Grade 12 Geography Mapwork Learner Assistance Revision Booklet 2020 reduce

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2829AA EERAM REFERENCE VERKLARING National Freeway; National Route, Arterial Route.... Main Road Secondary Road; Bench Mark. Other Road; Bridge... Track and Hiking Trail Railway; Station or Siding Other Railway; Tunnel....... Embankment; Cutting. Power Line -Nasionale Deurpad; Nasionale Roete .. Hoofverkeersroete .. Hoofpad ekondére Pad; Hoogtemerk Ander Pad; Brug . Dowwe Pad en Voetslaanpad Spoorweg; Stasie of Sylyn . Ander Spoorweg; Tonnel Opvulling; Deurgrawing Kraglyn ..Beboude Gebied (Hoé, Lae Digtheid) ..Geboue; Murasie -Poskantoor; Polisiestasie; Winkel Plek van Aanbidding; Skool; Hotel Draadheining; Muur .Windpomp; Monument ¥ : Kommunikasietoring ane CHK) Mynhoop; Vitgrawing pat Post Office; Police Statio Place of Worship; School; Hotel Fence; Wall... Windpump; Monument..... Communication Tower.. Mine Dump; Excavation Trigonometrical Station; Marine Beacon ... Peilbaken; Seevaartbaken Lighthouse and Marine Ligh ie Nuurtoring en Seevaartlig Cemetery; Grave..... et + Begraafplaas; Graf REFERENCE VERKLARING International Boundary and Beacon.... a Internasionale Grens en Baken ...Provinsiale Grens ..Bewarings Gebied itandhoudende Rivier ..Standhoudende Water jie—standhoudende Rivier Nie-standhoudende Water Droé Loop .Droé Pan -.. Moeras en Vlei ...Pyplyn (bo die grond) atertoring; Reservoir; Waterpunt .. Kuslynrotse Prominente Klipbank . Erosie; Sand Beboste Gebied - Bewerkte Land ..Boord of Wingerd intspanningsterrein Provincial Boundary. Protected Area. Perennial Rive: Perennial Water... Non-perennial Rivet Non-Perennial Water..... Dry Water Course Dry Pan..... Marsh and Vlei Pipeline (above ground) ae Water Tower; Reservoir; Water Poin’ eWr eR oF Coastal Rocks... Prominent Rock Outcrop. Erosion; Sand. Woodland Cultivated Land... Orchard or Vineyard Recreation Ground. Row of Trees.

TOPIC 1: MAP SKILLS SCALE & HEIGHT CAPS CONTENT TOPOGRAPHIC /ORTHOPHOTO MAP SCALE The scale of the topographic map used by the learners in South Africa is. The scale of the Orthophoto map used by the learners in South Africa is. Maps are always smaller than the area of the ground they represent. The size, by which actual distances on the ground have been shrunk to draw proportionate maps, is known as the scale of the map. Scale is shown in THREE ways on map: 1. Word Scale 1 : 50 000 = 1 CM on the map represents 50 000 CM on the ground 1: 10 000 = 1 CM on the map represents 10 000 CM on the ground NOTE: Orthophoto Map scale is 5 times larger than Topographical Map. 1 : 10 000 is 5 times larger than 1 : 50 000 2. Representative Fraction / Ratio: This is a numerical way of showing how greatly ground distances have been reduced. It is also known as a numerical scale. This scale is shown in two ways: e.g. - As a fraction, e.g: ___1 __ 50 000 - As a ratio, e.g. 1:50 000 Orthophoto map scale Topograhical map scale 2. Line Scale

HEIGHT Height is shown in FOUR ways on the map: 1. Trigonometrical Beacon 2. Spot Height 3. Contour Line 4. Bench Mark

ACTIVITY Use the following EXTRACT to answer the questions below. 1.1 State the FOUR ways height is indicated on a map. ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ (4 x 1) (4) 1.2. State the THREE different types of scale: ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ (3 x 1) (3) 1.3 How many time larger is 1 : 10 000 than 1 : 50 000: _______________________________________________ (1 x 1) (1) 1.4 Expree the scale 1: 50 000 as a word scale. _______________________________________________ (1 x 1) (1)

TOPIC 2: MAP CALCULATIONS MAP CALCULATIONS CAPS CONTENT Learners must be able to do the following calculation: • Distance • Area • Gradient • Vertical exaggeration • Magnetic bearing WEIGHTING AND TIME Mapwork should be taught on a continuous base and should be integrated with theory. One period per week should be spent on mapwork (about 60 minutes). METHODOLOGY Ensure that you carry your mapwork equipment to school in order to practice the calculation skills regularly. You will need a pencil, ruler, protractor and calculator at least. Ensure that you measure correctly and accurately because it is of utmost importance. Ask your teacher the measurement rules related to mapwork as you practice. Group work can be very effective when learning mapwork. Make use of the stronger learners to help you understand work more effectively. Ensure that you have your own calculator and stationary.

CALCULATIONS The table below is a short summary of how to measure and do calculations. CALCULATION FORMULA EXAMPLE Distance = map distance x scale D = MD X Scale DISTANCE (on = 3,5 cm X 0.5 = 1.75 km D= MD X Scale map) = 3,5 cm X 500 = 1750 m DISTANCE = MAP DISTANCE X D = MD X Scale SCALE = 6,5 cm X 0.1 DISTANCE = 0,65 km D = MD X Scale (on orthophoto) = 6,5 cm X 100 = 650 m GRADIENT = HEIGHT(H) HEIGHT (H) DISTANCE (D) = 1515m – 1431m = 84 m DISTANCE (D) GRADIENT = 1.9cm x 500 = 950 m G= H = 84 ÷ 84 . D 950 ÷ 84 = 1: 11,3 Steep For every 11,3m one walk forward the land rises with 1m 3

AREA = LENGTH X BREADTH Length = 1,3 cm x 0,5 = 0,65 m AREA (MAP) Breadth = 7 cm x 0,5 = 350 m A =LXB = 0,65 km x 0,35 km = 0,2275 km2 AREA = LENGTH X BREADTH Length = 2,3 cm x 100 = 230 m AREA Breadth = 6,5 cm x 100 = 650 m A =LXB (ORTHPHOTO) = 230 m x 650 m = 149 500 m2 Vertical exaggeration of cross sections VS = 1cm rep 20m VERTICAL Change to ratio scale VE = Vertical scale (VS) Horizontal scale (HS) 1cm rep (20m x 100) = 2000cm EXAGGERATIO 1: 2000 VS: given or read from cross section HS: map or photo scale VE = 1 x 50 000 N 2000 x 1 = 25 times MAGNETIC Find the above information on the map. Difference in years: 2020 – 2002 = 18 years Mean Annual Change: 7’W Total change: 7’W x 18 years = 126’W DECLINATION MD (2020): 16° 47’W + 126’W 16° 173’W 16° + 2° 53’W 18° 53’W

1. Find the place from where the measurement must be done. TRUE BEARING 2. Join the two places. 3. Draw a north line at the from point. Accuracy is very important. 4. Place the protractor on the place of departure and measure the angle in a clockwise direction from true north. ACTIVITY Use the information from the map below to answer the following questions. Mean magnetic declination 16° 3’ West of True North (2018). Mean annual change 5’ Westwards (2016 -2017)

2.1 Calculate the straight line distance distance between spot height 2197 on Loskop and spot height 2293 on Platberg. SHOW ALL CALCULATIONS. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ (2 x 1) ( 2)

2.2 Write the scale 1 : 50 000 as a word scale. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ (1 x 2) (2) 2.3 State the map code/index of EERAM. ___________________________________________________________ (1 x 1) (1) 2.4 Calculate the vertical exaggeration on the topographical map if the vertical scale is 1 cm represents 100m. SHOW ALL CALCULATIONS ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ (5 x 1) (5) 2.5 Calculate the area of the above extract of EERAM in km2. SHOW ALL CALCULATIONS. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ (5 x 1) (5)

2.6 Calculate the magnetic declination for the current year (2020). SHOW ALL CALCULATIONS. Difference in years: ________________________________________ Annual change: ________________________________________ Total change: ________________________________________ MD (2020): ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________ (5 x 1) (5) SUBTOTAL: 20 MARKS TOPIC 3: MAP INTERPRETATION MAP INTERPRETATION CAPS CONTENT Map interpretation cover all theory related to the 1: 50 000 topographic map series of South Africa. All theoretic content can be assessed in the mapwork exam paper. WEIGHTING AND TIME Map interpretation should be included weekly as consolidation activities on the theory taught that can be related to topographic maps. METHODOLOGY Learners should use variety of topographic maps to their disposal from previous exams to understand and interpret theory on the maps. Map and photo interpretation is a skill that can be improved substantially with enough practice. Always study the map and ask yourself questions like: ✓ What is this? (identify, name, label, give, describe, list) ✓ Why is it here? (Explain spatial relations.) ✓ How did it develop / form? How will it change / affect …. ✓ What is its function? ✓ What does it tell us about the climate, geomorphology, and economy of the area?

LANDFORMS AND OTHER MAP INTERPRETATION EXAMPLES. The shape of the contour lines indicate that Koffiebus is a hill. 3.1. Identify the stream pattern that will flow from a hill. ___________________(1 x 1) (1) 3.2 Study the shape of the contour lines and determine the type of landform that Teebus is? ____________________________ ___________________ (1 x 2) (2)

3.3 Sanctuary Peak is a hill. Side A has a high drainage density compared to side B. State TWO possible reasons for the high density A on side A. __________________________________ __________________________________ B __________________________________ __________________________________ ________________________ (2 x 1) (2) 3.4 State the direction that Elandsriver is flowing in. ___________________ (1 x 1) (1) 3.5 Provide the term used to describe feature 2. _______________________ (1 x 1) (1) 3.6 Calculate the stream order at point 2. ___________________ (1 x 1) (2) 3.7 State ANY ONE importance of the marsh and vlei for the cultivated land. _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________ (1 x 1) (1)

3.8 State the course of the river shown in the diagram. B ____________________ (1 x 1) (1) 3.9 Is slope A an undercut or slip-off slope? A ____________________ (1 x 1) (1) C 3.10 Graaf water is a central place town. Support this statement with evidence from the map. _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________ (1 x 1) (1)

3.11 Line A is a valley floor. State the type of precipitation that will occur at the valley floor during a winters night. B __________________________ (1 x 1) (1) 3.12 Draw a simple diagram A showing katabatic winds in this valley. C (3 x 1) (3) 3.12 Identify the economic activity on the map. _____________________ (1 x 1) (1) 3.13 Explain why this area is suited for this economic activity. _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________(2 x 2) (4) 3.14 What is the function of the rows of trees in this area? _____________________ (1 x 1) (1)

3.15 How far is Hopetown from Kimberley? _____________________ (1 x 1) (1) 3.16 Identify the land use zones at A A: __________________________ B B: __________________________ D C: __________________________ D: __________________________ C (4 x 1) (4) 3.17 What transport method is used to transport raw materials in this area. _____________________ (1 x 1) (1)

3.18 Identify street pattern A. _____________________ (1 x 1) (1) B 3.19 State ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of this pattern metioned in QUESTION 3.18. _____________________________ _____________________________ A _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________ (2 x 2) (4) 3.20 Identify settlement pattern B. _____________________ (1 x 1) (1) 3.21 State ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of the settlement pattern mentioned in QUESTION 3.20. _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________ (2 x 2) (4)

TOPIC 4: GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS CAPS CONTENT Learners must know the concepts in GIS as set out in the additional notes below. PLEASE NOTE: You are also expected to be able to do the following. • Developing a 'paper GIS' from existing maps, photographs and other sources of information on layers of tracing paper You need to be able to apply the concepts to new situations: • Identify and interpret concepts by using given data such as satellite images, topographic maps, orthophoto maps, aerial photographs, pictures and statistics indicated on graphs and tables WEIGHTING AND TIME About 8 hours should be used for GIS, but is should be integrated with mapwork and theory through the year. METHODOLOGY They concepts of GIS is often just given to learners to study. Learners cannot make sense of the concept in this way. Today GIS is used around us daily. There is a GIS map system on most smart phones, in shopping centres to find your way in our cars when we drive on the television to show where news events are taking place. Use these examples to understand the concepts of GIS but always refer back to topographic maps and orthophoto maps, as this is what you will face in the final exams. You do not need a computer to understand basic GIS concepts.

CONCEPTS OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) GIS: It is a tool used for capturing, analysing and displaying data. Remote sensing: Observations from a distance. Resolution: Refer to detail and clarity of an image. Pixels: the small squares making up a photograph. Spatial data: Describe the shape and location of geographical features using coordinates. Attribute data: Data that is descriptive. Vector data: Features shown by line, points and polygons. Raster data: Features shown by shapes. Data layering: Combining different layers of data Buffering: Creation of an off-limit zone Data Manipulation: Change data to make it more useful Querying: Investigate the data and find answers about specific datasets Data standardisation: To make the data similar to other data set. Data sharing: Make data available for other users to access.. Data security: To ensure that data is safe from tampering

COMPONENTS OF GIS There are FOUR components of GIS: 1. Hardware 2. Software 3. Data 4. User FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS Capture, Store, Update, Manipulate and Analyse Spatially referenced data SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR GIS Aerial photos Satellite images Survey data Census data Fieldwork APPLICATION OF GIS BY THE ✓ Government: census, elections, planning, budgeting, research, problem solving. ✓ Private sector: used to improve productivity and solve any geographical query.

ACTIVITY Answer the following questions 4.1 Study the figure below and answer the following questions. B A 4.1.1 Point A is a example of Remote Sensing. Define the term Remote Sensing. ____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________(1 x 1) (1) 4.1.2 Feature B is a component of GIS. State this component. _____________________________________________________ (1 x 1) (1) 4.2 The figure below shows a block on the topographical map. Study it and answer the following questions. Name the type of vector data used to indicate the road R33 (N.B: Vector data is either: point data OR line data OR polygon data) _____________________________________________________ (1 x 1) (1)

3.2 Use the block to draw paper GIS in each of the blocks below. POLICE STATION ARTERIAL ROUTE CEMETERY (3 x 1) (3) 2.2 Define the following terms: Database: ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ (1 x 1) (1) Data Layering: ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ (1 x 1) (1) Data manipulation: ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ (1 x 1) (1)

4.4 An urban and regional planner wants to study building density in the maps below. She/He decides to use an orthophoto map instead of a topographical map. Discuss TWO reasons why an orthophoto map is ideal for the study of building density. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ (2 x 2) (4) EXTRACT OF ORTHOPHOTO MAP EXTRACT OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP