followed, many were elected to local offices such as mayors, school boards, and chiefs of police. Many SNCC and CORE staff went on to important careers in public service. John Lewis of SNCC was elected to the U.S. Congress and Mary King of SNCC oversaw the Peace Corps and Vista under President Carter. The refusal of the U.S. government to enforce its own civil rights laws disillusioned those who had hoped for federal intervention. ... Many activists were persuaded that traditional politics would not secure basic civil rights. Some national leaders, such as Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael, therefore began to urge African Americans to seize their rights “by any means necessary”. This sentiment helped create the Black Power Movement and organisations such as the Black Panthers. [From https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS3707. Accessed on 30 March 2023.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 14 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2023) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Visual sources and other historical evidence were taken from the following: Behind the Berlin Wall by Patrick Major Breaking White Supremacy by Gary Gorrien Freedom Summer – The 1964 Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi by Susan Goldman Rubin https://alphahistory.com/coldwar/john-f-kennedys-address-berlin-crisis-1961 https://flashbak.com/berlin-wall-1961-1962-24115/ https://spartacus-educational.com/USAfreedomS.htm https://www.jstor.org/stable/al.sff.document.nizap2c00283 https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS3707 Kennedy and the Berlin Wall by W. R. Smyser The Civil Rights Movement – Striving for Justice by Tim McNeese The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991 by Edward George The origins of the Angolan Civil War by Fernando Andresen Guimaraes The State of Africa by Martin Meredith Copyright reserved Please turn over