NW TECH SC P2V2 MEMO Eng Afr SEPTEMBER 2019 hlayiso.com

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE NATIONALE SENOIR SERTIFIKAAT GRADE/GRAAD 12 TECHNICAL SCIENCES P2/ TEGNIESE WETENSKAPPE V2 SEPTEMBER 2019 MARKING GUIDELINES/NASIENRIGLYNE MARKS/PUNTE: 150 This memorandum consists of 11 pages./ Hierdie memorandum betaan uit 11 bladsye. Copyright reserved/ Kopiereg voorbehou Please turn over/ Blaai om asseblief

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Technical Sciences P2/ Tegniese Wetenskappe V2 2 NW/September 2019 NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne QUESTION /VRAAG 1 1.1 CPP (2) 1.2 CPP (2) 1.3 BPP (2) 1.4 DPP (2) 1.5 DPP (2) 1.6 APP (2) 1.7 CPP (2) 1.8 BPP (2) 1.9 DPP (2) 1.10 APP (2) [20] QUESTION/VRAAG 2 2.1 2.1.1 A series of organic compounds that can be described by the same general formula and where each member differs from the next by a –CH2 PP (2) ‘n Reeks verbindings wat dieselfde algemene formule het maar elke lid verskil van die volgende met –CH2. 2.1.2 Organic compound that consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms only. PP (2) Organiese verbinding wat slegs uit koolstof en waterstof atome alleen bestaan. 2.2 R 2.2.1 PP OR/ OF (2) OH Note: Penelise one mark if 2.2.2 C5H10 P (1) 2.2.3 2– methylP butan–1–ol P/2– methylP –1–butanol P 2– metielP butan–1–ol P/2– metielP –1–butanol P (2) Marking criteria/ Merk riglyne · 1 mark for 2- methyl and 1 mark for butan–1–ol /P 1 punt vir 2- metiel en 1 punt vir butan–1–ol Penalise if hyphen is not used. Penaliseer as koppelteken nie gebruik is nie. Copyright reserved/ Kopiereg voorbehou Please turn over/ Blaai om asseblief

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Technical Sciences P2/ Tegniese Wetenskappe V2 3 NW/September 2019 NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne 2.2.4 A P (1) 2.2.5 Alkene P Alkeen (1) 2.3.1 Organic molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural formula. PP (2) Organiese molekules met dieselfde molekulêre formules, maar verskillende struktuur formule. 2.3.2 Functional (isomers) P (1) Funksionele (isomere) 2.3.3 Carbonyl (group)P Karboniel (1) 2.3.4 CnH2nO P (1) 2.4 Marking criteria/ Merk riglyne · Correct position of methyl.P Korrekte posisie van die metiel · Correct position of bromine.P Korrekte posisie van die broom. · Whole structure correct P (3) Die hele struktuur is korrek NOTE: Any hydrogen/ hyphen missing penalise 1 mark. LET WEL:Enige ‘H’ of ‘-‘ wat uiteglaat is, penaliseer 1 punt [19] QUESTION /VRAAG 3 3.1 The temperature of a substance where vapour pressure equals to the atmospheric pressure. PP (2) Die temperatuur waarby die dampdruk van die stof gelyk is aan die atmosferiese druk van die stof. 3.2.1 Hydrogen bond P (1) Waterstof binding 3.2.2 London forces/ induced dipole/dispersion P (1) Londenkragte/geinduseerder dipool /dispersie 3.3 GasP (1) Copyright reserved/ Kopiereg voorbehou Please turn over/ Blaai om asseblief

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Technical Sciences P2/ Tegniese Wetenskappe V2 4 NW/September 2019 NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne 3.4 · Propene (D) contains weakerP induced–dipole forces/ dispersion/London forcesPwhile propanoic acid (A) contains stronger hydrogen bonds. · More energy is needed to overcome the stronger hydrogen bonds/ intermolecular forces in propanoic acid (A) than in propene (D). P OR · Propanoic acid (A) contains strongerP hydrogen bonds Pwhile propene (D) contains weaker induced–dipole forces/ dispersion/London forces. P · Less energy is needed to overcome the weaker London forces/ intermolecular forces in propene than in propanoic acid. · Propeen(D) bestaan uit swak P geinduseerde dipool kragte/ dispersie/londenkragte P terwyl propanoësuur uit (A) sterk waterstof bindings bestaan. · Meer energie word benodig om die sterk waterstof bindings te breek in propanoësuur(A) as in propeen (D). OF · Propanoësuur (A) bestaan uit sterk P waterstof bindings P terwyl propeen (D) bestaan uit swak geinduseerde dipool kragte/dispersie /londenkragte.P · Minder energie word benodig om die swak londenkragte in propeen te breek. P (3) 3.5 Propene/DP (1) Propeen/D 3.6 The lower the boiling point the higher the vapour pressure. P P (2) Hoe laer die kookpunt hoe hoër is die dampdruk. OR/OF The weaker the intermolecular forces the higher the vapour pressure. Hoe swaker die intermolekulêre kragte hoe hoër die dampdruk. 3.7 The boiling point increases from propene (D) to propanoic acid (A). P The strength of the intermolecular forces increases from propene (D) to propanoic acid (A). P (2) Die kookpunt verhoog van propeen (D) na propanoësuur. (A)P Die intermolekulêre kragte versterk van propeen (D) na propanoësuur (A). P OR/OF The boiling point decreases from propanoic acid (A) to propene (D. The strength of the intermolecular forces decreases from propanoic acid (A) to propene (D. Die kookpunt verlaag van propanoësuur (A) na propeen (D). Die intermolekulêre kragte verswak van propanoësuur (A) na propeen (D). [13] Copyright reserved/ Kopiereg voorbehou Please turn over/ Blaai om asseblief

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Technical Sciences P2/ Tegniese Wetenskappe V2 5 NW/September 2019 NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne QUESTION /VRAAG 4 4.1 4.1.1 Hydrohalogenation P (1) Hidrohalogenasie 4.1.2 Hydrogenation P (1) Hidrogenasie 4.1.3 Hydration P (1) Hidrasie 4.2 2C4H10 + 13O2P → 8CO2 +10H2O P balancingP/balansering. (3) Marking criteria/ Merk riglyne · Correct reactants P Korrekte reagense · Correct productsP Korrekte produkte Correct balanced equation.P Korrek gebalanseer 4.3 Marking criteria/ Merk riglyne (5) · Structural formula of alkene correct.PP Struktuur formule van alkeen is korrek · Structural formula of H2O.P(Do not penalise if H2O used.) Struktuur formule van H2O.P(Moenie penaliseer as H2O gebruik is nie.) · Structural formula of product correct.PP Struktuur formule van produk is korrek. NOTE: Any hydrogen missing or bond missing, penalise 1 mark LET WEL:Enige H of binding nie gewys, penaliseer 1 punt 4.4 4.4.1 synthetic materials derived from organic compounds. PP (2) Sintetiese materiaal afgelei van organise verbindings. 4.4.2 Polythene P (1) Poliëtileen [14] Copyright reserved/ Kopiereg voorbehou Please turn over/ Blaai om asseblief

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Technical Sciences P2/ Tegniese Wetenskappe V2 6 NW/September 2019 NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne QUESTION/ VRAAG 5 5.1 Is a process that uses electrical current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form coating on an electrode. PP (2) Is 'n proses wat gebruik maak van elektriese stroom om opgeloste metaalkatione te reduseer sodat hulle in 'n dun metaallagie op 'n elektrode neergelê word. OR/OF The process of plating one metal onto another by electrolysis. Die proses waar een metaal met ‘n ander bedek word deur elektrolise. 5.2 Electrical (energy) to chemical (energy). PP (2) Elektriese (energie) na chemiese (energie). 5.3 Non spontaneous P (1) Nie-spontaan 5.4 Energy is required for the reaction to take place.PP (2) Energie word benodig vir die reaksie om plaas te vind. OR/OF Reaction should be driven by a source of energy. Die reaksie moet gedryf word deur ‘n energie bron. 5.5 Ag+ /Silver ionsP (1) Ag+ /Silwerione 5.6 To provide the electric energy/source of energy that will drive the nonspontaneous reaction into electroplating the spoon. PP (2) Om die elektriese energie/bron van energie te verskaf wat die nie-spontane reaksie moet dryf om die lepel te elektroplateer. 5.7 AgNO3 P / Silver nitrate /Silver salt solution (1) AgNO3 / Silwer nitraat /Silwer sout oplossing 5.8 A deposit of silver on the surface of the spoon. P A decrease in mass of the silver (anode) electrode. P (2) ‘n Silwer neerlaag wat gesien kan word op die lepel. Die massa van die silwer (anode) elektrode verminder. [13] Copyright reserved/ Kopiereg voorbehou Please turn over/ Blaai om asseblief

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Technical Sciences P2/ Tegniese Wetenskappe V2 7 NW/September 2019 NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne QUESTION/VRAAG 6 6.1 An electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy to electrical energy PP (2) ‘n Elektrochemiese sel wat chemiese energie omskakel in elektriese energie. 6.2 Temperature = 298 K/ 25 °C P (2) Temperatuur = 298 K/ 25 °C Concentration = 1 mol. dm-3 P Konsentrasie = 1 mol. dm-3 6.3 From Zn (electrode) to the Cu (electrode). P (1) Vananf die Zn (elektrode) na die Cu (elektrode). 6.4 Exothermic reaction P because energy is released. P (2) Eksotermiese reaksie want energie word vrygestel. 6.5 Gain of electrons. P P (2) Wins aan elektrone. 6.6.1 Zn → Zn2+ + 2e– P P (2) Marking criteria/ Merk riglyne Zn2+ + 2e– ⟵ Zn ( 2/2) Zn ⇋ Zn2++ 2e– (1/2) Zn2+ + 2e- ⇋ Zn (0/2) Zn ⟵Zn2++ 2e– (0/2) 6.6.2 Zn(s) | Zn2+(1 mol.dm–3)(aq) P || P Cu2+ (1 mol.dm–3)(aq) | Cu (s) P Accept /Aanvaar: Zn(s) | Zn2+ (aq) P || P Cu2+ (aq) | Cu (s) P (3) (Do not penalise if phases are not included.) (Moenie penaliseer as fases nie gewys is nie.) 6.7 OPTION/OPSIE 1: OPTION/OPSIE 2: (4) E° = E° cathode − E° anode P Zn → Zn2+ + 2e– – (− 0, 76P) = 0, 34 P – (− 0, 76P) Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu (+0, 34 P) = 1, 1 V P Zn + Cu2+→ Zn2+ + Cu 1, 1VP NOTE: Use any correct formula given in the data sheet./ LET WEL:Enige van die formules op die gegewensbladsy kan gebruik word. Copyright reserved/ Kopiereg voorbehou Please turn over/ Blaai om asseblief

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Technical Sciences P2/ Tegniese Wetenskappe V2 8 NW/September 2019 NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne 6.8 · Complete the circuit.P Voltooi die stroombaan (2) · Provide passage for ions P Voorsien deurgang vir ione. · Maintains electrical neutrality in the cell. Verseker elektriese neutraliteit in die selle. (Any TWO/ Enige TWEE ) 6.9 Because it will not form a precipitate with any other ions Pand do not prevent movement of ions P between two half cells. (2) Omdat dit wil nie‘n neerslag vorm met enige ander ione nie en dit blokeer ook nie die vloei van ione nie. [22] QUESTION/VRAAG 7 7.1 When light falls upon a plane surface it is reflected that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. P The incident ray, the refracted and the normal all lie in the same plane. P (2) Wanneer lig op ‘n platvlak val, weerkaats dit sodat die weerkaatsingshoek gelyk is aan die invalshoek. Die invalstraal, weerkaatste straal en normaal lê almal op dieselfde vlak. 7.2 · The image is the same size as the object. P (4) · The distance from the object to the mirror equals the distance from the image to the mirror. P · The image is virtual. P · The image is also laterally inverted, which means they have a left right inversion. P · The image is upright. (Any FOUR) · Die beeld is dieselfde grootte as die voorwerp. · Die afstand van die voorwerp na die spieël is gelyk aan die afstand van die beeld na die spieël. · Die beeld is ‘n virtuele beeld. · Hierdie beelde is ook sydelings omgekeerd wat beteken dat hulle ‘n links-regs omkering het. · Die beeld is regop. (Enige VIER) 7.3.1 Normal / normal line PP (2) Normaal/ normaal lyn 7.3.2 Diffused PP (2) Diffusie Copyright reserved/ Kopiereg voorbehou Please turn over/ Blaai om asseblief

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Technical Sciences P2/ Tegniese Wetenskappe V2 9 NW/September 2019 NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne 7.4 7.4.1 The phenomenon whereby white light breaks up into its component colours. PP (2) Die verskynsel waardeur wit lig opbreek in sy samestellende kleure. 7.4.2 Red P (1) Rooi 7.4.3 It has longest wavelength. P The longer the wavelength the less the refraction. P (2) Dit het die langste golflengte. Hoe langer die golflengte hoe minder is die breking. 7.4.4 Violet P (1) [16] QUESTION/VRAAG 8 8.1 8.1.1 Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another. P P (2) Die buiging van lig as dit deur een medium na ‘n volgende beweeg. 8.1.2 (7) 8.1.3 Decrease P (1) Verminder 8.2 Light must travel from a more optically dense medium /of high refractive index to a less optically dense medium/of low refractive index.PP Incident angle must be greater than critical angle. PP (4) Lig moet van ‘n digter na ‘n minder digte optiese medium beweeg. Die invalshoek van die ligstraal moet groter as die grootte van die grenshoek wees. 8.3 Communication P Medicine P Illuminating models/road signs Security fencing Fibre optic lamp (ANY TWO RELEVANT APPLICATIONS) (2) Copyright reserved/ Kopiereg voorbehou Please turn over/ Blaai om asseblief

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Technical Sciences P2/ Tegniese Wetenskappe V2 10 NW/September 2019 NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne Kommunikasie Mediese veld Padtekens Sekuriteitsheinings Veseloptiese lamp (ENIGE TWEE RELEVANTE TOEPASSINGS) 8.4 Marking criteria/ Merk riglyne (5) · Object height of 30 mm.P Voorwerp se hoogte is 30 mm. · Object placed 50 mm from the lens.P Voorwerp is 50 mm voor die lens. · Ray 1 parallel to the principal axis and passes through focal length on the other side of the lens.P Straal 1 is parallel met die hoofas en gaan deur die brandpunt aan die anderkant van die lens. · Ray 2 passing straight through the optical centre without deviating. P Straal 2 gaan deur die optiese middelpunt. · Inverted, diminished image formed between F and 2F. P Omgekeerde, kleiner beeld word gevorm tussen F en 2F. NOTE: Diagram not drawn to scale. LET WEL: Diagram is nie op skaal nie. 8.5 Near-sightedness P/ myopia Far–sightedness/hyperopia P (2) Kortsigtigheid / miopiese/ Bysiendheid Versiendheid [23] Copyright reserved/ Kopiereg voorbehou Please turn over/ Blaai om asseblief

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Technical Sciences P2/ Tegniese Wetenskappe V2 11 NW/September 2019 NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne QUESTION/ VRAAG 9 9.1 Is a changing magnetic and electric field mutually perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation of the wave. PP (2) Veranderende magnetiese en elektriese velde wat loodreg op mekaar en die rigting van die voortplantings golwe. 9.2.1 Radio Microwaves Infrared Visible Ultraviolet X–ray/ Gamma Waves/ /Mikrogolwe Waves/ Light/ X– strale ray/ Radio Infrarooi Sigbare Gammastrale golwe lig Marking criteria/ Merk riglyne · First 3 correct.P Eerste 3 korrek. . · Last 4 correct. P Laaste 4 korrek (2) 9.3 9.3.1 Ultraviolet P (1) 9.3.2 Microwave P (1) Mikrogolf 9.4 E = hf P 3, 44 × 10–23 P = 6, 63 × 10–34P× f f = 5, 19 × 1010 HzP (4) [10] TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved/ Kopiereg voorbehou

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Technical Sciences P2/ Tegniese Wetenskappe V2 12 NW/September 2019 NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne TECHNICAL SCIENCE P2 GRID NW/SEPTEMBER 2019 Taxonomy Knowledge area Question No. KNOWLEDGE EVALUATION COMPREHEN Electrochemi APPLICATIO Waves, SION and N& Organic TOTAL Question ,RECALL, AND TOTAL Sound and ROUTINE ANALYSIS, chemistry MARKS Totals cal cell APPLICATIO Problem light Low Demand N Solving CREATING Content E M D E M D E M D E M D Marks 1.1 Organic chemistry 2 2 2 2 1.2 Organic chemistry 2 2 2 2 1.3 Organic chemistry 2 2 2 2 1.4 Organic chemistry 2 2 2 2 1.5 Electrochemical cell 2 2 2 2 1.6 Electrochemical cell 2 2 2 2 Waves, Sound and 1.7 2 2 2 light 2 Waves, Sound and 1.8 2 2 2 light 2 Waves, Sound and 1.9 2 2 2 light 2 Waves, Sound and 1.10 2 2 2 light 2 20 2.1.1 Organic chemistry 2 2 2 2 2.1.2 Organic chemistry 2 2 2 2 2.2.1 Organic chemistry 2 2 2 2 2.2.2 Organic chemistry 1 1 1 1 2.2.3 Organic chemistry 2 2 2 2 2.2.4 Organic chemistry 1 1 1 1 2.2.5 1 1 1 . Organic chemistry 1 2.3 Organic chemistry 2.3.1 Organic chemistry 2 2 2 2 2.3.2 Organic chemistry 1 1 1 1 2.3.3 Organic chemistry 1 1 1 1 Copyright reserved/ Kopiereg voorbehou

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Technical Sciences P2/ Tegniese Wetenskappe V2 13 NW/September 2019 NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne TECHNICAL SCIENCE P2 GRID NW/SEPTEMBER 2019 Taxonomy Knowledge area Question No. KNOWLEDGE EVALUATION COMPREHEN Electrochemi APPLICATIO Waves, SION and N& Organic TOTAL Question ,RECALL, AND TOTAL ROUTINE ANALYSIS, Sound and chemistry MARKS Totals cal cell APPLICATIO Problem light Low Demand N Solving CREATING Content E M D E M D E M D E M D Marks 2.3.4 Organic chemistry 1 1 1 1 2.4 Organic chemistry 3 3 3 3 19 3.1. Organic chemistry 2 2 2 2 3.2.1 Organic chemistry 1 1 1 1 3.2.2 Organic chemistry 1 1 1 1 3.3 Organic chemistry 1 1 1 1 1 3.4 Organic chemistry 3 3 3 3 3.5 Organic chemistry 1 1 1 1 3.6 Organic chemistry 2 2 2 2 3.7 Organic chemistry 2 2 2 2 13 4.1.1 Organic chemistry 1 1 1 1 4.1.2 Organic chemistry 1 1 1 1 4.1.3 Organic chenistry 1 1 1 1 4.3 Organic chenistry 5 5 5 5 4.4.1 Organic chemistry 2 2 2 2 4.4.2 Organic chemistry 1 1 1 1 1 14 5.1 Electrochemical cell 2 2 2 2 5.2 Electrochemical cell 2 2 2 2 5.3 Electrochemical cell 2 2 2 2 5.4 Electrochemical cell 2 2 2 2 5.5 Electrochemical cell 1 1 1 1 5.6 Electrochemical cell 2 2 2 2 5.7 Electrochemical cell 2 2 2 2 5.8 Electrochemical cell 2 2 2 2 13 6.1. Electrochemical cell 2 2 2 2 Copyright reserved

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Technical Sciences P2/ Tegniese Wetenskappe V2 14 NW/September 2019 NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne TECHNICAL SCIENCE P2 GRID NW/SEPTEMBER 2019 Taxonomy Knowledge area Question No. KNOWLEDGE EVALUATION COMPREHEN Electrochemi APPLICATIO Waves, SION and N& Organic TOTAL Question ,RECALL, AND TOTAL ROUTINE ANALYSIS, Sound and chemistry MARKS Totals cal cell APPLICATIO Problem light Low Demand N Solving CREATING Content E M D E M D E M D E M D Marks 6.2. Electrochemical cell 2 2 2 2 6.3. Electrochemical cell 1 1 1 1 6.4 Electrochemical cell 2 2 2 2 6.5 Electrochemical cell 2 2 2 2 6.6.1 Electrochemical cell 2 2 2 2 6.6.2 Electrochemical cell 3 3 3 3 6.7 Electrochemical cell 4 4 4 4 6.8 Electrochemical cell 2 2 2 2 6.9 Electrochemical cell 2 2 2 2 22 Waves, sound and 7.1 2 2 2 2 light Waves, sound and 7.2 4 4 4 4 light Waves, sound and 7.3.1 2 2 2 2 light Waves, sound and 7.3.2 2 2 2 2 light Waves, sound and 7.4.1 2 2 2 light 2 Waves, sound and 7.4.2 2 2 2 light 2 Waves, sound and 7.4.3 2 2 2 light 2 Waves, sound and 7.4.4 1 1 1 light 1 16 Waves, Sound and 8.1.1 2 2 2 light 2 Waves, Sound and 8.1.2 7 7 7 light 7 Copyright reserved

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Technical Sciences P2/ Tegniese Wetenskappe V2 15 NW/September 2019 NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne TECHNICAL SCIENCE P2 GRID NW/SEPTEMBER 2019 Taxonomy Knowledge area Question No. KNOWLEDGE EVALUATION COMPREHEN Electrochemi APPLICATIO Waves, SION and N& Organic TOTAL Question ,RECALL, AND TOTAL ROUTINE ANALYSIS, Sound and chemistry MARKS Totals cal cell APPLICATIO Problem light Low Demand N Solving CREATING Content E M D E M D E M D E M D Marks Waves, Sound and 8.1.3 1 1 1 light 1 Waves, Sound and 8.2 4 4 4 light 4 Waves, Sound and 8.3 2 2 2 light 2 Waves, Sound and 8.4 5 5 5 light 5 Waves, Sound and 8.5 2 2 2 light 2 23 Waves, Sound and 9.1 2 2 2 light 2 Waves, Sound and 9.2 2 2 2 light 2 Waves, Sound and 9.3.1 1 1 1 light 1 Waves, Sound and 9.3.2 1 1 1 light 1 Waves, Sound and 9.4 3 3 3 light 3 10 1 2 15 15 15 14 22 30 32 0 7 3 4 3 9 55 41 54 TOTAL 3 2 0 0 0 Exp cog level Exp cog level Exp cog level Organic Electrochemical Waves, sound and Exp cog level 1 2 3 3 chemistry cell light 60/150 45/150 30/150 15/150 54 42 54 0 0 0 Copyright reserved

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Technical Sciences P2/ Tegniese Wetenskappe V2 16 NW/September 2019 NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne TECHNICAL SCIENCE P2 GRID NW/SEPTEMBER 2019 Taxonomy Knowledge area Question No. KNOWLEDGE EVALUATION COMPREHEN Electrochemi APPLICATIO Waves, SION and N& Organic TOTAL Question ,RECALL, AND TOTAL ROUTINE ANALYSIS, Sound and chemistry MARKS Totals cal cell APPLICATIO Problem light Low Demand N Solving CREATING Content E M D E M D E M D E M D Marks 15 63 45 32 16 0 55 41 53 10 42 30 21.33 10.67 4 36.7% 27% 35% 0 E M D 32 63 55 150 21 42 37 % % % Copyright reserved