History Grade 10 P1 November Mock 2026 Addendum (English)

Mock hlayiso mock exams Practice Series: Grade 10 Exam Preparation WWW.HLAYISO.COM NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 10 HISTORY ADDENDUM NOVEMBER EXAMINATION 2026 (MOCK) This addendum consists of 13 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

History 2 Hlayiso/Gr 10 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock QUESTION 1: HOW DID MOSHOESHOE BUILD THE BASOTHO KINGDOM IN THE 19TH CENTURY? SOURCE 1A The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It describes the early life of Moshoeshoe and his move to Thaba Bosiu. Moshoeshoe was born in about 1786 at Menkhoaneng in the north of present-day Lesotho. His father, Mokhachane, was the chief of a small and fairly unimportant branch of the Bakoena (Kwena) people. As a young man he was called Lepoqo. He later took the name Moshoeshoe after a daring cattle raid, because it was said that he had ‘shaved’ the cattle from his enemy as cleanly as a razor shaves a beard. As a young man Moshoeshoe visited Mohlomi, a respected chief and healer who was famous for his wisdom. Mohlomi taught him that a leader should rule with kindness and justice, that he should win followers through generosity rather than fear, and that peace was better than war. In the early 1820s the region west of the Drakensberg was thrown into chaos by the wars and migrations known as the difaqane. Groups such as the Hlubi and the Ngwane crossed the mountains after being driven from their lands, and the Batlokwa under their regent, MaNthatisi, attacked and raided their neighbours. Crops were destroyed, cattle were seized and many people fled or starved. Moshoeshoe had built his first stronghold on the mountain of Butha-Buthe. In 1824 it was besieged by the Batlokwa for many weeks. Although his people survived, their food supplies had run out and Moshoeshoe realised that Butha-Buthe was too difficult to defend against repeated attacks. In 1824 he led his followers south to Thaba Bosiu, a flat-topped mountain near the Caledon River. Its steep cliffs could only be climbed by a few narrow paths, and on its summit there were springs of fresh water and grazing for cattle. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] *regent: a person who rules on behalf of a chief who is too young to rule Copyright reserved Please turn over

History 3 Hlayiso/Gr 10 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 1B The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It explains the methods that Moshoeshoe used to build a nation at Thaba Bosiu. During the journey from Butha-Buthe to Thaba Bosiu in 1824, Moshoeshoe’s grandfather, Peete, fell behind and was captured and eaten by a group of cannibals. The cannibals were people who had been driven to eat human flesh by hunger during the difaqane. Moshoeshoe’s councillors wanted revenge, but Moshoeshoe pardoned the cannibals. He gave them cattle so that they could return to a settled way of life, and many of them later became his loyal subjects. Thaba Bosiu became a place of safety for people who had lost everything. Refugees from many different chiefdoms that had been scattered by the wars, starving people from the surrounding countryside and even former enemies came to settle under Moshoeshoe’s protection. Whole chiefdoms, such as the Bataung of Moletsane and the Baphuthi of Moorosi, accepted him as their overlord. Moshoeshoe allowed these groups to keep their own chiefs and customs as long as they recognised his authority. Moshoeshoe used the mafisa system to bind his followers to him. He lent cattle to poor families and newcomers. They could use the milk and keep some of the calves, but the cattle still belonged to Moshoeshoe. In return the borrowers gave him their loyalty and support. He also married many wives from different chiefdoms, which created ties of family between himself and other leaders. In 1833 Moshoeshoe welcomed three French missionaries of the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society: Eugène Casalis, Thomas Arbousset and Constant Gosselin. He gave them land at Morija, south of Thaba Bosiu. The missionaries opened schools, wrote down the Sesotho language and advised Moshoeshoe in his dealings with the Europeans who were moving into the region. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] *mafisa: a system in which cattle are lent to another person who looks after them and may use their products Copyright reserved Please turn over

History 4 Hlayiso/Gr 10 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 1C The sketch map below was drawn by the examiner. It shows the main places in Moshoeshoe’s kingdom in the period 1824–1870. It is not drawn to scale. Butha-Buthe N r (first stronghold) Fertile land west of Ri ve the Caledon River e) (lost to the Orange Free ar ok State, 1866–1869) oh DRAK (M n Ca le BASOTHO ENSBE Bloemfontein (1846) do HEARTLAND Thaba Bosiu RG (capital from 1824) Morija (mission station, 1833) Aliwal North KEY River Orange (Senqu) River Settlement Land lost after 1866 [Sketch map drawn by the examiner. Positions are approximate.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

History 5 Hlayiso/Gr 10 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 1D The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It describes the conflicts of the Basotho with the British and the Boers, and the annexation of Basutoland in 1868. From the 1830s Voortrekkers and other white farmers began to settle on the fertile land west of the Caledon River, which Moshoeshoe regarded as part of his kingdom. Disputes over land and cattle led to frequent clashes. In 1848 the British declared the area between the Orange and Vaal rivers to be the Orange River Sovereignty, and the British Resident, Major Henry Warden, drew a boundary (the Warden Line) that gave much of the Basotho farmland to the white settlers. The Basotho refused to accept the Warden Line. In 1851 they defeated a British force under Warden at the Battle of Viervoet. In December 1852 the Governor of the Cape, Sir George Cathcart, invaded with a larger army and fought the Basotho at the Battle of Berea. Although the Basotho held their ground, Moshoeshoe immediately sent a carefully worded letter to Cathcart in which he asked for peace and offered to pay cattle. Cathcart accepted the offer and withdrew. In 1854 the British left the region, and the Boers established the Orange Free State. The Orange Free State fought several wars against the Basotho over land, in 1858 and again from 1865 to 1868. The Boer commandos captured many cattle and destroyed crops, and the Basotho faced starvation. Moshoeshoe, now an old man, had appealed to the British for protection several times. On 12 March 1868 the Governor of the Cape, Sir Philip Wodehouse, annexed the land of the Basotho as the British territory of Basutoland. The boundary between Basutoland and the Orange Free State was fixed by the Convention of Aliwal North in 1869. The Basotho lost most of the fertile farmland west of the Caledon River, which became known as the ‘Conquered Territory’. However, the Basotho kingdom survived as a separate territory and was not absorbed into the Boer republic. Moshoeshoe died at Thaba Bosiu on 11 March 1870. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] *Resident: an official who represented the British government in a territory Copyright reserved Please turn over

History 6 Hlayiso/Gr 10 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock QUESTION 2: HOW DID BRITISH COLONIAL RULE AT THE CAPE CHANGE THE LIVES OF THE KHOIKHOI AND THE SLAVES BETWEEN 1806 AND 1838? SOURCE 2A The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It describes the laws that the British introduced to control Khoikhoi labour after they took over the Cape. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) had ruled the Cape since 1652. Britain first occupied the Cape in 1795 during the wars against France, but handed it back to the Dutch (the Batavian Republic) in 1803. In January 1806 British forces defeated the Dutch at the Battle of Blaauwberg and took control of the Cape for the second time. The Cape was an important stop on the sea route to India, and in 1814 it formally became a British colony. By this time most Khoikhoi had lost their land and cattle to the expanding colony. Many lived and worked on white-owned farms as herders and labourers, often for very low wages that were paid in food, tobacco or wine. At the same time the farmers complained of a shortage of workers. In 1809 the Governor, the Earl of Caledon, issued a proclamation that became known as the Caledon Code. Every Khoikhoi person had to have a fixed place of abode (a fixed address), usually on the farm of an employer. A Khoikhoi person who wanted to travel had to carry a pass issued by the employer or by a local official. Anyone found without a pass could be arrested as a vagrant and handed over to a farmer to work. Labour contracts had to be written and registered by an official. In 1812 Governor Sir John Cradock added an apprenticeship law. Children of Khoikhoi servants who had been raised on a farm could be apprenticed to the farmer from the age of 8 to 18. As a result, many Khoikhoi parents stayed on the farms so that they would not be separated from their children. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] *vagrant: a person without a home or a job who wanders from place to place Copyright reserved Please turn over

History 7 Hlayiso/Gr 10 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 2B The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It focuses on Ordinance 50 of 1828 and its effects. Missionaries of the London Missionary Society (LMS) criticised the treatment of the Khoikhoi. Their leader at the Cape, Dr John Philip, campaigned in the Cape and in Britain for the Khoikhoi to be given the same rights as other free people in the colony. In July 1828 the Cape government passed Ordinance 50. It stated that the Khoikhoi and other ‘free persons of colour’ were no longer required to carry passes. They were free to move about the colony and to choose their employers. They could also buy and own land, and they were equal to white colonists before the law. In 1829 the British parliament confirmed that Ordinance 50 could not be changed without its approval. Many white farmers, especially in the eastern districts, were angry. They complained that their workers would leave them, that wages would rise and that the colony would be overrun by ‘vagrants’ who would steal their livestock. In 1834 the colonists asked for a vagrancy law that would bring back controls over the Khoikhoi, but the British government refused to approve it. In 1829 the government set aside land along the Kat River on the eastern frontier for Khoikhoi families. The Kat River Settlement allowed several thousand Khoikhoi to farm their own land. It also placed a loyal population on the frontier as a buffer between the colony and the Xhosa. However, Ordinance 50 did not give the Khoikhoi back the land that they had lost, and most of them had no choice but to continue working for white farmers for low wages. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] *ordinance: a law passed by a colonial government Copyright reserved Please turn over

History 8 Hlayiso/Gr 10 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 2C The timeline below was compiled by the examiner. It shows the main steps that led to the end of slavery at the Cape. 1652 The VOC begins to import slaves to the Cape from East Africa, Madagascar, India and the islands of present-day Indonesia. 1807 The British Parliament abolishes the slave trade in the British Empire. From 1808 no new slaves may be brought into the Cape. Slaves who are already at the Cape remain slaves. 1823 New laws set maximum working hours and minimum standards of food and clothing for slaves. Christian slaves are allowed to marry. 1826 A Protector of Slaves is appointed. Slave owners must keep a record book of the punishments that they give to their slaves. 1833 The British Parliament passes the Slavery Abolition Act. Slave owners are to receive money as compensation. 1834 On 1 December slavery ends at the Cape. More than 35 000 slaves become ‘apprentices’ who must continue to work for their former owners for four years. 1838 On 1 December the period of apprenticeship ends. The former slaves are completely free and may leave their former owners. [Timeline compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] Copyright reserved Please turn over

History 9 Hlayiso/Gr 10 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 2D The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It explains the effects of the emancipation of the slaves at the Cape. The British government set aside £20 million to compensate slave owners throughout the British Empire. Cape slave owners received only about £1,2 million, which was much less than half of what they believed their slaves were worth. The money had to be claimed in London, and many farmers had to sell their claims to agents at a loss. Some farmers who had borrowed money by using their slaves as security for loans were ruined. When apprenticeship ended on 1 December 1838, the former slaves were free, but they received no land, money or training to help them begin a new life. Many had no choice but to remain on the farms as poorly paid labourers. Others moved to Cape Town, where they worked as fishermen, builders, craftsmen and washerwomen, or settled at mission stations such as Genadendal and Elim, where they could find shelter, schooling and a small piece of land. In 1841 the Masters and Servants Ordinance gave employers strong control over their workers, and breaking a labour contract was treated as a crime. The emancipation of the slaves added to the anger of many Dutch-speaking farmers on the eastern frontier against British rule. In February 1837 the Voortrekker leader Piet Retief published a manifesto in the Graham’s Town Journal explaining why the trekkers were leaving the colony. Among other complaints, he referred to the losses that farmers had suffered through the freeing of their slaves and the laws made about them, the problem of ‘vagrants’, and the lack of protection on the frontier. He stated that the trekkers would not hold slaves, but that they would keep ‘proper relations’ between master and servant. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] *emancipation: the act of setting someone free from slavery Copyright reserved Please turn over

History 10 Hlayiso/Gr 10 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock QUESTION 3: WHAT WERE THE EXPERIENCES OF BOER AND BLACK CIVILIANS IN THE BRITISH CONCENTRATION CAMPS DURING THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR (1899–1902)? SOURCE 3A The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It explains why the British introduced the scorched-earth policy and the concentration camps. By June 1900 British forces under Lord Roberts had captured Bloemfontein and Pretoria, the capitals of the two Boer republics. The British believed that the war was almost over. However, the Boer commandos refused to surrender. Led by generals such as Christiaan de Wet, Koos de la Rey and Louis Botha, they began a guerrilla war. Small groups of mounted Boers attacked British supply lines, blew up railway lines and telegraph wires, and then disappeared into the countryside. The guerrillas depended on the Boer farms for food, fresh horses, shelter and information about British troop movements. To cut off this support, the British adopted a scorched-earth policy. It was begun by Lord Roberts in 1900 and was greatly extended by Lord Kitchener, who became commander-in-chief in November 1900. British columns swept across the countryside, burning farmhouses and crops, destroying orchards, poisoning wells, and killing or removing sheep, cattle and horses. Thousands of farms were destroyed. The women and children who were left on the ruined farms were taken to camps guarded by British soldiers. These camps became known as concentration camps. The black farm workers and their families who had lived on the Boer farms were also removed, so that they could not supply the commandos with food or information. They were placed in separate camps. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] *guerrilla war: a form of warfare in which small, mobile groups make surprise attacks instead of fighting large battles Copyright reserved Please turn over

History 11 Hlayiso/Gr 10 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 3B The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It describes the conditions in the Boer concentration camps and the work of Emily Hobhouse. Emily Hobhouse was a British welfare worker who opposed the war. She arrived in Cape Town in December 1900 with funds raised in Britain to help the women and children in the camps. In January 1901 she visited the camp at Bloemfontein and later several other camps in the Orange River Colony and the Cape Colony. Hobhouse found that the camps were badly overcrowded. Families lived in canvas tents that were very hot in summer and very cold in winter, and many had to sleep on the bare ground. Rations were poor and consisted mainly of flour, coffee, sugar and a small amount of meat; fresh vegetables and milk were rarely available. In the early months families whose men were still fighting on commando received smaller rations than families whose men had surrendered. Water was often polluted and there were too few toilets. Diseases such as measles, typhoid, dysentery and pneumonia spread quickly, and children died in large numbers. Hobhouse returned to Britain and published a report on the camps in June 1901. Her report caused an outcry among the critics of the war. The British government sent an all-women commission under Millicent Fawcett to investigate. The Fawcett Commission confirmed many of Hobhouse’s findings, although it blamed some of the deaths on the Boer women themselves. When Hobhouse returned to South Africa in October 1901, the British military authorities did not allow her to land in Cape Town and sent her back to Britain. After the camps were placed under civilian control, conditions slowly improved, and by early 1902 the death rate had fallen sharply. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] Copyright reserved Please turn over

History 12 Hlayiso/Gr 10 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 3C The graph below was drawn by the examiner. It shows the approximate number of deaths in the British concentration camps during the South African War. 25 000 22 000 Number of deaths (approximate) 20 000 15 000 14 000 10 000 5 000 4 200 1 700 0 Boer children Boer women Boer men Black people (under 16) (recorded) Notes: • The total number of Boer deaths was about 27 900. • Records for the black camps were incomplete. Historians estimate that the real number of black deaths was more than 20 000. • All figures have been rounded. [Adapted from figures quoted in various histories of the South African War] Copyright reserved Please turn over

History 13 Hlayiso/Gr 10 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 3D The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It focuses on the experiences of black people in the concentration camps. By the end of the war more than 100 000 black people, most of them women, children and elderly people, were held in separate camps. From June 1901 these camps were run by a Native Refugee Department. The camps were usually placed next to railway lines so that the men could be used as labourers by the British army. The authorities spent much less on the black camps than on the Boer camps. In most camps people did not receive free rations. They were expected to grow their own crops on land next to the camps or to buy food with the wages that the men earned by working for the army, for example as labourers, wagon drivers and scouts. The people lived in overcrowded huts and tents, and there was a shortage of clean water, blankets and medicine. Diseases such as measles, dysentery and pneumonia spread quickly, and many children died. Hardly any journalists, welfare workers or politicians visited the black camps, and no commission was sent to investigate them. For many years the suffering of black people in the camps was left out of most histories of the war and from the way the war was remembered. Today historians recognise that black South Africans also played an important part in the war and that many of them suffered and died as a result of it. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] Copyright reserved