Technical Sciences Grade 12 P2 Gauteng Mock 2018 QP

Downloaded from hlayiso.com GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2018 11102 TECHNICAL SCIENCES PAPER 2 TIME: 3 hours MARKS: 150 15 pages + 4 data sheets P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P1 2 11102 / 18 INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. This question paper consists of NINE questions. Answer ALL the questions in the ANSWER BOOK. 2. Start EACH question on a NEW page in the ANSWER BOOK. 3. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. 4. Leave ONE line between two sub-questions, for example, between QUESTION 2.1 and QUESTION 2.2. 5. You may use a non-programmable calculator. 6. You may use appropriate mathematical instruments. 7. You are advised to use the attached DATA SHEETS. 8. Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations. 9. Round-off your final numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places. 10. Give brief motivations, discussions etc. where required. 11. Write neatly and legibly. P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P1 3 09 / 18 QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each question has only ONE correct answer. Choose the correct answer and write only the letter (A – D) next to the question number (1.1 – 1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.11 D. 1.1 Which of the following are structural isomers? 1 2 3 CH3 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2 H3C C CH3 H3C HC H3C CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 A Only 1 and 2 B Only 2 and 3 C Only 1 and 3 D 1, 2 and 3 (2) 1.2 Which ONE of the IUPAC names below is CORRECT for the given structure? H H H H H C H H H H C C C C C C H H H H H C H Cl H H A 4-dimethyl-5-chlorohexane B 3,3-dimethyl-2-chlorohexane C 2-methyl-3,3-chlorohexane D 2-chloro-3,3-dimethylhexane (2) P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P1 4 09 / 18 1.3 Which ONE of the following cannot be an ester or a carboxylic acid? A C3H6O B C3H6O2 C CH2O2 D C2H4O2 (2) 1.4 Which monomer is used to produce polythene? A Chloroethene B Propene C Benzene D Ethene (2) 1.5 A certain standard, electrochemical cell can be presented as follows: Pt , I- / I2 // Fe3+ / Fe2+ , Pt Which ONE of the following will serve as the reducing agent? A I- B I2 C Fe3+ D Fe2+ (2) 1.6 In an electrochemical cell, what relationship must be TRUE about the values of Eөoxidising agent and Eөreducing agent for the reaction to occur spontaneously under standard conditions? A Eөreducing agent > 0 and Eөoxidising agent > 0 B Eөreducing agent < 0 and Eөoxidising agent < 0 C Eөreducing agent > Eөoxidising agent D Eөreducing agent < 0 and Eөoxidising agent > 0 (2) P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P1 5 09 / 18 1.7 When a ray of light moves from an optically more dense medium to an optically less dense medium, then the … A wavelength and the speed of the light will increase. B wavelength of the light will decrease, but the speed of the light will increase. C frequency and speed of the light will decrease. D wavelength, frequency and speed of the light will increase. (2) 1.8 Which ONE of the following is NOT true regarding EM rays? A Can be reflected B Can undergo interference C Can undergo refraction D Is a longitudinal wave (2) 1.9 A ray of light hits the surface between water and air at a right angle. Which ONE of the following statements is correct? A The angle of incidence is 90˚. B Total internal reflection occurs. C The frequency of the ray of light remains constant. D The angle of incidence is equal to the critical angle. (2) 1.10 Which ONE of the following uses does not fit with the type of electromagnetic wave? A Micro wave – Television broadcasts B Gamma rays – Cancer radiation C Infrared – Heating of food D Ultraviolet light – Sterilisation of food (2) [20] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P1 6 09 / 18 QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page.) Consider the representation of organic molecules A to F below. A H H B H H H C C H C H C C H H H H H C H Br H H D Ethyl ethanoate H C C C C H H Br Br H E Propan-1-ol F H H C H H H H H O H C C C C C C H H H H H H 2.1 Define a homologous series. (2) 2.2 Write down the NAME of the homologous series to which EACH of the following compounds belong: 2.2.1 B (1) 2.2.2 D (1) 2.2.3 E (1) 2.2.4 F (1) P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P1 7 09 / 18 2.3 Write down the letter that represents a compound that: 2.3.1 Is a saturated hydrocarbon (1) 2.3.2 Is a halo alkane (1) 2.3.3 Has a general formula CnH2n+1OH (1) 2.4 Write down the: 2.4.1 Molecular formula of the next compound in the same homologous series as compound B (2) 2.4.2 Structural formula of compound E (3) 2.4.3 IUPAC name of compound B (3) 2.4.4 Structural formula of the functional group of compound D (2) [19] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P1 8 09 / 18 QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.) 3.1 The earliest known work with polymers was the rubber industry in pre-Columbian Mexico. The Mesoamericans knew how to combine latex of the rubber tree with the juice of the morning glory plant in different proportions to get rubber with different properties for different products, such as bouncing balls, sandals, and rubber bands. Polymers are large molecules composed of smaller monomer units. 3.1.1 Define a monomer. (2) 3.1.2 Identify and draw the recurring monomer in the following polymer. (1) H H Cl H H H Cl H Cl H H C C C C C C C C C C H Cl H H H Cl H H H H H 3.1.3 Polythene is the most common plastic. The annual global production is around 80 million tonnes. (a) Name TWO properties of polythene which makes it useful. (2) (b) Name TWO uses of polythene. (2) 3.2 Consider the table below and answer the questions that follow. SYSTEMATIC BOILING POINT FORMULA NAME (˚C) Chloromethane CH3Cℓ -24,1 Dichloromethane CH2Cℓ2 40,1 Trichloromethane CHCℓ3 61,8 Tetrachloromethane CCℓ4 76,6 3.2.1 Name the intermolecular forces in alkyl halides (1) 3.2.2 Describe the relationship between the number of chlorine atoms and boiling points as presented in the above table. (2) 3.2.3 Write down the formula of the alkyl halide that is dangerous at 25˚C. (1) 3.2.4 Provide a reason for your answer to Question 3.2.3. (2) [13] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P1 9 09 / 18 QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.) Fossil fuel is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials. These deposits are formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. Alkanes are the most important of fossil fuels. Some countries like Canada produce 18.3 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day. Propane is produced as a by-product of two other processes, natural gas processing and petroleum refining. Propane is a cleaner-burning alternative fuel. Butane is another gaseous fuel derived from petroleum. 4.1 Write a balanced equation to show the complete combustion reaction of butane in excess oxygen. (3) 4.2 But-2-ene can be converted to other compounds by means of different organic reactions represented by F, G, H and I, as shown below. F Butan-2-ol But-2-ene G I H Butane 2-Bromobutane Br2 Write down the TYPE of the reaction represented by: 4.2.1 F (2) 4.2.2 G (2) 4.2.3 H (2) During reaction I, the alkyl halide (haloalkane) reacts in the presence of a base to form an alcohol. 4.2.4 Give the NAME of a suitable base used. (1) 4.2.5 Name TWO reaction conditions that are required. (2) [12] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P1 10 09 / 18 QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page.) Steel ships needs to be protected from corrosion. One method of protecting ships is by means of the Sacrificial anode system. Sacrificial anodes or metals have been used since 1824. Zinc is popularly used as a sacrificial metal. 5.1 What is the purpose of attaching the zinc bars to the hulls of steel ships? (1) 5.2 Use the Table of Standard Reduction Potentials to explain the answer to Question 5.1. (2) 5.3 A magnesium rod is placed in an iron (II) chloride solution. Write down the following: 5.3.1 The chemical equation (1) 5.3.2 The oxidation half-reaction (2) 5.3.3 The reduction half-reaction (2) 5.3.4 The balanced net reaction (2) P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P1 11 09 / 18 5.4 Electrolytic cells are commonly used in the process of electroplating. Electroplating involves passing an electric current through a solution called an electrolyte. Silver plating is shown in the diagram below. Silver electrode Steel electrode Electrolyte 5.4.1 Define an electrolytic cell. (2) 5.4.2 Which electrode will act as the anode? (Write only SILVER or STEEL.) (1) 5.4.3 Which reaction occurs at the cathode? (1) 5.4.4 Write down the half-reaction that occurs at the anode. (2) 5.4.5 Which solution can be used as an electrolyte? (1) [17] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P1 12 09 / 18 QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.) 6.1 A learner constructed an electrochemical cell using silver and zinc electrodes. The cell was set up as illustrated below. V Salt bridge Ag electrode Zn electrode Ag+ Zn2+ (aq) (zzzaq) 6.1.1 Identify the type of electrochemical cell shown in the diagram above. (1) 6.1.2 Which energy conversion occurs in this type of cell? (2) 6.1.3 Describe the movement of the ions in the solutions. (2) 6.1.4 Write down TWO functions of the salt bridge. (2) 6.1.5 What is the direction of electron flow in the external circuit? (2) 6.1.6 Why is KNO3 the preferred electrolyte to be used in the salt bridge, instead of BaCl2? (2) 6.2 For this cell: 6.2.1 Write down the net reaction. (2) 6.2.2 Give the standard conditions. (2) 6.2.3 Write down the cell notation. (3) 6.2.4 Use the Table of Standard Reduction Potentials to calculate the emf. (2) [20] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P1 13 09 / 18 QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.) The following ray diagram shows reflection on a flat plane. A B C 1 2 20° 7.1 Write down the laws of reflection. (2) 7.2 Give suitable NAMES for lines A, B and C. (3) 7.3 Write down the NAME and the MAGNITUDE of the following: 7.3.1 Angle 1 (2) 7.3.2 Angle 2 (2) 7.4 When white light falls onto a triangular prism, the following phenomenon is observed. 7.4.1 What do we call this phenomenon? (1) 7.4.2 Write a definition for the phenomenon named in Question 7.5.1. (2) 7.4.3 Which colour of light is refracted the least? (1) 7.4.4 Explain the answer to Question 7.4.3 in terms of the wavelength. (2) [15] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P1 14 09 / 18 QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.) Light moves from medium 1 to medium 2 to medium 3. The diagram below illustrates the path of a ray of light through the different media. Medium 1 Medium 2 Medium 3 8.1 Define refraction. (2) 8.2 Identify the phenomenon taking place between medium 2 and medium 3. (1) 8.3 The media in the diagram above have different optical densities. 8.3.1 Which medium is optically denser, medium 1 or medium 2? (1) 8.3.2 Explain the answer to Question 8.3.1. (2) 8.4 8.4.1 In which medium, 1, 2 or 3, is the angle of incidence larger than the critical angle? (1) 8.4.2 Justify the answer to Question 8.4.1. (2) 8.5 How does the optical density between medium 2 and medium 3 compare? (1) 8.6 Name TWO: 8.6.1 Conditions for total internal reflection (2) 8.6.2 Applications of total internal reflection (2) 8.7 Short-sighted people cannot see faraway objects because their eyeballs are too long. This results in light from distant objects falling in front of the retina, thus making the image blurred. To correct this defect, optometrists prescribe lenses that enable patients to see distant objects. Use a labelled diagram to illustrate how such a lens will correct short- sightedness. (5) [19] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P2 15 09 / 18 QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.) In physics, electromagnetic radiation refers to the waves of the electromagnetic field, propagating through space-time, carrying electromagnetic radiant energy. 9.1 Define an electromagnetic wave. (2) 9.2 The diagram below represents radiations of the electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared Radio Gamma Ultraviolet X-rays Microwaves Visible light waves rays rays 9.2.1 Arrange the spectrum in order of decreasing wavelength. (2) 9.2.2 In which radiation will a photon have the lowest energy? (1) 9.2.3 Explain the answer to Question 9.2.2. (2) 9.3 Calculate the energy of a photon of an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength of 520 pm. (5) 9.4 How will the energy of a photon with a wavelength of 350 pm compare with that calculated in Question 9.3? (Write only GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO). (1) 9.5 Identify the electromagnetic radiation best suited for use in the following: 9.5.1 Security scanners (1) 9.5.2 Sterilisation of food and appliances (1) [15] TOTAL: 150 END

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P2 16 09 / 18 DATA FOR TECHNICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12 PAPER 2 GEGEWENS VIR TEGNIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 12 VRAESTEL 2 TABLE 1/TABEL 1 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/FISIESE KONSTANTES CONSTANT/KONSTANTE SYMBOL/SIMBOOL VALUE/WAARDE Planck's constant -34 Planck se konstante h 6,63 x 10 J.s Speed of light 8 Spoed van lig c 3 x 10 m.s-1 TABLE 2/TABEL 2 WAVES, SOUND AND LIGHT/GOLWE, KLANK EN LIG Speed/Spoed c=fλ Energy/Energie E = hf or/of hc E= λ TABLE 3/TABEL 3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY/ELEKTROCHEMIE Emf/Emk Eθcell = Eθcathode − Eθanode / E θsel = E katode θ − E θanode or/of E θcell = E reduction θ − E θoxidation / E θsel = E reduksie θ − E θoksidasie or/of E θcell = E oxidising θ θ agent − E reducing agent / E sel = E oksideermiddel − E reduseermiddel θ θ θ

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P2 17 09 / 18 TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS TABEL 4A: STANDAARD-REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE θ Half-reactions/Halfreaksies E (V) F2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2F− + 2,87 Co + e− 2+ 3+ ⇌ Co + 1,81 H2O2 + 2H +2e− ⇌ + 2H2O +1,77 − MnO 4 + 8H + 5e− 2+ + ⇌ Mn + 4H2O + 1,51 − − Cℓ2(g) + 2e ⇌ 2Cℓ + 1,36 2− Cr2O 7 + 14H + 6e− 3+ + ⇌ 2Cr + 7H2O + 1,33 O2(g) + 4H + 4e− ⇌ + 2H2O + 1,23 MnO2 + 4H + 2e− 2+ + ⇌ Mn + 2H2O + 1,23 Pt + 2e− ⇌ 2+ Pt + 1,20 Br2(ℓ) + 2e− ⇌ 2Br− + 1,07 NO 3 + 4H + 3e− − + ⇌ Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermoë NO(g) + 2H2O + 0,96 Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoë Hg + 2e− ⇌ Hg(ℓ) 2+ + 0,85 Ag + e− ⇌ + Ag + 0,80 NO 3 + 2H + e− − + ⇌ NO2(g) + H2O + 0,80 Fe + e− 2+ 3+ ⇌ Fe + 0,77 O2(g) + 2H + 2e− ⇌ + H2O2 + 0,68 I2 + 2e− ⇌ 2I− + 0,54 Cu + e− ⇌ + Cu + 0,52 SO2 + 4H + 4e− ⇌ + S + 2H2O + 0,45 2H2O + O2 + 4e− ⇌ 4OH− + 0,40 Cu + 2e− ⇌ 2+ Cu + 0,34 2− SO 4 + 4H + 2e− ⇌ + SO2(g) + 2H2O + 0,17 − + 2+ Cu + e ⇌ Cu + 0,16 Sn + 2e− 2+ 4+ ⇌ Sn + 0,15 S + 2H + 2e− ⇌ + H2S(g) + 0,14 2H + 2e− ⇌ + H2(g) 0,00 Fe + 3e− ⇌ − 0,06 3+ Fe Pb + 2e− ⇌ − 0,13 2+ Pb Sn + 2e− ⇌ − 0,14 2+ Sn Ni + 2e− ⇌ − 0,27 2+ Ni Co + 2e− ⇌ − 0,28 2+ Co Cd + 2e− ⇌ − 0,40 2+ Cd Cr + e− 2+ ⇌ − 0,41 3+ Cr Fe + 2e− ⇌ − 0,44 2+ Fe Cr + 3e− ⇌ − 0,74 3+ Cr Zn + 2e− ⇌ − 0,76 2+ Zn 2H2O + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH− − 0,83 Cr + 2e− ⇌ − 0,91 2+ Cr Mn + 2e− ⇌ − 1,18 2+ Mn Aℓ + 3e− ⇌ Aℓ − 1,66 3+ Mg + 2e− ⇌ − 2,36 2+ Mg Na + e− ⇌ − 2,71 + Na Ca + 2e− ⇌ − 2,87 2+ Ca Sr + 2e− ⇌ − 2,89 2+ Sr Ba + 2e− ⇌ − 2,90 2+ Ba + - Cs + e ⇌ Cs - 2,92 − ⇌ − 2,93 + K +e K Li + e− ⇌ − 3,05 + Li

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P2 18 09 / 18 TABLE 4B: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS TABEL 4B: STANDAARD-REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE θ Half-reactions/Halfreaksies E (V) Li + e− ⇌ − 3,05 + Li K + e− ⇌ − 2,93 + K Cs + e− ⇌ − 2,92 + Cs Ba + 2e− ⇌ − 2,90 2+ Ba Sr + 2e− ⇌ − 2,89 2+ Sr Ca + 2e− ⇌ − 2,87 2+ Ca Na + e− ⇌ − 2,71 + Na Mg + 2e− ⇌ − 2,36 2+ Mg Aℓ + 3e− ⇌ Aℓ − 1,66 3+ Mn + 2e− ⇌ − 1,18 2+ Mn Cr + 2e− ⇌ − 0,91 2+ Cr 2H2O + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH− − 0,83 Zn + 2e− ⇌ − 0,76 2+ Zn Cr + 3e− ⇌ − 0,74 3+ Cr Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermoë Fe + 2e− ⇌ − 0,44 2+ Fe Cr + e− 2+ ⇌ − 0,41 3+ Cr Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoë Cd + 2e− ⇌ − 0,40 2+ Cd Co + 2e− ⇌ − 0,28 2+ Co Ni + 2e− ⇌ − 0,27 2+ Ni Sn + 2e− ⇌ − 0,14 2+ Sn Pb + 2e− ⇌ − 0,13 2+ Pb Fe + 3e− ⇌ − 0,06 3+ Fe 2H + 2e− + ⇌ H2(g) 0,00 S + 2H + 2e− ⇌ + H2S(g) + 0,14 Sn + 2e− 2+ 4+ ⇌ Sn + 0,15 Cu + e− + 2+ ⇌ Cu + 0,16 2− SO 4 + 4H + 2e− ⇌ + SO2(g) + 2H2O + 0,17 − 2+ Cu + 2e ⇌ Cu + 0,34 2H2O + O2 + 4e− ⇌ 4OH− + 0,40 SO2 + 4H + 4e− ⇌ + S + 2H2O + 0,45 Cu + e− ⇌ + Cu + 0,52 I2 + 2e− ⇌ 2I− + 0,54 O2(g) + 2H + 2e− ⇌ + H2O2 + 0,68 Fe + e− 2+ 3+ ⇌ Fe + 0,77 NO 3 + 2H + e− − + ⇌ NO2(g) + H2O + 0,80 Ag + e− ⇌ + Ag + 0,80 Hg + 2e− ⇌ Hg(ℓ) 2+ + 0,85 NO 3− + 4H + 3e− + ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O + 0,96 Br2(ℓ) + 2e− ⇌ 2Br− + 1,07 Pt + 2 e− ⇌ 2+ Pt + 1,20 MnO2 + 4H + 2e− 2+ + ⇌ Mn + 2H2O + 1,23 O2(g) + 4H + 4e− ⇌ + 2H2O + 1,23 2− Cr2O 7 + 14H + 6e− 3+ + ⇌ 2Cr + 7H2O + 1,33 − − Cℓ2(g) + 2e ⇌ 2Cℓ + 1,36 − MnO 4 + 8H + 5e− 2+ + ⇌ Mn + 4H2O + 1,51 H2O2 + 2H +2 e− ⇌ + 2H2O +1,77 Co + e− 2+ 3+ ⇌ Co + 1,81 F2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2F − + 2,87

Downloaded from hlayiso.com TECHNICAL SCIENCES P2 09 / 18 19 TABLE 5: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS / TABEL 5: DIE PERIODIEKE TABEL VAN ELEMENTE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 (I) (II) Atomic number (III) (IV) (V) (VI) (VII) (VIII) KEY/SLEUTEL Atoomgetal 1 2 2,1 H He 1 29 4 Electronegativity Symbol 3 4 1,9 Cu 5 6 7 8 9 10 1,0 Li 1,5 Be Elektronegatiwiteit Simbool 2,0 B 2,5 C 3,0 N 3,5 O 4,0 F Ne 7 9 63,5 11 12 14 16 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 0,9 Na 1,2 Mg Approximate relative atomic mass 1,5 Aℓ 1,8 Si 2,1 P 2,5 S 3,0 Cℓ Ar 23 24 27 28 31 32 35,5 40 Benaderde relatiewe atoommassa 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 0,8 K 1,0 Ca 1,3 Sc 1,5 Ti 1,6 V 1,6 Cr 1,5 Mn 1,8 Fe 1,8 Co 1,8 Ni 1,9 Cu 1,6 Zn 1,6 Ga 1,8 Ge 2,0 As 2,4 Se 2,8 Br Kr 39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63,5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 0,8 Rb 1,0 Sr 1,2 Y 1,4 Zr Nb 1,8 Mo 1,9 Tc 2,2 Ru 2,2 Rh 2,2 Pd 1,9 Ag 1,7 Cd 1,7 In 1,8 Sn 1,9 Sb 2,1 Te 2,5 I Xe 86 88 89 91 92 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tℓ Pb Bi Po At Rn 0,7 0,9 1,6 1,8 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,5 133 137 139 179 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 87 88 89 0,7 Fr 0,9 Ra Ac 226 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 140 141 144 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 232 238 END