Electrical Technology Grade 12 NSC June 2024 QP (Eng)

SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS/ NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY: ELECTRONICS 2023 MARKS: 200 TIME: 3 hours This question paper consists of 27 pages, a 1-page formula sheet and a 5-page answer sheet. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 2 DBE/2023 SC/NSC INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. This question paper consists of SIX questions. 2. Answer ALL the questions. 3. Answer the following questions on the attached ANSWER SHEETS: QUESTIONS 4.4.3 and 4.5.3 QUESTIONS 5.3.6, 5.4.3 and 5.6.1 QUESTIONS 6.2.2, 6.6.3 and 6.8.3 4. Write your centre number and examination number on every ANSWER SHEET and hand them in with your ANSWER BOOK, whether you have used them or not. 5. Sketches and diagrams must be large, neat and FULLY LABELLED. 6. Show ALL calculations and round off answers correctly to TWO decimal places. 7. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. 8. You may use a non-programmable calculator. 9. Calculations must include: 9.1 Formulae and manipulations where needed 9.2 Correct replacement of values 9.3 Correct answer and relevant units where applicable 10. A formula sheet is attached at the end of this question paper. 11. Write neatly and legibly. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 3 DBE/2023 SC/NSC QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (1.1 to 1.15) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.16 D. 1.1 A critical incident causes … A damage to equipment. External repair services are required. B a person to sustain a sudden and severe physical injury. External medical services are required. C a person to sustain a physical injury. External medical services are not required. D a person to get a mental disturbance. A restful recovery is required. (1) 1.2 The … is the term used for the ratio of the applied voltage to the resulting circuit current where the applied voltage is the resultant of V R, VC and VL in an RLC circuit. A reactance B resistance C impedance D phase angle (1) 1.3 The current through a capacitor in an RLC parallel circuit will … when the frequency increases. A remain the same B decrease C increase D be zero (1) 1.4 The … of the inductor is the ratio of the inductor's reactance (XL) to its internal resistance (rint). A resonant frequency B Q-factor C power D gain (1) 1.5 If the emitter is supplied with sufficient current, the UJT operating point will continue falling until the … point is reached. A zero voltage B saturation C cut-off D valley (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 4 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 1.6 ONE of the advantages of a Darlington transistor, when used in common collector mode, is that it has … A lower input impedance. B high voltage distortion. C higher output impedance. D lower output impedance. (1) 1.7 ONE of the characteristics of an ideal op amp is that the input impedance is … A extremely high. B zero. C extremely low. D moderate. (1) 1.8 When negative feedback is used in an op-amp circuit, the overall gain is … A increased. B unchanged. C reduced. D infinite. (1) 1.9 The operation of a Schmitt trigger can best be described by … A hysteresis. B negative feedback. C open-loop gain. D attenuation. (1) 1.10 The … is the only op-amp application that uses an 'open loop' connection to bring its full gain of ±100 000 into use. A summing amplifier B integrator C comparator D differentiator (1) 1.11 The … determines the shape of the output in an op-amp integrator circuit. A input capacitor B feedback resistor C input voltage D RC time constant (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 5 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 1.12 When a square wave is fed to the input of a passive RC differentiator with a short time constant, the output will be a … A sine wave with 90º phase shift. B spike with a fast rise and slow decay. C square wave with 180º phase shift. D a triangular wave. (1) 1.13 Tuning circuits in RF amplifiers are primarily … A class A amplifiers. B class B amplifiers. C class AB amplifiers. D class C amplifiers. (1) 1.14 In an amplifier, the gain that occurs between the lower and upper frequency range is called the … A critical gain. B input gain. C midrange gain. D decibel gain. (1) 1.15 An oscillator differs from an amplifier because the oscillator … A has no gain. B requires no input signal. C requires an input signal. D always has a half-wave output. (1) [15] QUESTION 2: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 2.1 State the purpose of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act 85 of 1993). (3) 2.2 Explain how an unsafe act can reduce the rate of production at the work place. (2) 2.3 Explain the term high impact; low probability with reference to risk analysis. (2) 2.4 State TWO recommended procedures to stop bleeding in an emergency. (2) 2.5 State ONE procedure to follow for personal protection when administering the procedures mentioned in QUESTION 2.4. (1) [10] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 6 DBE/2023 SC/NSC QUESTION 3: RLC CIRCUITS 3.1 Describe what is meant by the term in phase with reference to the relationship between the applied voltage and current in an RLC circuit connected to an AC supply. (3) 3.2 Refer to the AC waveforms in FIGURE 3.2 below and draw the phasor diagram that represents them. +V VL IL t -V FIGURE 3.2: CURRENT AND VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS (3) 3.3 Name TWO applications of resonance as applicable to tuned circuits. (2) 3.4 Identify the graphs below. FIGURE 3.4(a) FIGURE 3.4(b) 3.4.1 FIGURE 3.4(a) (1) 3.4.2 FIGURE 3.4(b) (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 7 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 3.5 Refer to FIGURE 3.5 below and answer the questions that follow. VL= 60 V VT θ I=4A VR = 30 V VC = 20 V FIGURE 3.5: PHASOR DIAGRAM Given: VL = 60 V VC = 20 V VR = 30 V I = 4A f = 60 Hz 3.5.1 Calculate the value of the supply voltage. (3) 3.5.2 Calculate the phase angle. (3) 3.5.3 State whether the phase angle is leading or lagging. (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 8 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 3.6 Refer to FIGURE 3.6 below and answer the questions that follow. L XC= 113,12 Ω R = 100 Ω IT = 1,5 A 150 V/3 kHz FIGURE 3.6: RLC SERIES CIRCUIT Given: R = 100 Ω XC = 113,12 Ω VT = 150 V IT = 1,5 A f = 3 kHz 3.6.1 Calculate the value of the inductance for the circuit to resonate at 3 kHz. (3) 3.6.2 Calculate the Q-factor of the circuit at resonance. (3) 3.6.3 Calculate the bandwidth of the circuit. (3) 3.6.4 Explain how the value of the total current would be influenced if R is halved when the circuit is at resonance. (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 9 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 3.7 Refer to FIGURE 3.7 below and answer the questions that follow. 1,22 A IT 1,2 A IR IL 0,2 A IC 120 V R XL Xc 100 Hz 100 Ω 3 600 Ω FIGURE 3.7: RLC PARALLEL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Given: VT = 120 V IR = 1,2 A IC = 0,2 A IT = 1,22 A f = 100 Hz R = 1 Ω XC = 6 Ω XL = 3 Ω 3.7.1 Calculate the current through the inductor. (3) 3.7.2 Calculate the value of the active power. (3) 3.7.3 State, with a reason, if the circuit is capacitive or inductive. (2) [35] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 10 DBE/2023 SC/NSC QUESTION 4: SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES 4.1 Identify the semiconductor device symbols in QUESTIONS 4.1.1 and 4.1.2 below. 4.1.1 D G S (2) 4.1.2 D G S (2) 4.2 Describe the construction of the MOSFET in FIGURE 4.2 below. G S D P-substrate G FIGURE 4.2: CROSS-SECTION OF A MOSFET CONSTRUCTION (4) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 11 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 4.3 Refer to FIGURE 4.3 below and answer the questions that follow. VDD R1 RD C2 VOUT D C1 VIN G VIN S 0 90⁰ 180⁰ R2 RS 0V FIGURE 4.3: MOSFET AMPLIFIER 4.3.1 State the purpose of R1 and R2. (1) 4.3.2 Describe how the MOSFET can be operated as a linear amplifier. (3) 4.3.3 Describe the operation of the circuit during the first 90º of the input signal. (3) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 12 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 4.4 Refer to FIGURE 4.4 below and answer the questions that follow. ID VGS A ID + VGS Input signal FIGURE 4.4: TRANSFER CHARACTERISTIC CURVE 4.4.1 Identify the type of transistor used to produce the characteristic curve in FIGURE 4.4. (1) 4.4.2 Name point A on the characteristic curve. (1) 4.4.3 Draw the output waveform on the ANSWER SHEET for QUESTION 4.4.3. (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 13 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 4.5 FIGURE 4.5 below shows a UJT as a saw-tooth generator. Answer the questions that follow. + VBB R1 R2 B2 E VC B1 C R3 t 0V FIGURE 4.5: THE UJT AS A SAW-TOOTH GENERATOR 4.5.1 State the mode of switching of the UJT in FIGURE 4.5. (1) 4.5.2 Explain the purpose of R3. (2) 4.5.3 Draw the output waveform that would develop across B 1 on the ANSWER SHEET for QUESTION 4.5.3. (3) 4.6 FIGURE 4.6 below shows two identical signals on the input terminals of an op amp. Draw the output waveform of the op amp in the ANSWER BOOK. V1 t +V V1 - VOUT V2 + -V V2 t FIGURE 4.6: 741 OP AMP (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 14 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 4.7 Refer to FIGURE 4.7 below and answer the questions that follow. +9 V RF -9V 47 kΩ VIN VOUT RIN 10 kΩ 0V FIGURE 4.7: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT 4.7.1 Identify the op-amp circuit in FIGURE 4.7. (1) 4.7.2 Describe what is meant by infinite bandwidth of an op amp. (2) 4.7.3 Calculate the voltage gain. (3) 4.7.4 Calculate the output voltage if a 100 mV signal is applied to the input. (3) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 15 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 4.8 Refer to FIGURE 4.8 below and answer the questions that follow. Discharge Threshold +Vcc Supply A 8 7 6 5 5 kΩ _ + Comparator 1 Q S Flip- 5 kΩ flop Comparator 2 R Q _ + Output 5 kΩ driver Ground 1 2 Output 3 4 Reset B FIGURE 4.8: 555 IC TIMER 4.8.1 Label pins A and B. (2) 4.8.2 Explain the function of the discharge input on pin 7. (2) 4.8.3 Explain the function of comparator 1. (3) 4.8.4 State TWO uses of the 555 IC. (2) [45] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 16 DBE/2023 SC/NSC QUESTION 5: SWITCHING CIRCUITS 5.1 FIGURE 5.1 below shows block diagrams with different input and output states for three types of multivibrators. Identify the multivibrator in each of the following blocks. Input X Output T1 T2 T1 T2 Y Output Input T1 T1 No input Z Output FIGURE 5.1: BLOCK DIAGRAMS OF MULTIVIBRATORS 5.1.1 Block X (1) 5.1.2 Block Y (1) 5.1.3 Block Z (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 17 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 5.2 FIGURE 5.2 below shows the circuit of a multivibrator. Answer the questions that follow. R1 1 kΩ RS 4 8 3 7 9V 5 555 R2 100 kΩ LED 2 1 6 C2 C1 0,1 µF 10 µF FIGURE 5.2: MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUIT 5.2.1 State the purpose of variable resistor R2. (2) 5.2.2 Explain how the LED will be affected if it is directly connected to pin 3 without resistor RS . (3) 5.2.3 Explain how this circuit operates. (4) 5.2.4 State the discharge path of capacitor C1. (1) 5.3 FIGURE 5.3 below shows a monostable multivibrator circuit using a 741 op amp. The capacitor is fully charged through resistor R3. Answer the questions that follow. R1 R3 4k7 1 kΩ 2 7 6 VOUT 6V 3 4 R2 S 4k7 C 10 µF 0V FIGURE 5.3: MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUIT 5.3.1 Determine the voltage at pin 2 (inverting input) of the op amp. (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 18 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 5.3.2 Determine the voltage at pin 3 (non-inverting input) when the switch is open. (1) 5.3.3 State whether the output is high (6 V) or low (0 V) when the switch is open. Motivate your answer. (2) 5.3.4 Determine the voltage at pin 3 (non-inverting input) when the switch is pressed. Motivate your answer. (2) 5.3.5 Describe the operation of the circuit with reference to the voltages on the two input terminals and the output of the op amp when the switch is pressed. (5) 5.3.6 Refer to FIGURE 5.3.6 below and draw the output waveform on the ANSWER SHEET for QUESTION 5.3.6. V 6 VC 4 Input Inset VR2 2 0 t FIGURE 5.3.6 (3) 5.4 FIGURE 5.4 below shows a non-inverting Schmitt trigger. Answer the questions that follow. +9 V VOUT +V VIN t -9 V R2 VIN R1 -V FIGURE 5.4: NON-INVERTING SCHMITT TRIGGER 5.4.1 Determine the voltage at which the circuit will trigger. Motivate your answer. (2) 5.4.2 Name TWO uses of a Schmitt trigger. (2) 5.4.3 Draw the output signal on the ANSWER SHEET for QUESTION 5.4.3. (4) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 19 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 5.5 The information in TABLE 5.5 below was gathered from an inverting summing amplifier with three inputs. The input resistors are all equal and the feedback resistance was adjusted by using a variable resistor. Use the data in the table to answer the questions that follow. INPUT 1 INPUT 2 INPUT 3 RIN RF VOUT GAIN (V) (V) (V) (kΩ) (kΩ) (V) 3 1 2 10 X -6 -1 0,3 0,4 0,3 10 100 -10 Y 1 0,5 0,5 10 20 Z -2 TABLE 5.5 5.5.1 Determine the value of the feedback resistance (RF) at X. (1) 5.5.2 Calculate the gain at Y. (3) 5.5.3 Calculate the output voltage (VOUT) at Z. (3) 5.5.4 Deduce from TABLE 5.5 the relationship between RF and the gain. (1) 5.6 Refer to FIGURE 5.6 below and answer the questions that follow. RF +V 1 nF +V VIN t VOUT -V R1 -V 0V FIGURE 5.6: OP-AMP DIFFERENTIATOR 5.6.1 Draw the output on the ANSWER SHEET for QUESTION 5.6.1. (4) 5.6.2 Explain what determines the polarity of the output voltage. (2) [50] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 20 DBE/2023 SC/NSC QUESTION 6: AMPLIFIERS 6.1 Define the term stability with reference to the Q-point of amplifiers. (2) 6.25. Refer to FIGURE 6.2 below and answer the questions that follow. IC Input signal Output signal Q-point (V) 4 8 12 16 20 VCE FIGUREF FIGURE 6.2: CLASSES OF AMPLIFICATION 6.2.1 Identify the class of amplification represented in FIGURE 6.2. (1) 6.2.2 Draw the output waveform on the ANSWER SHEET for QUESTION 6.2.2. (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 21 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 6.3 Refer to FIGURE 6.3 below and answer the questions that follow. +20 Vcc Ic (mA) 6 IB = 140 µA RB RC 5 C IB = 120 µA Vout 4 IB = 100 µA 3 IB = 80 µA A Q1 IB = 60 µA 2 IB = 40 µA B RE IB = 20 µA 1 IB = 0 f (V) VCE 0V 4 8 12 16 20 TRANSISTOR BIASING CHARACTERISTIC CURVE FIGURE 6.3: CHARACTERISTIC CURVE AND TRANSISTOR BIASING 66.3.1 Identify region C in the characteristic curve. (1) 66.3.2 Interpret the data given in FIGURE 6.3 above and calculate the value of the load resistor. (3) 66.3.3 Explain why the gradient of the load line decreased from A to B while the supply voltage remained the same. (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 22 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 6.4 Refer to FIGURE 6.4 below and answer the questions that follow. +9 V R1 RC C2 C C1 B BC 109 E Earphone Microphone R2 RE CE 20 Hz–2 kHz 0V FIGURE 6.4: RC-COUPLED AMPLIFIER 6.4.1 Determine the value of the voltage drop across RC. (1) 6.4.2 Explain why the circuit in FIGURE 6.4 must be an audio amplifier. (3) 6.4.3 Explain the function of the capacitor CE in parallel with resistor RE. (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 23 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 6.5 Refer to FIGURE 6.5 below and answer the questions that follow. + VCC T1 T2 R1 R3 Q1 Q2 C2 C3 R2 R E1 C1 R4 R E2 0V FIGURE 6.5: TWO-STAGE TRANSFORMER-COUPLED AMPLIFIER 6.5.1 State TWO functions of capacitors C1 and C3. (2) 6.5.2 State ONE advantage of the transformer-coupled amplifier. (1) 6.5.3 Describe the uses of T1. (3) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 24 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 6.6 Refer to FIGURE 6.6 below and answer the questions that follow. +Vcc Q1 C2 V Q2 Input signal Speaker FIGURE 6.6: PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 6.6.1 State the disadvantage of the amplifier in FIGURE 6.6. (1) 6.6.2 Describe the function of C2. (2) 6.6.3 Draw the output waveform across transistor Q2 on the ANSWER SHEET for QUESTION 6.6.3. (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 25 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 6.7 Refer to FIGURE 6.7 below and answer the questions that follow. +VCC T2 R1 C1 C2 Output T1 Q1 Input R2 C3 RE CE 0V FIGURE 6.7: RADIO-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER 6.7.1 State the use of the radio frequency amplifier. (2) 6.7.2 With reference to radio frequency amplifiers, state the term used for unwanted frequencies. (1) 6.7.3 Give the reason for using two LC-tuned circuits instead of one LC-tuned circuit. (1) 6.7.4 Explain why pre-set capacitors are used in the LC-tuned circuits instead of ordinary capacitors. (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 26 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 6.8 Refer to FIGURE 6.8 below and answer the questions that follow. +VCC RF choke R1 C2 C4 C3 Q1 VC1 L1 output C1 R2 R3 C5 t 0V L2 FIGURE 6.8: HARTLEY OSCILLATOR 6.8.1 State ONE application of the Hartley oscillator. (1) 6.8.2 State the purpose of transistor Q1. (2) 6.8.3 Draw the output waveform of the circuit on the ANSWER SHEET for QUESTION 6.8.3 when an AC signal is developed across the capacitor (C1) of the tank circuit. (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Electrical Technology: Electronics 27 DBE/2023 SC/NSC 6.9 Refer to FIGURE 6.9 below and answer the questions that follow. +VCC RB RC C5 VOUT C1 C2 C3 Q1 R1 R2 R3 R4 C4 0V FIGURE 6.9: RC PHASE-SHIFT OSCILLATOR 6.9.1 State the function of RC. (2) 6.9.2 Calculate the value of the capacitor when the oscillation frequency of the RC phase-shift oscillator is 64,98 Hz with a resistor value of 1 kΩ. (3) 6.9.3 Will the oscillation frequency of the circuit decrease or increase when the values of the capacitors in the phase-shift network decrease? Motivate your answer. (2) [45] TOTAL: 200 Copyright reserved

Electrical Technology: Electronics DBE/2023 SC/NSC FORMULA SHEET RLC CIRCUITS SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES = os θ VOUT R RF XL  2 fL Gain A V   F AV  1 VIN RIN RIN 1 XC  T= ( ) 2 fC fr  1 OR fr  f2  f1 2 LC 2 T= (1 ) fr BW  OR BW  f2  f1 Q SWITCHING CIRCUITS Series  R R R  VOUT    V1 F  V2 F  ...VN F  VR  I R  R1 R2 RN  VL  I XL VOUT VOUT Gain A V   VC  I XC VIN V1  V2  ...VN  VT IT  IR  IC  IL VOUT   (V1  V2  ...VN ) IT  OR Z AMPLIFIERS V Z R 2  X L  X C  2 IC  C VCC  VCE  ICRC RC VT  VR  VL  VC  VT  I Z VB  VBE  VRE 2 2 OR R VR V - VC VOUT Cos θ  OR Cos θ  OR Tan θ  L AV  Z VT VR VIN XL XC VL VC 1 L I Q     A I  OUT R R VT VT R C IIN Parallel P A P  OUT AP  A V A I VT  VR  VL  VC PIN OR VT IR  βT = β1 x β2 OR A VT  A V1  A V2  A V3  ...A Vn R VT IC  PIN  I2  ZIN POUT  I2  Z OUT XC AND V Oscillation frequency IL  T XL OR √ √ IT  IR  IL  IC  2 2 GAIN IN DECIBELS VT I Z A I  20log10 OUT IT IIN I VOUT Cos θ  R A V  20log10 OR A V  20log 10 A VT IT VIN R R POUT P2 Q  A P  10log10 OR A P  10log10 XL X C PIN P1 Copyright reserved

Electrical Technology: Electronics DBE/2023 SC/NSC CENTRE NUMBER: EXAMINATION NUMBER: ANSWER SHEET QUESTION 4: SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES 4.4.3 ID VGS Output signal A ID VGS Transfer mark to answer book Input signal FIGURE 4.4.3 MOD (2) 4.5.3 VC t VR2 Transfer mark to answer book t FIGURE 4.5.3 MOD (3) Copyright reserved

Electrical Technology: Electronics DBE/2023 SC/NSC CENTRE NUMBER: EXAMINATION NUMBER: ANSWER SHEET QUESTION 5: SWITCHING CIRCUITS 5.3.6 V 6 VC 4 Input VR2 2 0 t V 6 4 Output Transfer mark to 2 answer book 0 t FIGURE 5.3.6 MOD (3) 5.4.3 +V VIN t -V +VSAT VOUT t Transfer mark to answer book -VSAT FIGURE 5.4.3 MOD (4) Copyright reserved

Electrical Technology: Electronics DBE/2023 SC/NSC CENTRE NUMBER: EXAMINATION NUMBER: ANSWER SHEET 5.6.1 +V VIN t -V +V VOUT Transfer mark to t answer book -V FIGURE 5.6.1 MOD (4) Copyright reserved

Electrical Technology: Electronics DBE/2023 SC/NSC CENTRE NUMBER: EXAMINATION NUMBER: ANSWER SHEET QUESTION 6: AMPLIFIERS 6.2.2 IC Input signal Output signal Q-point (V) 4 8 12 16 20 VCE Transfer mark to answer book FIGURE 6.2.2 MOD (2) 6.6.3 +V t Transfer mark to answer book -V FIGURE 6.6.3 MOD (2) Copyright reserved

Electrical Technology: Electronics DBE/2023 SC/NSC CENTRE NUMBER: EXAMINATION NUMBER: ANSWER SHEET 6.8.3 VC1 t Output waveform t Transfer mark to answer book FIGURE 6.8.3 MOD (2) Copyright reserved