History Grade 12 Paper 2 NSC June 2012 Addendum (English)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com basic education Department: Basic Education REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION HISTORY P2 STANDARD GRADE 2012 ADDENDUM This addendum consists of 12 pages. 1 Copyright reserved GAUTENG Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 2 DBE/2012 SCE — Addendum QUESTION 4: AFRICA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 41 HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS THE ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (OAU) IN ACHIEVING ITS AIMS? SOURCE 4A This is an extract from Emergent African States by SA Akintoye, 1976, which focuses on why the OAU has had limited success. The achievements of the OAU have been so modest because the whole Pan- African movement has laboured under various difficulties. For one thing, very few African countries have been willing to surrender any significant part of their newly won sovereignty for the sake of the dream of African unity. Consequently, although all African leaders have proclaimed 'African Unity' to be the goal of Pan-Africanism, there has been a sharp disagreement over the meaning of the phrase. Some, like Dr Nkrumah, advocated in the early 1960s that African unity should mean the political unification of Africa into one large state — United States of Africa. The vast majority of African leaders, however, insisted that Africans must accept the existing African countries as they were, and that African unity should mean only co-operation among these countries. ree UTA OE UA A A Please tum over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 3 DBE/2012 SCE - Addendum SOURCE 4B This is an extract taken from http:/Awww.encyclopedia.com/topic/Organization of African Unity.aspx of the Social Sciences, 2008, by GJ Naidi. It focuses on the successes and failures of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The OAU had a mixed record. Its greatest success was in relation to decolonization. Other achievements included making significant contributions to the development of international law, especially in the fields of refugee law and human rights law, where several important treaties were adopted under OAU auspices, although in practice progress was slow and uneven. A court of human rights was envisaged, but the OAU was dissolved before it was established. Efforts were made to promote economic cooperation, and in 1991 it was decided to set up an African economic community, which in time was intended to lead to a customs union, a common market, and African monetary union. Little progress was made. Overall, the failures of the OAU outweighed its successes. Arguably, its major failing was its inability to bring peace, prosperity, security and stability to Africa. The OAU was found wanting in its responses to the tyrannies and kleptocracies ruining Africa, a deficiency that undermined its credibility. Its powers were too weak and its influence inadequate to deal with the internal and external conflicts, poor governance, human rights abuses, poverty, and underdevelopment from which much of Africa suffered. The OAU was considered incapable of meeting the challenges of globalization. By the end of the century, reform so comprehensive was required that it was decided to start afresh with a new organization, the African Union, devoted to the political and economic integration of Africa based on respect for democratic values, good governance, the rule of law, and human rights. Sasa TUT 0

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 4 DBE/2012 SCE — Addendum SOURCE 4C This is an extract taken from the comments by a Ugandan Anglican bishop in the late 1970s. He commented on the OAU's lack of action regarding human rights violations in Africa. The OAU's silence had encouraged and indirectly contributed to the bloodshed in Africa. | mean, the OAU even went so far as to Kampala for its summit [in 1975] and make Amin its chairman. And at the very moment the heads of state were meeting in the conference hall, talking about the lack of human rights in southern Africa, three blocks away, in Amin's torture chambers, my countrymen's heads were being smashed with sledge hammers and their legs were being chopped off with axes. Conrihtesoned LANAI! Pee ve

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 5 DBE/2012 SCE - Addendum QUESTION 5: CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH LED TO THE SECOND WORLD WAR 5.1 WHY WAS THE TREATMENT OF JEWS IN NAZI GERMANY A GROSS VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS? SOURCE 5A An extract from a letter written by Hitler to Josef Hell in 1922, explaining the manner in which Jews would be killed. If | am ever really in power the destruction of the Jews will be my first and most important job. As soon as | have the power, | shall have gallows after gallows erected ...Then the Jews will be hanged one after another and they will stay hanging until they stink. They will stay hanging as long as hygienically possible. As soon as they are untied, then the next group will follow and that will continue until the last Jew in Munich is exterminated. Exactly the same procedure will be followed in other cities until Germany is cleansed of the last Jew. SOURCE 5B These are extracts from the Nuremberg Laws, 1935. These laws were given that name because they were announced at a rally of the Nazi Party in Nuremberg. The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour, 15 September 1935. This forbade marriages between Jews and other Germans and cancelled all 'mixed marriages' even if they had happened outside Germany. Jews were forbidden to employ German women as domestic servants and were forbidden to display the national flag or national colours. The Regulation under Reich Citizenship Law. This denied German Jews the right of citizenship, removed the right to vote, and forbade Jews from holding any public office. Canyon reso NA Peas tum ovr

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 6 DBE/2012 SCE - Addendum SOURCE 5C A Nazi cartoon of a Jewish department store. The cartoonist and date published are unknown. It appeared in a newspaper in the period during the Nazi persecution of Jews. The face of a Jew appears on top of a Jewish store and its tentacles extend to German houses. The German people are standing outside the Jewish store. re ZZ ; crises ITU L00

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 U DBE/2012 SCE — Addendum SOURCE 5D An extract from the Nuremberg Trial, 20 November 1945. The former commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp explains the deaths of Jews. | commanded Auschwitz until 1 December 1943, and estimate that at least 2 500 000 victims were executed and exterminated there by gassing and burning, and at least another half-million succumbed to starvation and disease, making a total dead of about 3 000 000. This figure represents about seventy percent or eighty percent of all persons sent to Auschwitz as prisoners, the remainder having being selected and used for slave labour in the concentration camp industries. Included among the executed and burnt were approximately 20 000 Russian prisoners of war (previously selected and taken out of prisoner-of-war cages by the Gestapo) who were delivered to Auschwitz in transports operated by regular officers and men. The remainder of the total number of victims included about 100 000 German Jews, and great numbers of citizens, mostly Jewish, from Holland, France, Belgium, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Greece, or other countries. We executed about 400 000 Hungarian Jews alone at Auschwitz in the summer of 1944. Comriheeoned LANA AAUIRITTN|——P2se em ve

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 8 DBE/2012 SCE — Addendum QUESTION 6: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND EVENTS 1945-1970: THE COLD WAR 6.1 WHY WAS THE BERLIN AIRLIFT OF 1948-1949 OF SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE? SOURCE 6A This is an extract from the memoirs of President Truman of the United States of America, 1956. What was at stake in Berlin was not a contest over legal rights ... but a struggle over Germany ... the Kremlin tried to mislead the people of Europe into believing that ... we would back away from any military risks. | brought up the situation at the Cabinet meeting of June 25, 1948. The Secretary of the army, Kenneth Royall, maintained in constant touch with General Clay in Germany and reported that a serious situation was developing ... Clay was forced to make emergency arrangements to have essential supplies flown into the city, since Berlin, by now, was effectively blockaded by the Russians both by land and by water ... | directed that this improvised ‘airlift! be put on a full- scale organised basis ... The abandonment of Berlin would have a disastrous effect on our plans for West Germany (and) slow down European recovery ... we had to remain in Berlin. Copier JNA ULNAR HN! === ve

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 9 DBE/2012 SCE — Addendum SOURCE 6B This is a photograph of a placard celebrating the first anniversary of the Berlin airlift. acetal TN ea

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 10 DBE/2012 SCE - Addendum SOURCE 6C This is an extract from a speech made by Arthur Henderson, British Secretary for Air, 11 May 1949, highlighting the achievements of the Berlin airlift. In the 318 days since the airlift began on 28 June 1948, British and US aircraft have made 195 530 flights to Berlin, carrying 1 583 686 short tons of food, coal and other stores, of which British aircraft have made 63 612 flights carrying 369 347 tons, and American aircraft 131918 flights carrying 1 214 339 tons. The British total was made up of approximately 185 000 tons of food, 97 000 tons of coal, 50 000 tons of fuel, 21 000 tons of miscellaneous cargoes, and 15 000 tons of supplies for the British services in Berlin. In the reverse direction, British aircraft carried out of Berlin about 30 000 tons of freight and over 65 000 passengers. Although the British contributed to the airlift, in the way of flights and tonnage, which was about one-quarter of the total, the RAF was responsible for the bulk of the ground organization (6 of the 8 dispatching airfields being in the British zone), and over 500 000 tons was flown into Gatow airfield (in the British sector of Berlin) alone. Gatow, which at present handles nearly 1 000 aircraft movements in 24 hours, can claim to be the busiest airfield in the world in that it averaged 540 movements a day over the whole period of the airlift. Coprihresned ANN AMIN

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 11 DBE/2012 SCE — Addendum SOURCE 6D This cartoon was published in July 1948 in the London magazine, Punch. It shows Stalin in a chimney above Berlin. The storks are carrying supplies to West Berlin. Copyright reserved FEU ATA EU A ease turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 12 DBE/2012 SCE — Addendum ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Extracts and visual sources used in this addendum were taken from the following publications: Bottaro, J and Visser, P. 1999. In Search of History Grade 12, Cape Town: Oxford Brady, TF. 1959. Africa Favors One-Party Rule, New York Times Brockman, J. 1986. /taly and Mussolini, New York: Longman Brooks, R. 1985. The Modern World since 1870,: Unversity Tutorial Press Boyce, AN. 1974. Europe and South Africa Part 2 A History for Std 10, Cape Town: Juta Chazan, N. 1992. Politics and Society in contemporary Africa, Oxford Condon, C. 1994. The Making of the Modern World, Melbourne: Macmillan Craig, GA. 1972. Europe since 1914, USA The Dryden Press Culpin, C. 1998. GCSE Modern World History, London: Collins Educational Desmond, G. 1968. Mussolini and Fascist Era, Great Britain: Cox & Wyman Downing, T. & Isaacs, J. 1998. Cold War, London: Batam Press Govender, S.P. et. al. 1999 New Generation History Standard 10, Musgrave Hodge, T. 1993. Understanding History, Hong Kong: Heinemann Educational Hodgkin, T. 1957. Nationalism in Colonial Africa, New York: University Press Lancaster, T & S. 1994. The era of the Second World War, London: Causeway Press Ltd Leeds, C. 1972. Italy and Mussolini, London: Wayland Publishers Naidi, GJ. 2008. http://(www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Organisation of African Unity.aspx of the Social Sciences Nyerere, J. 1960. Africa Needs Time, New York Times Pape, J. et al. 1998. Making History Grade 12, London: Heineman Publishers Patrick, J. & Buzan, T. 1997. GCSE Modern World History, London: Hodder & Stoughton Pearson, E. 1975. Hitler's Reich, London: Harrop & Co. Ltd. Prockter, R. 1970. Nazi Germany, London: The Bodley Head Publishers Sauvain, P. 1997. Germany in the Twentieth Century, Stanley: Thornes Seleti, Y. (Editor) 1999. Looking into the Past Grade 12, Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman (Pty) Ltd Cis tcT ted UU NI