History Grade 12 P2 Gauteng Mock 2020 Addendum (English)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2020 10792 HISTORY PAPER 2 ADDENDUM 14 pages P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 2 (Paper 2) 10792/20 QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT EMPOWER BLACK PEOPLE THROUGH BLACK COMMUNITY PROGRAMMES (BCP) IN THE 1970s? SOURCE 1A The source below focuses on the reasons why the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) developed the Black Community Programmes (BCP). The Black Community Programmes (BCP) developed out of one aspect of the BCM’s philosophy – engaging in welfare work and programmes of self-help run by blacks for blacks. Steve Biko, as one of the founders of the BCM, was heavily involved in the running of the BCP … He described the rationale behind the organisation as: “essentially to answer the problem that the black man is a defeated being who finds it very difficult to lift himself up by his bootstrings. He is alienated. He is made to live all the time concerned with matters of existence, concerned with tomorrow. Now, we felt that we must attempt to defeat and break this kind of attitude and instil once more a sense of dignity within the black man. So what we did was to design various types of programmes, present these to the black community with an obvious illustration that these are done by the black people for the sole purpose of uplifting the black community. We believed that we teach people by example.” The launch of the Black People’s Convention (BPC) early in 1973 added a political wing to the BC movement to complement the activities of the BCP and South African Student Organisation (SASO). Thus within the BCM there was a clear ‘division of labour’ – the BPC was the ‘adult’ political body, SASO the student body and the BCP the community project arm. According to Dr Mamphela Ramphele, ‘Within the Black Consciousness Movement, the BCP became the leader in the field of community development, but relied on the path-breaking role of SASO for political directions. Although Biko was involved with the BCP from its beginning, he was also, together with Barney Pityana and others, running SASO. After he was banned in March 1973 and restricted to King William’s Town, the BCP became Biko’s main outlet for political activity. [From https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/black-community-programmes-bcp. Accessed on 9 September 2019.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 3 (Paper 2) 10792/20 SOURCE 1B The extract below explains the projects introduced by the Black Community Programmes of the Black Consciousness Movement. The organisation (Black Community Programmes/BCP), directed by Bennie Khoapa, sought (wanted) to coordinate agencies run by black community members to conscientise black South Africans through publication projects, that provided relevant news for black people in order to promote a positive black identity. The BCP eventually moved to run its own projects when activists working for the organisation found themselves restricted to their home areas by banning orders in 1973. For example, it ran health clinics such as the Zanempilo Community Health Centre in the Eastern Cape, managed cottage industries like the Njwaxa leatherwork factory also in the Eastern Cape, and opened resource centres at its regional offices. It published a yearbook, Black Review. The BCP gave practical expression to Black Consciousness ideals. BCP publications encouraged black publishing in South Africa and became a trusted source of positive information in black communities. Research in villages where the BCP ran its projects has demonstrated that health and economic projects in the Eastern Cape improved black people’s physical conditions and helped villagers gain a greater sense of human dignity. Through this work, the BCP also significantly addressed women’s issues and female activists proved themselves as capable leaders and respected colleagues. [From https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore- 9780190277734-e-83. Accessed on 7 October 2019.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 4 (Paper 2) 10792/20 SOURCE 1C The following source indicates how students, influenced by the philosophy of Black Consciousness, initiated research in communities and embarked on community based projects. Mamphela Ramphele has described the years from 1969 to 1971 as “the trial period” marked by experimentation with community projects in and around Durban. The students embarked on a series of community-upliftment projects, assisting squatters near the Phoenix settlement, north of Durban, operating a clinic outside Wentworth, south of Durban and launching literacy, health and agricultural programmes. These projects continued over the next few years, and helped not only to improve material conditions, but to instill a sense of self- empowerment and self-determination, one of the central aims of the BCM. At the 2nd General Student Council meeting in July 1971, the students set out the aims of Black Consciousness. The students passed a resolution on Black Theology, and rejected the Christianity of the White electorate (voters), which they saw as upholding the structures of oppression. By now SASO was also considering the launch of other bodies, such as national political movements and trade unions. In the December 1971 holiday period, students conducted a survey in the Winterveldt area near Pretoria, to gather statistics and knowledge that would inform community development projects. They also helped at the Mabopane private clinic and studied gathering places such as bus and taxi ranks, and informal markets. In the north, Turfloop students helped at the nearby Monkwe clinic and developed meaningful relations with the surrounding community. [From https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/stephen-bantu-biko. Accessed on 07 October 2019.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 5 (Paper 2) 10792/20 SOURCE 1D The photograph is of the Zanempilo Clinic, which was situated in Zinyoka village, 10 km outside of King William's Town. It was a project initiated by the Black People's Convention (BPC) in January 1975. [From https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/black-community-programmes-bcp. Accessed on 28 August 2019.] PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION: EASTERN CAPE IPHONDO LEMPUMA-KOLONI DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH ISEBE LEMPILO ZANEMPILO CLINIC IKLINIKI P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 6 (Paper 2) 10792/20 QUESTION 2: HOW DID THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (TRC) DEAL WITH PERPETRATORS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS SUCH AS WOUTER BASSON? SOURCE 2A The source below outlines the reasons for the establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). The Promotion of the National Reconciliation and Unity Act (TRC Act) was passed in 1995. The Act provided the four main objectives of the TRC: to investigate and establish as complete a picture as possible of the nature, causes and extent of the gross violations of human rights committed between 1960 and 1994; to grant amnesty to perpetrators who made full disclosure of all relevant facts relating to crimes committed in pursuit of political objectives; to identify, locate and recommend reparations to victims of gross human rights violations; and to compile a report containing recommendations aimed at preventing future violations of human rights. Although South Africa suffered various injustices over the centuries, Parliament asked the TRC to deal with the period between 1960 and 1994. It considered these to be the years of the apartheid regime’s most ruthless policies of discrimination and abuse. In international law, apartheid was a ‘crime against humanity’. In that case, why were those who had committed crimes to end apartheid also required to disclose the truth of their acts in exchange for amnesty … The TRC began its work in 1995, and finally disbanded (dispersed) in 2002. It had completed the bulk (most) of its activities by October 1998, when it handed its official report to the then President, Nelson Mandela. Composed of seventeen commissioners and a large support staff, and headed by the widely respected Archbishop Desmond Tutu, it executed its mandate through the committees namely; the Committee on Human Rights Violations, the Committee on Amnesty and the Committee on Rehabilitation and Reparations. [From Turning Points in Transition: The story of South Africa’s road to peace by S. Seedat and J. February. Accessed on 15 October 2019.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 7 (Paper 2) 10792/20 SOURCE 2B The source below focuses on the trial of Wouter Basson, a South African cardiologist and former head of the country's secret chemical and biological warfare project, during the apartheid era. In 1996, South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) began to investigate the South African Defence Force (SADF) and determined that the army had probably used lethal toxins (poison) against ANC activists. Basson was connected to many of these attacks. Basson was arrested in a sting (secret) operation in 1997 for the attempted sale and possession of 1 000 Ecstasy tablets. At the time, he had hundreds of secret Project Coast documents in his car. Basson appeared before the TRC on July 31, 1998 and gave evidence for 12 hours … the Commission determined that Basson had been the primary decision-maker in Project Coast and should be put on trial. … Basson's trial began on October 4, 1999 in Pretoria. Basson faced 67 charges, including drug possession, drug trafficking, fraud and embezzlement (misuse) of a total of R36 000 000, 229 murders and conspiracy (plotting) to murder and theft. Basson refused to seek amnesty from the Truth Commission. On October 11, 1999 Judge Willie Hartzenberg dismissed 6 important charges, including four charges of murder and possible involvement in 200 deaths in Namibia; because he stated that the South African court could not prosecute crimes committed in other countries. After 18 months of trial, he reduced the number of charges to 46. In July 2001 Basson began to present his own evidence, speaking for 40 days. He stated that he had learned about the weapons of mass destruction from Saddam Hussein … and that he had exchanged information with foreign governments. …The defence argued that Basson should have immunity (protection) for anything that had happened in Namibia. On April 22, 2002 Judge Hartzenberg dismissed all the remaining charges against Basson and granted him amnesty (acquittal). The trial lasted 30 months. The state threatened to appeal the judgement due to legal inaccuracies, but the Supreme Court of Appeal refused to order a retrial in 2003. [From https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wouter-basson/ Accessed on 15 October 2019.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 8 (Paper 2) 10792/20 SOURCE 2C The source below focuses on Wouter Basson’s trial, charged with several counts. Evidence before the court implicated him in involvement in sabotage activities. BIO- WARFARE ACTIVITIES ANC MANDRAX [From https://qz.com/africa/822837/south-africas-apartheid-era-chemical-and-biological- warfare-poisoned- pasts-exhibition. Accessed on 15 October 2019.] PROJECT SWAPO ECSTASY COAST BLACK BOX PW FW FOR LAUNDERING MAGNUS DROWNED PIK POISONED CONSTAND GASSED SUFFOCATED P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 9 (Paper 2) 10792/20 SOURCE 2D The source below focuses on the Health Professions Council of South Africa’s (HPCSA) investigation of Basson’s medical ethics. In the years that followed, Basson returned quietly to practising medicine, leading a successful private cardiology practice in the suburbs of Cape Town. But in 2006, the HPCSA began its own probe (investigation) into his past to determine if the doctor had violated medical ethics. For more than six years, the case proceeded haltingly (slowly), as Basson’s legal team, who were paid by the state because he was a government employee-repeatedly petitioned to have the proceedings postponed or dismissed for bias (one-sidedness) and lack of evidence. In 2013, the commission declared Basson guilty of “unprofessional conduct”. More than a year later, however, no sentence has been determined. His counsel continues to dispute elements of the case, and the proceedings drag on in an airless basement conference room of the HPCSA offices in Pretoria. In the room are family members, like Ledwaba, and activists clutching (holding) old news articles and yellowing photos of family members and friends they say died at Basson’s hands. Some are frustrated with the government, others at Basson's lack of remorse. “We want their bodies exhumed (dug up) so we can see what really happened to them, but the government tells us it’s too expensive,” says Marjorie Jobson, an activist and medical doctor who works closely with the families of murdered activists. “But Basson’s trials have cost millions that they pay without question.” [From:https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2015/0317/South-Africa-tests-its-forgiveness-of-apartheid-era- killers. Accessed on 18 October 2019.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 10 (Paper 2) 10792/20 QUESTION 3: WHAT IMPACT DID GLOBALISATION HAVE ON THE CITRUS INDUSTRY IN SOUTH AFRICA? SOURCE 3A The following source is an extract of a press release dated February 2019, titled ‘Challenges and Triumphs in the South African citrus industry’. It focuses on obstacles faced by black citrus growers. The South African citrus industry has had tremendous (great) growth with bumper (abundant) exports to countries internationally, despite tough conditions including severe drought in some regions. This growth in the sector is evident in the jobs the industry provides to some 100 000 South Africans. This year’s projects included the global outlook for citrus production and exports, entry into overseas markets, biosecurity (measures to protect the population against harmful substances) and challenges that South African exporters face with transport. Access to cold storage facilities and congestion at harbours were also in the spotlight. The Citrus Growers Association (CGA) is proposing a centralised truck assembling facility in the Durban precinct (district). This will bring about a better flow of traffic to Durban’s port, improve the movement of containers and reduce queues. Black citrus growers experience challenges such as accessing finance, raising capital and expanding production. The biggest obstacle they face is the lack of ability to get title to land. Without title, these farmers cannot provide the surety (security) to secure loans from financial institutions. This lack of capital forces many black growers to operate on tight budgets with often outdated farming equipment. The Citrus Growers Association Grower Development Company, which represents black growers will have discussions with the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, the Land Bank and other stakeholders proposing different funding models and policies to address the land ownership issue. On the global front (scale), citrus producers have come to realise that sustainable farming practice is an absolute necessity. [From:https://www.farmingportal.co.za/index.php/all-agri-news/press-release/1882-challenges-and-triumphs-in- south-africas-citrus-industry. Accessed on 22 September 2019.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 11 (Paper 2) 10792/20 SOURCE 3B The source below is part of an article by Justin Chadwick, CEO of the Southern African Citrus Growers Association. It focuses on the transformation initiatives in the citrus industry. The South African citrus industry has developed a large media profile in recent times, almost entirely due to our dispute with the European Union (EU) on whether Citrus Black Spot (fungal disease) on South African citrus poses any risk to citrus orchards in the EU. The Citrus Growers’ Association (CGA) has established a Grower Development Company to significantly improve transformation in the industry, and to provide the sort of sustainable support for developing black citrus growers that will create success stories for the industry. The CGA established a transformation initiative to contribute to the development of citrus growers. It has since participated in a number of the government’s transformation-focused agricultural initiatives, like mentorship, extension services, research and development, and grower skills development. It is an unfortunate fact that many well-intended land redistribution and restitution initiatives have resulted in degenerating (deteriorating) farms due to a lack of skills, as well as inadequate funding and governance knowledge amongst beneficiaries. South African emerging growers face difficulties in their efforts to successfully export citrus. An absence of key financial and management skills among growers is also a hindrance (disturbance) to the growers’ ability to access credit, negotiate better business deals and remain competitive. The CGA’s planned vision of the Growers Development Company is to support the establishment and growth of sustainable and profitable black citrus growers with market linkages to ensure food security, jobs and wealth creation. The company’s core focus areas of support will be: • Production infrastructure and technical support • Business management support • Facilitation of access to funding • Facilitation of market access • Project governance through social facilitation [From https://www.fin24.com/Opinion/The-story-you-havent-heard-about-SA-citrus-20150806. Accessed on 15 September 2019.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 12 (Paper 2) 10792/20 SOURCE 3C The cartoon below shows how European countries like Spain banned citrus imports from South Africa. [From http://africartoons.com/cartoon/14855 Accessed on 21 September 2019.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 13 (Paper 2) 10792/20 SOURCE 3D The following source focuses on the positive contribution of the citrus industry in the growth of the South African economy. Citrus in South Africa is the second largest fruit crop after grapes in terms of production volumes. The Eastern Cape, being the powerhouse of the Southern African citrus industry, accounts for 27% of citrus production in the country. The Eastern Cape boasts the most progressive and successful black citrus growers in the country, accounting for more than a third of South Africa's exports and is home to 50% of South African lemons. The citrus industry development is spearheaded (lead) by the Citrus Growers Association (CGA) and the transformation in the sector is led by a dedicated unit, the Growers Development Company. Through the levies (charges) from producers, the Citrus Growers Association and the Grower Development Company, transformation is targeted by supporting the development of the current 118 black citrus producers in the country and increasing this to create equity in the sub-sector across the entire citrus value chain. The citrus sub-sector in the province provides 19 700 jobs in the production and 10 000 jobs in the packing, processing, and marketing of the fruit. The industry is the mainstay (basis) of the rural economy in the respective production areas. Government transformation initiatives and support programmes in cooperation with the Growers Development Company of the industry has contributed to a 25% increase in the volume of citrus marketed formally from black producers since 2010. However, the fact that currently only 1,7% of formally marketed citrus is produced by black producers remains an indictment (accusation) on the rate of transformation. [From https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/358/159055.html. Accessed on 17 August 2019.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 14 (Paper 2) 10792/20 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Visual and other historical evidence were taken from the following sources: http://africartoons.com/cartoon/14855. https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/358/159055.html. https://www.fin24.com/Opinion/The-story-you-havent-heard-about-SA-citrus-20150806 https://www.farmingportal.co.za/index.php/all-agri-news/press-release/1882-challenges-and- triumphs-in-south-africa-s-citrus-industry. https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2015/0317/South-Africa-tests-its-forgiveness-of- apartheid-era-killers https://qz.com/africa/822837/south-africas-apartheid-era-chemical-and-biological-warfare- poisoned- pasts-exhibition. https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wouter-basson/ https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/stephen-bantu-biko https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore- 9780190277734-e-83 https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/black-community-programmes-bcp. Seedat, S et al. 2010. Turning Points in Transition: The story of South Africa’s road to peace. (Institute of Justice and Reconciliation) END