Agricultural Management Practices May June 2022 MG Eng hlayiso.com

Downloaded from hlayiso.com SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS/ NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 2022 MARKING GUIDELINES MARKS: 200 These marking guidelines consist of 12 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Management Practices 2 DBE/2022 SC/NSC – Marking guideline SECTION A QUESTION 1 1.1 Multiple-choice questions 1.1.1 C  1.1.2 D  1.1.3 B  1.1.4 D  1.1.5 A  1.1.6 A  1.1.7 B  1.1.8 C  1.1.9 B  1.1.10 A  (10 x 2) (20) 1.2 Matching items 1.2.1 F  1.2.2 H  1.2.3 K  1.2.4 E  1.2.5 C  1.2.6 D  1.2.7 A  1.2.8 G  1.2.9 L  1.2.10 J  (10 x 2) (20) 1.3 Agricultural terms 1.3.1 Productivity  1.3.2 Radiation/Ultraviolet rays or light  1.3.3 Diversification/Diversity  1.3.4 Light or sunlight 1.3.5 Entrepreneurship  (5 x 1) (5) 1.4 Underlined words 1.4.1 Perishability/Perishing  1.4.2 Organising/Organisation  1.4.3 Climate of weather  1.4.4 Break-even point  1.4.5 Domestic or local  (5 x 1) (5) TOTAL SECTION A: 50 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Management Practices 3 DBE/2022 SC/NSC – Marking guideline QUESTION 2: PHYSICAL FARM PLANNING 2.1 Veld management 2.1.1 Importance of knowing optimal plant growth  To know the time of optimal growth  will establish the best plant potential   Knowledge on the different type of grasses  will help to determine the carrying capacity of the farm  (Any 1) (2) 2.1.2 TWO ways of how division of camps can assist the farmer  Maximise the continuous production  of high-quality feed   Have feeds available in times of slow growth  and dormant periods   Provide the nutritional requirements of livestock and game (eg, winter pastures)  Plan and respond  to unexpected events (droughts, floods, fire, etc.)  Increase efficiency of daily management   Prevent degradation of veld by preventing overgrazing   Minimise animal stress  by avoiding unnecessary movement  (Any 2) (4) 2.1.3 TWO advantages of good pasture management  No need to buy additional feed   Need for planted pastures would be less   The farmer would save money or have a higher income (Any 2) (2) 2.2 Factors influence grazing 2.2.1 Palatability – influence on grazing  Sweet veld – more palatable higher intake  Mixed veld – moderate palatable eaten first, moderate intake   Sour veld – less palatable grasses thus lower intake  (Any 1 x 2) (2) 2.2.2 Topography – influence on grazing  Topography like e.g. low-lying fields and plains can be more accessible to animals  This can lead to being grazed more often   Topography like e.g. mountain areas and slopes can be less accessible to animals  These areas will be grazed less often  (Any 1 x 2) (2) 2.2.3 Erosion – influence on grazing  No erosion  more areas for grazing   Moderate erosion  areas for grazing decreases   Severe erosion  little grazing available  (Any 1 x 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Management Practices 4 DBE/2022 SC/NSC – Marking guideline 2.3 Capital 2.3.1 Fixed capital item  C or fences (Any 1) (1) 2.3.2 Movable capital item  A or B or crop produce or cattle (Any 1) (1) 2.3.3 Reasons reducing risk with B and A or E  There will be more than one income for the farmer   Farmer can sell animals as well as the product (milk) as an income   More sustainable farming enterprise from more sources of income   Diversification or have more than one enterprise on the farm reduce price, disease and marketing risk   Value adding of the product can create an extra income  (Any 2) (2) 2.4 Soil structure 2.4.1 Definition soil structure  Is the grouping of soil particles  into structural unit (aggregates)   Is the natural cohesion of soil particles  to form larger parts (aggregates)  (Any 1 x 2) (2) 2.4.2 Soil structure and cultivation  Structured soil o Has high clay content – difficult to cultivate   Non-structured soil o Is loose and sandy – easy to cultivate  (2) 2.5 TWO advantages of organic farming  Lower input costs   Prohibits chemical input thus: o healthier for human consumption  o less harmful effects on the environment   Improves the soil health  (Any 2) (2) 2.6 Precision farming Correct main element MAIN ELEMENTS ACTION PLAN APPLY RESULT ANALYSE Irrigation/Spraying  Data processing  Precision maps  Harvesting  Fertilisation  (5) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Management Practices 5 DBE/2022 SC/NSC – Marking guideline 2.7 Physical inputs obtained in determining farming system  Soil   Precipitation   Sun   Location   Drainage  (5) 2.8 Mechanisation 2.8.1 Influence on the costs of labour  More skilled labours needed   Less labourers employed or labourers will reduce  (2) 2.8.2 Negative social impact of mechanisation  It results in unemployment/job losses  (1) 2.9 Effect of reduced wastage of pesticides in precision farming  Only a small area is sprayed  that will reduce the cost of spaying   Less pesticide (less wastage) used reduce the risk of pollution  therefore less environmental damages (more environmentally friendly)   Better control on the pest  because of focused spraying  (Any 2) (4) 2.10 Agritourism 2.10.1 Educational tourists  People visiting places to do research   on the veld, soil, topography  (2) 2.10.2 Product route tourists  People follow routs to see how agricultural products are produced   or how agricultural products are processed  (2) 2.11 FIVE disadvantages of agritourism  Brings more responsibilities   Not enough people available with the knowledge on agritourism   Many laws that regulate agriculture and tourism   Aspects like transport, nature conservation, social welfare can be a problem   Costly to start   The effect of loss of privacy   Negative impact on environment   Public liability   Difficulty to stay interconnected to all people involved   Highly affected by global health conditions  (Any 5) (5) [50] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Management Practices 6 DBE/2022 SC/NSC – Marking guideline QUESTION 3: BUSINESS PLANNING, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, MARKETING, PRICE DETERMINATION AND THE MANAGEMENT PROCESS 3.1 Business plan 3.1.1 FIVE reasons for developing a business plan  Test the feasibility of the enterprise   To assist in determining the financial needs   To determine daily activities   Indicates the current position of the business   Outline the future prospects of the business   To gain knowledge of relevant marketing issues   To obtain credit from a financial institution  (Any 5) (5) 3.1.2 FIVE marketing strategies  Potential profit projections based on realistic figures   Indicate to what extend profit will be reinvested   Focus on weakness of competition and provide better product   Justify price by thinking like the consumer   Price or service must reflect business's overall strategy   Indicate cost that improve quality of the product   Indicate expected sales   Indicate possible market share   Indicate break-even point   Indicate weakness in financing   Make suggestions on how shortcomings can be reduced (Any 5) (5) 3.2 Entrepreneurship 3.2.1 THREE entrepreneurial characteristics A, B, C and D  A – organisational/coordination abilities   B – technical/operational knowledge   C – innovative/creativeness/vision insight   D – perseverance  (4) 3.2.2 THREE resources that an entrepreneur requires when starting a farming enterprise  Financial resources  (appropriate examples)  Human resources  (appropriate examples)  Physical resources (appropriate examples) (3) 3.3 Distinguishing primary agricultural sector from secondary and tertiary agricultural sectors  The primary sector uses natural resources to produce raw products in farming, fishing and forestry sectors   Secondary sector transforms raw materials obtained from the primary sector to produce semi-finished or finished goods   The tertiary sector includes goods and services that the primary and secondary agricultural sectors need to produce their products  (3) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Management Practices 7 DBE/2022 SC/NSC – Marking guideline 3.4 Marketing laws applicable to the marketing of agricultural products 3.4.1 C (1) 3.4.2 A (1) 3.4.3 B (1) 3.4.4 E (1) 3.5 Marketing channels 3.5.1 THREE advantages of farm gate marketing  No marketing costs   No transport costs   Better suited for small scale farmers   Products can be sold by the farmer/no middle man or agent  (Any 3) (3) 3.5.2 THREE disadvantages of farm gate marketing  The farmer will have to accept the local price for the product on sale   The farmer will not necessarily be well located to reach consumers   Risk of robbery is high   Volumes that are sold are sometimes small  (Any 3) (3) 3.6 Difference between internet marketing and contract marketing INTERNET MARKETING CONTRACT MARKETING No contract – done on several A signed contract between the online platforms  producer and the consumer  Fluctuating prices  Price is fixed  No guaranteed income  Guaranteed income  Sell to anyone – can reach a Obligated to deliver to contract  global audience  (6) 3.7 THREE functions of producer organisations in the agriculture industry  Assist in the marketing of agricultural products   Research possible local markets for farmer's produce   Involved in export possibilities of farmer's products   Advice farmers on production methods of the product  Involved in research of the product to the benefit of all role players   Analyse markets and determine market tendencies   Promotion of the product  (Any 3) (3) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Management Practices 8 DBE/2022 SC/NSC – Marking guideline 3.8 THREE advantages of fresh produce market  Farmers can benefit from higher prices in time of shortages   Assuring the integrity of each party in the transaction   Guaranteeing that the negotiated price will be paid   Market is able to sell large quantities   Farmer can use an agent to do the marketing   Money is available immediately after sales  (Any 3) (3) 3.9 FOUR advantages of evaluation  Increase the efficiency of the operation   Resources are utilised optimally   Increased productivity in the workplace   Constant improvement of the operation or enterprise   Indicate areas of wastage and how to correct it  (Any 4) (4) 3.10 FOUR advantages of proper management regarding labour  Time saving   It increases efficiency and work is done faster   Each worker gains more skills in their part of specialisation and becomes an expect   Devising simple machinery for each operation becomes possible   The supervisor will know the responsibility of each worker  (Any 4) (4) [50] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Management Practices 9 DBE/2022 SC/NSC – Marking guideline QUESTION 4: FINANCIAL PLANNING, RECORDING, HARVESTING, VALUE ADDING, AND PACKAGING 4.1 A budget has both a planning function and a control function  Planning function - link expected income and expected expenses  of the farm to the goals of the farm   Control function – make sure that the real activities  adhere to the planned activities  (4) 4.2 Budgets 4.2.1 Inputs and outputs in budget (a) Input  Seed   Fertilizer   Poisons /chemicals/herbicide/pesticide   Fuel  (Any 2) (2) (b) Output  Harvested product   Wastage from harvested product sold  (Any 1) (1) 4.2.2 Budget for in terms of resources  Identification of the available resources   Determine the utilization of resources   Determine the cost for the use of resources  (3) 4.3 Income statement 4.3.1 Calculate Gross Profit  Gross profit = sales – cost of sales  = R942 700,00 – R780 900,00  = R161 800,00  (3) 4.3.2 Calculate Net Profit  Net profit = Gross profit – indirect expenses (overheads/non-production costs)  = R161 800,00 – (R21 700,00 + R72 300,00 + R52 300,00)  = R161 800,00 – R146 300,00 = R15 500,00  (3) 4.4 Distinguish between seasonal workers and occasional workers  Seasonal workers o Do repetitive tasks  o Tasks are season bound  (e.g. of worker can be used)  Occasional workers o Do project based, not repetitive tasks  o Tasks are not seasonal  (e.g. of worker can be used) (Any 1 comparison) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Management Practices 10 DBE/2022 SC/NSC – Marking guideline 4.5 THREE requirements of good record keeping  Clear and simple   Practical and easy to use   Specific   Realistic   Relevant   Complete   Useful and address specific needs on the farm   Up to date  (Any 3) (3) 4.6 Acceptable condition of fresh raw products  Product must be firm  and not wilted   No damage , marks, bruises on the product   Smell and colour must be specific to the fresh product   No signs of diseases and pests  visible on the product   The product must be clean  from soil and residue  (Any 2 x 2) (4) 4.7 Mechanical harvesting and harvesting by hand MECHANICAL HAND HARVESTING HARVESTING Influence of whether conditions small / little  great  Theft of the produce less  more  (4) 4.8 THREE correct personal health and hygiene practices for labourers  Must be well trained (know the dangers of fresh produce)   Bath regularly  Good toilet practises   Regular hand washing   Wear clean clothes   Wear required protective clothing (gloves, masks, shoes, hair cover)   Keep nails short  (Any 3) (3) 4.9 TWO main factors that determine the method of storage  Type of product   The relative humidity of the environment during the storage period   The moister content of the product from the field  (Any 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Management Practices 11 DBE/2022 SC/NSC – Marking guideline 4.10 Conversion through various actions and processes 4.10.1 Pasteurisation  (1) 4.10.2 Extraction  (1) 4.10.3 Fermentation  (1) 4.10.4 Sterilisation  (1) 4.10.5 Extrusion  (1) 4.11 Methods of packaging agricultural products 4.11.1 Vacuum packaging  Removing the air will delay spoilage or rotting of the product   Removing of the air reduces the size of the product that make storage and handling easier   Delayed rotting increased the shelf-life the product  (Any 1) (2) 4.11.2 Non-vacuum packaging  Do not need specialized equipment thus less costs   Protect the product shape or crushing of the product   More products can be packed because it saves time on packaging  (Any 1) (2) 4.12 Transport of products 4.12.1 Requirements of the truck and trailer  Floor must be slip-free – to prevent animals from falling and injuring themselves   Sufficient side panels – to prevent animals from falling-off and separating small and large stock   Height in multi-level vehicles must be sufficient – to allow larger animals to stand up and allow air to flow freely  Must be spacious – to ensure animal safety during transport   Safety of the animals – animals are not injured when moving   Ensure biosecurity – power-wash and sanitize vehicle before loading animals  (Any 3) (3) 4.12.2 TWO requirements of animals during the journey  Water   Food – hay, concentrate  (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Management Practices 12 DBE/2022 SC/NSC – Marking guideline 4.12.3 Stress levels of the animals  Stress has negative effects on the performance of farm animals   Weaken immune system   Reduce reproduction   Weight loss   Digestive upsets   Inflammatory reactions   Reduced feed consumption  (Any 2) (2) [50] TOTAL SECTION B: 150 GRAND TOTAL: 200 Copyright reserved