Agricultural Management Practices Nov 2025 MG Eng

NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES NOVEMBER 2025 MARKING GUIDELINES MARKS: 200 These marking guidelines consist of 14 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Management Practices 2 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION A QUESTION 1 1.1 Multiple choice 1.1.1 D ✓✓ 1.1.2 C ✓✓ 1.1.3 A ✓✓ 1.1.4 A ✓✓ 1.1.5 B ✓✓ 1.1.6 D ✓✓ 1.1.7 B ✓✓ 1.1.8 A ✓✓ 1.1.9 C ✓✓ 1.1.10 D ✓✓ (10 x 2) (20) 1.2 Matching items 1.2.1 F ✓✓ 1.2.2 K ✓✓ 1.2.3 L ✓✓ 1.2.4 C ✓✓ 1.2.5 A ✓✓ 1.2.6 H ✓✓ 1.2.7 B ✓✓ 1.2.8 J ✓✓ 1.2.9 D ✓✓ 1.2.10 G ✓✓ (10 x 2) (20) 1.3 Agricultural terms 1.3.1 Productivity ✓ 1.3.2 Loss ✓ 1.3.3 Market research ✓ 1.3.4 Invoice ✓ 1.3.5 Freezing ✓ (5 x 1) (5) 1.4 Underlined words 1.4.1 Deterioration/degradation/overgrazing✓ 1.4.2 Thermometer ✓ 1.4.3 Business plan ✓ 1.4.4 Mental ✓ 1.4.5 Hygiene ✓ (5 x 1) (5) TOTAL SECTION A: 50 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Management Practices 3 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION B QUESTION 2: PHYSICAL FARM PLANNING 2.1 Factors that restrict the capacity of land to produce food 2.1.1 Identify factors (a) B✓ (1) (b) A✓ (1) 2.1.2 Name the processes that Picture C has an influence on plant growth • Respiration ✓ • Transpiration ✓ • Absorption of nutrients ✓ • Photosynthesis ✓ (Any 3) (3) 2.2 Discuss effects of photo period on crop and animal production Crop • Each crop has a specific minimum amount of light ✓ that it must receive to produce or grow ✓ • This depends on the amount of daylight needed ✓, because crops are divided into summer or winter crops ✓ • Longer daylight length can result in higher production ✓, provided conditions are favourable ✓ Animal • Certain animals will only show signs of oestrus ✓, when daylight is shortening in South Africa ✓ (Any 2 x 2) (4) 2.3 Capital 2.3.1 Identify type of capital • A = Long-term capital / fixed capital ✓ • B = Short-term capital / working / floating capital ✓ • C = Medium-term capital / movable capital ✓ (3) 2.3.2 Name the problems associated with capital as a resource • Overcapitalisation ✓ • Undercapitalisation ✓ • Capital is expensive ✓ • Capital is scarce ✓ • Collateral / security for loan may not be enough ✓ (Any 3) (3) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Management Practices 4 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.4 Grazing and management 2.4.1 Deduce TWO grazing practices that led to PICTURE B • Adhere to correct carrying capacity / prevent overgrazing ✓ • Practise rotational grazing / prevent continuous grazing ✓ • Rest camps / winter camp ✓ (Any 2) (2) 2.4.2 Explain the effect of the following factors on production when referring to veld usage for grazing (a) Palatability • The tastier the veld, the more the animals will eat ✓ • A higher intake will lead to higher production ✓ (2) (b) Topography • Steep inclines make accessibility of grazing difficult ✓ • animals use more energy on steep inclines that will lead to lower production ✓ (2) (c) Erosion • Grazing fields with high eroded patches/areas will have less grass available thus ✓ • eroded areas need to be fenced off that result in less grazing area ✓ (2) 2.5 Differentiate with suitable examples Soil degradation • Is the loss of soil quality and productivity ✓ • caused by pollution, erosion, cultivation ✓ (2) Soil pollution • Is the contamination of the soil with chemical / physical / biological substances that disturb the natural balance of the soil ✓ • like fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, containers, animal residue ✓ (2) 2.6 Farming methods 2.6.1 Identify the farming methods • A – Extensive farming method ✓ • B – Intensive farming method ✓ • C – Semi-intensive farming method ✓ (3) 2.6.2 Describe environmental concerns of Farm B • Pollution of air and soil ✓ • Compromised animal welfare ✓ • Contaminated water sources ✓ • Accumulation of waste material ✓ • Degradation of natural resources ✓ (Any 4) (4) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Management Practices 5 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.6.3 Give the benefits of Farm A • Less labour required / labour saving✓ • Less capital per unit required / Less capital required ✓ • Lower input costs / lower production costs ✓ • Less spread on transmittable diseases ✓ • No need for extra resources than natural resources ✓ (Any 2) (2) 2.7 Classify workers ill-health as direct or indirect. 2.7.1 Indirect✓ (1) 2.7.2 Direct✓ (1) 2.7.3 Direct✓ (1) 2.7.4 Indirect✓ (1) 2.8 Agritourism 2.8.1 Identify THREE methods to ensure tourists safety from the scenario • Improved infrastructure ✓ • Installing surveillance equipment in high-risk areas ✓ • Deployed citizen patrols / Keep strangers at bay ✓ (Any 3) (3) 2.8.2 Describe how crime can affect the agritourism sector • More money spent on security measures ✓ • Reduces demand on tourism / reduction in tourist arrivals ✓ • Hinder growth of tourism ✓ • It gives a negative image of the country ✓ • Loss of income due to less visitors ✓ • Detrimental long-term viability demand of the sector ✓ • Nearby communities will be negatively affected ✓ (Any 4) (4) 2.8.3 Select the type of tourists A – Cultural tourist ✓ B – Adventurous tourist ✓ C – Educational tourist ✓ (3) [50] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Management Practices 6 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 3: BUSINESS PLANNING, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, MARKETING, PRICE DETERMINATION AND THE MANAGEMENT PROCESS 3.1 Business plan 3.1.1 Indicate what the letters of the SMART acronym represents • S – Specific ✓ • M – Measurable ✓ • A – Achievable ✓ • R – Realistic ✓ • T – Time framed ✓ (5) 3.1.2 Explain why “increase sales” is considered a vague goal • It is not measurable ✓ because it does not indicate how much sales will increase ✓ • It is not time framed ✓ because it does not show the period ✓ (Any 1 x 2) (2) 3.2 Define entrepreneur • It is someone who identifies a need ✓ and then sells a product or offers a service that will satisfy the need ✓ OR • It is someone who can identify a business opportunity, ✓ and then have the courage to take the risk and manage it ✓ (Any 1) (2) 3.3 Business sectors in agriculture 3.3.1 Provision of goods and services Sector: • Tertiary agricultural sector ✓ (1) Example: • insurance company ✓ OR implement suppliers ✓ OR agritourism ✓ (Any 1 example) (1) 3.3.2 Adds value to agricultural products Sector: • Secondary agricultural sector ✓ (1) Example: • e.g. dried fruit production ✓ (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Management Practices 7 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.4 Critically analyse how the concept of diversification contributes to business survival • Diversification refers to an increase in the number of branches or enterprises ✓ that contribute to the total income of a farm ✓ • Diversification involves the production of various specialised products ✓ from a basic product within a specific branch ✓ • Diversification involves specialisation to supply various products ✓ to ensure food security ✓ • Diversification reduce the financial risks of a farm business ✓✓ (Any 2 x 2) (4) 3.5 Niche market 3.5.1 Name TWO ways to make a niche market more profitable • Creating focused marketing campaigns ✓ • Knowing the target audience ✓ • Addressing consumers' needs ✓ • Assess your competition ✓ (Any 2) (2) 3.5.2 Differentiate between niche marketing and mass marketing NICHE MARKETING MASS MARKETING Targets a specific market ✓ Targets the total market ✓ Usually a unique product with a Different products with different specific group in society ✓ groups in society ✓ Competition is relatively low ✓ Competition is high ✓ (Any 2) (Any 2) (4) 3.6 Types of competition in the agricultural business sector 3.6.1 Direct competition • Businesses offering the same product or service as yours in the same market ✓ (1) 3.6.2 Indirect competition • Businesses that use the same products with a different purpose as yours ✓ (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Management Practices 8 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.7 Supply and demand on price 3.7.1 Deduce factor influencing demand • Price ✓ (1) 3.7.2 State influence of price on demand • As the price of the product increases, the demand for the product decreases ✓ OR • As the price of the product decreases, the demand for the product increases ✓ (1) 3.7.3 Explain how increasing price of the product affects profit of the enterprise • At a higher price of R12,00 per bag less profit will be made ✓ because 800 bags are sold ✓ • As the price increases, the enterprise's profit decreases, ✓ because fewer products are sold ✓ (Any 1 x 2) (2) 3.8 Calculate break-even point 3.8.1 Break-even point = Fixed cost Price – Variable cost = R4 800,00 OR = R4 800,00 R3 000,00 – R2 050,00 ✓ R950,00 ✓ = 5,05 ton/ha ✓ (unit is essential) Rubric • Correct substitution of values ✓ and answer with unit ✓ OR • Only answer with unit ✓✓ (2) 3.8.2 Describe what the result will be to the business's profit or loss • At 7 ton/ha the business will make a profit ✓ • At 4 ton/ha the business will make a loss ✓ (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Management Practices 9 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.9 Match the channel of a free marketing system 3.9.1 Contract marketing ✓ (1) 3.9.2 Auction sales ✓ (1) 3.9.3 Internet marketing ✓ (1) 3.10 Describe the benefits of cooperation between farmers and product organisations • Farmers have better market access through joint marketing or distribution ✓ • There is greater contractual leverage between buyers of their products and suppliers of agricultural inputs ✓ • There is more efficient production through better access to technical knowledge and risk management mechanisms ✓ • Makes credit more available to farmers through negotiation with the bank ✓ • Organise discount on behalf of the farmers on input costs ✓ • Assist farmers to see market trends by providing market information ✓ • Advertise agricultural products as a whole to increase farmers' sales ✓ (Any 2) (2) 3.11 Name management role 3.11.1 Awarding a bonus for achieving a production target • Motivation ✓ (1) 3.11.2 Developing a business plan for a new enterprise • Planning ✓ (1) 3.11.3 Arranging farm workers into work teams based on specific skills • Organising ✓ (1) 3.11.4 Recording staff leave in the leave register • Control ✓ (1) 3.12 Explain why planning is referred to as a dynamic process • Planning must be repeated as conditions change ✓ • because agricultural production is a changing process ✓ • due to technological advancements or ✓ • because of changing marketing trends ✓ • due to climate change ✓ (Any 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Management Practices 10 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.13 Labour 3.13.1 Describe the term contract • A legally binding document ✓ • between the employer and employee on the aspects of the work ✓ (2) 3.13.2 Deduce type of farm worker • Permanent / full-time worker ✓ Reason • The contract will terminate at retirement ✓ (2) 3.13.3 State TWO ways of improving the economic conditions of farm workers • Paying better wages ✓ • Providing incentives (bonuses) for workers ✓ • Providing education and training to workers ✓ • Entering into partnership deals with workers ✓ • Paying overtime ✓ (Any 2) (2) [50] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Management Practices 11 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 4: FINANCIAL PLANNING, RECORDING, HARVESTING, VALUE ADDING AND PACKAGING 4.1 Identify the type of farm worker 4.1.1 Full-time worker ✓ (1) 4.1.2 Occasional worker ✓ (1) 4.1.3 Part-time worker ✓ (1) 4.1.4 Seasonal worker ✓ (1) 4.2 The Freshness Vegetable Shop's transaction with Farmer Z 4.2.1 Complete receipt (a) Freshness Vegetable Shop ✓ (1) (b) R700,00 ✓ Seven hundred rand only / Seven hundred rand and zero/null cents✓ (2) (c) 100 cabbages ✓ (1) 4.2.2 State the disadvantages of a cash payment • Cash can be lost ✓ • Cash can be stolen ✓ • A short paper trail makes recordkeeping difficult ✓ • Can lead to corruption and tax evasion ✓ (Any 3) (3) 4.2.3 Name better forms of payment • Electronic payment (EFT, Virtual card, Bankcard)✓ Advantage (1) • Easy payment ✓ • Safe payment ✓ • Electronic payment leaves a long paper trail that makes recordkeeping easy ✓ (Any 1) (1) 4.3 Explain purpose of a partial budget • Compare costs and expenses ✓ of two enterprises ✓ • Compare the variable costs of two enterprises ✓ to determine the income and expenditure ✓ (Any 1 x 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Management Practices 12 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 4.4 Distinguish between fixed cost and variable cost by using a table FIXED COST VARIABLE COST • Cost that is unchangeable over the • Costs that can change within the short term ✓ framework of a particular production structure ✓ • Costs that cannot be avoided in the • Costs that are avoidable in the short term ✓ short term ✓ • Costs that do not depend on the • Costs that change according to size and/or intensity of production ✓ the size and/or intensity of (Any 2) production ✓ (Any 2) (4) 4.5 Briefly discuss the influence of labour planning on worker efficiency based on: 4.5.1 Planning of the production process • Peak times in labour requirement need to be spread ✓ over different branches to ensure less labour is required ✓ (2) 4.5.2 Physical planning of farming units • Farm buildings erected closer to each other result ✓ in less time consumed when moving between buildings and workers can complete tasks faster ✓ (2) 4.5.3 Daily planning • Priority tasks should be completed first depending on skills and available labour✓ a proper labour division increase the productivity of the labour ✓ (2) 4.6 State the main aspects of planning before harvesting a crop • Time of harvest / start date and end date ✓ • Harvesting method ✓ • Facilities and equipment needed / protective clothing ✓ • Labour requirements ✓ • Financial aspects ✓ • Transport required ✓ • Grading and/or sorting according to market requirements ✓ (Any 2) (2) 4.7 Name factors that must be managed when handling produce • Wastage ✓ • Water resources ✓ • Health of workers ✓ • Hygiene practises ✓ • Handling of product ✓ • Packaging of product ✓ • Transport of product ✓ (Any 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Management Practices 13 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 4.8 Name visual attributes used in grading and sorting of fruit and vegetables. • Size ✓ • Colour ✓ • Shape/ stage of development ✓ • Texture / freshness ✓ • Diseases and pests ✓ • Damage ✓ • Cleanliness ✓ (Any 4) (4) 4.9 Describe the benefits of grain storage compared to direct marketing • Avoids selling grain when prices are low ✓ • Allows for more control over harvest operations / increased harvest efficiency / lower transport costs ✓ • Allows for intermittent cash flow ✓ • Allows for staggered sales ✓ • Diversify price risk ✓ • Helps manage income for tax purposes ✓ (Any 2) (2) 4.10 State the factors to consider when doing market research before starting value adding enterprise for a product • Government policies and regulations ✓ • Socio-economic conditions ✓ • Level of business skills among the people ✓ • Financial support from the bank or other financial institutions ✓ • The availability and cost of infrastructure ✓ • Market development ✓ • Access to appropriate technology ✓ (Any 3) (3) 4.11 Describe the advantages of smoking as food (product) preservation method • Inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi through moisture reduction ✓ • Smoke helps keep bacteria-carrying-insects away during the storing / drying process ✓ • Imparts flavour to the food ✓ (Any 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Management Practices 14 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 4.12 Packaging 4.12.1 Classify according to type of packaging STURDY SEMI-SOLID FLEXIBLE PACKAGING PACKAGING PACKAGING B✓ D✓ A/C✓ (3) 4.12.2 Identify the product that is preserved • B✓ (1) Motivation • The container is airtight / glass, no access to micro-organisms ✓ • Tomato sauce went through secondary conservation process ✓ • Tomato sauce has a long shelf life ✓ (Any 1) (1) 4.12.3 Identify the product most vulnerable to spoilage • C✓ (1) Reason • The netted bag allows free access to micro-organisms that can cause spoilage ✓ (1) 4.13 State the aspects to be considered when deciding on packaging material • Type of product that must be packaged ✓ • Type of material that must be used for packaging ✓ • Purpose of the packaging ✓ • Cost implications ✓ • Equipment required ✓ • Whether the packaging is to be formed in the packaging line or in advance ✓ (Any 3) (3) [50] TOTAL SECTION B: 150 GRAND TOTAL: 200 Copyright reserved