Life Sciences Grade 12 Paper 2 KwaZulu Natal Mock 2021 Memo

Downloaded from hlayiso.com | KWAZULU-NATAL PROVINCE EDUCATION REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 a LIFE SCIENCES P2 : a PREPARATORY EXAMINATION ; F SEPTEMBER 2021 : $e 225 eee aeGuadee essences sbubeneeseasGanaccweene® MARKS: 150 TIME: 2% hours This question paper consists of 18 pages.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 2 Preparatpory Examination September 2021 NSC INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION Read the following instructions carefully before answering the questions. 1. 2. o 2 N ® 11. Answer ALL the questions. Write ALL the answers in the ANSWER BOOK. Start the answers to each question at the top of a NEW page. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. Present your answers according to the instructions of each question. Do ALL drawings in pencil and label them in blue or black ink. Draw diagrams, tables or flow charts only when asked to do so. The diagrams in this question paper are NOT necessarily drawn to scale. Do NOT use graph paper. You may use a non-programmable calculator, protractor and a compass. Write neatly and legibly. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Life Sciences/P2 SECTION A QUESTION 1 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 3 Preparatpory Examination September 2021 NSC 1.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A to D) next to the question number (1.1.1 to 1.1.9) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 1.1.10 D. 1.1.1 1.1:2 Copyright reserved Lamarck's 'laws' of use and disuse and inheritance of acquired characteristics were rejected, because the evidence shows that ... A __ only characteristics that benefit offspring can be inherited. B organisms evolved randomly in response to the environment not because they wanted to change Cc organisms evolved as a result of mutation only D ___ only characteristics that are coded for in the gonosomes can be inherited. Study the evidence of evolution below: (i) Biogeography (ii) Cultural evidence (iii) Modification by descent (iv) Fossil evidence Which ONE of the following combinations represents evidence supporting the ‘out of Africa’ hypothesis? A (i) and (ii) only B (i), (iii) and (iv) only Cc (ii) and (iv) only D (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) Which of the following scientists showed that the DNA is double helix? Watson and Crick Watson and Franklin Franklin and Crick Franklin and Wilkins 0NOD>Y Please turn over

Life Sciences/P2 Copyright reserved Downloaded from hlayiso.com 4 Preparatpory Examination September 2021 NSC QUESTIONS 1.1.4 AND 1.1.5 REFER TO THE DIAGRAMS SHOWING SOME PHASES OF MEIOSIS BELOW. (The diagrams are not necessarily in the correct order) Which ONE of the following is CORRECT regarding labels A, B and C in the diagrams? _A B Cc A Centrosome Cell wall Chromatid B Centromere Cell membrane Chromosome Cc Centromere Cell membrane Chromatid D Centrosome Cell membrane Chromatid Which ONE of the following shows the correct sequence of the phases in meiosis? A 3,1,2,4 B 2,1,3;4 CG 41/3,2°4 D:. -1.233;4 Please turn over

Life Sciences/P2 1.1.6 1.1.7 Copyright reserved Downloaded from hlayiso.com 5 Preparatpory Examination September 2021 NSC A mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse. It has 63 chromosomes in its somatic cells. Which ONE of the following shows the cell condition and the number of chromosomes in each somatic cell of the donkey and the horse respectively? CELL CONDITION | NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES Donkey Horse A Diploid 62 64 B Haploid 62 64 Cc Haploid 31 32 D Diploid 31 32 A person infected with TB-causing bacteria was treated with a full course of antibiotics. A few months later, the infection returned. According to Darwin's theory of evolution, one can conclude that ... A _ the bacteria became immune to the antibiotic. B antibiotics were not having effect on bacteria. Cc the decrease in the infection allowed the bacteria to develop D resistance to the antibiotics. the resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment and that natural selection increased their numbers. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic disorder and can cause mild intellectual disability. It is inherited as a dominant allele on the X chromosome. Aman who is not affected by FXS and a woman, who is heterozygous for this condition, have two children, a boy and a girl. Which ONE of the following is CORRECT about the inheritance of FXS in these children? A Both children have a 50% chance of having FXS B Thegirl has a0% chance of having FXS and the boy has a 100% chance C The girl has a 50% chance of having FXS and the boy has a 0% D chance Both children have a 0% chance of having FXS Please turn over

Life Sciences/P2 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 6 Preparatpory Examination September 2021 NSC Anna and David's son died in a car accident. The car ended in flames and dead bodies were not recognisable by family members. DNA profiling was the only solution to identify dead body of Anna and David's son. The diagram below shows the DNA profiles of David, Anna and four dead bodies that were not recognisable. David Anna 1 2 3 4 Sa Ss ——— ———————aae — am el aes a = — — ——s —— Sa ee ——, I es a moe Copyright reserved Which ONE of the following DNA profiles is most likely to be Anna and David's son? eons hON= (9x2) Please turn over (18)

Life Sciences/P2 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 7 Preparatpory Examination September 2021 NSC 1.2 Give the correct biological term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the term next to the question number (1.2.1 to 1.2.10) in the ANSWER BOOK. 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7 1.2.8 1.2.9 1.2.10 The bond between amino acids in a protein molecule Type of sugar found in a nucleotide of DNA Chromosomes that are similar in structure and code for the same characteristics A single set of chromosomes in the cell of an organism The chromosomes that determine the gender of an individual The type of variation within a population in which there is a no range of intermediate phenotypes The breeding of organisms for desirable characteristics, selected by humans The type of evolution where species experience long periods without any change, followed by short periods of rapid change An intermediate fossil showing some features of a more primitive species and some features of a more advanced species An explanation for something that has been observed in nature, and which can be supported by facts (10 x 1) 13 Indicate whether each of the descriptions in COLUMN | applies to A ONLY, B ONLY, BOTH A AND B or NONE of the items in COLUMN II. Write A only, B only, both A and B, or none next to the question number (1.3.1 to 1.3.3) in the ANSWER BOOK. COLUMN | COLUMN II 1.3.1 The location of DNA molecule in A: Mitochondrion an animal cell B: Nucleus 1.3.2 |Asegment of achromosome that |A: Gene codes for a particular characteristic |B: Genome 1.3.3. | The phase in meiosis where A: Anaphase | chromatids are pulled to opposite |B: Anaphase Il poles of a cell (3 x 2) Copyright reserved Please turn over (10) (6)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 8 Preparatpory Examination September 2021 SC 1.4 The diagram below shows a stage in protein synthesis. x | Bee es ona eia ac ah AGC UGAUUCi} |!UGCAGCA Se ee Ly a) QYH eH \ 1 2 3 4 5 z 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 1.4.6 Copyright reserved Identify molecule: (a) X (b) Y Name the stage of protein synthesis represented by the diagram above. Give the: (a) DNA base triplet that correspond to the codon numbered 3 (b) Anticodon for the codon numbered 5 Name the organelle in a cell where the process shown in the diagram above occurs. From which molecule does Z copy the coded message during protein synthesis? Where is the molecule Y located in the cell? Please turn over (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (8)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 9 Preparatpory Examination September 2021 NSC 1.5 In humans the allele for unattached earlobes (E) is dominant over the allele for attached earlobes. The allele for the ability to roll the tongue (T) is dominant over the allele for inability to roll the tongue (t). A female that is heterozygous for both unattached earlobe and ability to roll the tongue is married to a male that has attached earlobe and is heterozygous for the ability to roll the tongue. 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 Copyright reserved How many characteristics of humans are being investigated in the statement above? Give the: (a) Genotype of the female (b) Phenotype of the male (c) Genotypes of all the possible gametes of the male Name Mendel’s law that allows an allele for unattached earlobe to show up in a phenotype of a heterozygous individual. TOTAL SECTION A: Please turn over (1) (2) (2) (2) @ 50

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 10 Preparatpory Examination September 2021 NSC SECTION B QUESTION 2 2A The diagram below represents a DNA molecule. Key: A - Adenine C - Cytosine T - Thymine 2.1.1 Identify: (a) Bond 1 (b) Nitrogenous base 2 2.1.2 Give TWO reasons for identifying this molecule above as DNA. 2.1.3 Name the phase of the cell cycle during which this molecule makes a copy of itself. 2.2 Describe the structure of RNA molecule. Copyright reserved Please turn over (1) (1) (2) (1) (5) (6)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 1 Preparatpory Examination September 2021 NSC 2.3 The diagram below shows a human male karyotype. AMANRS ka it is Bi BE itr 88 BE oo . 18 ai ii nf Haw) x Kx HN RR RK RE 6 : XY 2:31 Name the origin of chromosome X in pair number 23. (1) 2.3.2 Howmany: (a) Autosomes are found in the karyotype above? (1) (b) Cells will carry the Y-chromosome at the end of meiosis? (1) 2.3.3. Explain the events that led to the number of chromosomes in chromosome pair number 16 in the diagram above. (4) (7) 2.4 Describe the process in prophase | that results in genetic variation. (4) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 12 Preparatpory Examination September 2021 NSC 2.5 A gardener had orange-flowering plants growing in her garden. She collected seeds from the plants and planted them. When the plants of the F1 generation matured, she found that some of the plants produced red flowers (R), some produced yellow flowers (Y) and some produced orange flowers. (Note: when red and yellow are mixed, orange is produced) The graph below shows the number of plants produced for each flower colour. 2500 The number of plants produced for each flower colour # 2000 1920 s a ‘5 1500 $ 1018 = 1000 eae s 2 500 0 Red flower Orange flower _—_ Yellow flower Phenotype 2.5.1 Name the type of dominance displayed in the inheritance of orange- flowering plants. (1) 2.5.2 What is the ratio of red flowers to orange flowers as shown in the graph above? (1) 2.5'3 Calculate the percentage of red flowers produced in the F1 generation in this garden. Show all working. (3) 2.5.4 Use a genetic cross to show how the cross between two orange- flowering plants can produce red-flowering plants. (6) (11) 2.6 Explain how blood grouping is used in paternity testing. (6) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 13 Preparatpory Examination September 2021 NSC 2.7. Hunter syndrome is a sex-linked disorder that is inherited as a recessive allele t on the X chromosome. The diagram below shows the inheritance of a Hunter syndrome in a family. Z oe fr Hunter syndrome male John Ethel KEY is Lucky © Hunter syndrome female C) Unaffected male Ben Happy S Unaffected female Jack Patricia Peter 7 2.72 2.7.3 2.7.4 Copyright reserved Give the: (a) Phenotype of Peter (b) Possible genotype(s) of Happy Identify the female member in the diagram above who is a definite heterozygous. Give the percentage of unaffected males in the diagram above. Explain why Lucky's condition cannot be used as evidence that John is his father. Please turn over (1) (2) (1) (2) (6) (11) [50]

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 14 Preparatpory Examination September 2021 NSC QUESTION 3 3.1 Read the passage below. GENETIC MODIFICATION Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from organisms whose genetic material has been modified through the introduction of a gene from a different organism. The technology is often called biotechnology or recombinant DNA technology. Most existing genetically modified crops have been developed to improve yield through the introduction of resistance to plant diseases or of increased tolerance of herbicides. All GM foods should be assessed before being allowed on the market. 3.1.1 What is biotechnology? 3.1.2 State ONE benefit of GM foods in the passage. 3.1.3 Explain why GM foods should be assessed before being allowed in the market. Copyright reserved Please turn over (2) (1) (2) (5)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 15 Preparatpory Examination September 2021 NSC 3.2 Bt-maize is a crop that is genetically modified to be insect resistant. An investigation was conducted to determine if plants with the Bt-gene are insect resistant. The procedure was as follows: A total of 400 maize seeds was divided into two equal groups A field was divided into two equal plots (X and Y). On plot X, 200 seeds without the Bt-gene were grown. On plot Y, 200 seeds with the Bt-gene were grown. Both plots were exposed to the same environmental conditions suitable for growth of crops. 200 insects of the same type were introduced into both plots. The maize plants that were resistant to the insects started producing flowers after 5 weeks and all the maize plants with flowers were counted in both plots X and Y. ¢ The average grain yield in each plot was calculated and used as an indication of insect resistance. The results are shown in the table below. PLOT THE AVERAGE PERCENTAGE OF GRAIN YIELD PER PLOT x 19 Y 38 3.2.1 Identify the dependent variable in this investigation. (1) 3.2.2 Describe how the dependent variable in QUESTION 3.2.1 was determined. (1) 3.2.3. State TWO ways in which the validity of the investigation was ensured. (2) 3.2.4 Why was plot X included in this investigation? (3) 3.2.5. State why 400 maize seeds were used in the investigation instead of 100 only. (1) (8) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 16 Preparatpory Examination September 2021 NSC 3.3 The diagrams below show the skulls, teeth and pelvis of two organisms, not necessarily belonging to the same organism. 3.3.1. Which of the diagrams (D, E or F) belong/s to: (a) The family Hominidae (1) (b) African apes (2) 3.3.2 Explain how the change in the pelvis from D to A supports bipedalism in humans. (3) 3.3.3 Explain the advantage of the size of cranium in diagram C. (2) 3.3.4 Describe the significance of the position of the foramen magnum in diagram C as a trend in human evolution. (2) 3.3.5 Explain the relationship between the evolution of the dentition in the organism in diagram E and the early use of fire by humans. (3) (13) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 17 Preparatpory Examination September 2021 NSC 3.4 Read the passage below. REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATING MECHANISM (RIM) When scientists mated a male lion with a female uger, the resulting offspring was called a liger. In nature, interbreeding between these different species is prevented by the prevention of the fertilisation of the egg, differences in behaviour and by non-biological factors such as differences in range. Usually, male ligers and many female ligers that arise by accident do not develop functional sex cells. Such hybrid sterility prevents the formation of viable or fertile offspring. This RIM prevents the formation of hybrids between members of different populations and reduces the viability or fertility of hybrids 3.4.1 Name THREE reproductive isolating mechanisms in the passage above. 3.4.2 What is the product of breeding a male lion and a female tiger? 3.5 Describe how speciation occurs through geographic isolation. Copyright reserved Please turn over (3) (1) (4) (7)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 18 Preparatpory Examination September 2021 NSC 3.6 The diagram below represents a phylogenetic tree. Homo sapiens Homo erectus , a | Australopithecus 7 afarensis Vea ES [Homo habilis i Australopithecus africanus ns XN “N aS SS Australopithecus aethiopicus Ardipithecus ramidus \ T Tool maker 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 1,0 05 0 Million years ago 3.6.1 State how: (a) Many genera are represented in the diagram above? (b) Long ago did Homo sapiens evolve? 3.6.2 Name TWO species in the diagram that: (a) Would have competed with the Australopithecus aethiopicus for resources. (b) Were able to use tools. 3.6.3 According to this diagram, which genus is most recently evolved? 3.7 Describe the process of evolution by natural selection. TOTAL SECTION B: GRAND TOTAL: Copyright reserved (1) (2) (2) (1) (7) (6) [50] 100 150

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 LIFE SCIENCES-P2 PREPARATORY EXAMINATION SEPTEMBER 2021 MARKING GUIDELINE MARKS: 150 This marking guideline consists of 9 pages.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 2 Preparatory Examination September 2021 Grade 12 – Marking guideline PRINCIPLES RELATED TO MARKING LIFE SCIENCES 2020 1. If more information than marks allocated is given Stop marking when maximum marks are reached and put a wavy line and ‘max’ in the right-hand margin. 2. If, for example, three reasons are required and five are given Mark the first three irrespective of whether all or some are correct/incorrect. 3. If whole process is given when only part of it is required Read all and credit relevant part. 4. If comparisons are asked for and descriptions are given Accept if differences / similarities are clear. 5. If tabulation is required but paragraphs are given Candidates will lose marks for not tabulating. 6. If diagrams are given with annotations when descriptions are required Candidates will lose marks 7. If flow charts are given instead of descriptions Candidates will lose marks. 8. If sequence is muddled and links do not make sense Where sequence and links are correct, credit. Where sequence and links is incorrect, do not credit. If sequence and links becomes correct again, resume credit. 9. Non-recognised abbreviations Accept if first defined in answer. If not defined, do not credit the unrecognized abbreviation but credit the rest of answer if correct. 10. Wrong numbering If answer fits into the correct sequence of questions but the wrong number is given, it is acceptable. 11. If language used changes the intended meaning Do not accept. 12. Spelling errors If recognizable accept provided it does not mean something else in Life Sciences or if it is out of context. 13. If common names given in terminology Accept provided it was accepted at the National memo discussion meeting. 14. If only letter is asked for and only name is given (and vice versa) No credit 15. If units are not given in measurements Candidates will lose marks. Memorandum will allocate marks for units separately Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 3 Preparatory Examination September 2021 Grade 12 – Marking guideline 16. Be sensitive to the sense of an answer, which may be stated in a different way. 17. Caption All illustrations (diagrams, graphs, tables, etc.) must have a caption 18. Code-switching of official languages (terms and concepts) A single word or two that appears in any official language other than the learners’ assessment language used to the greatest extent in his/her answers should be credited, if it is correct. A marker that is proficient in the relevant official language should be consulted. This is applicable to all official languages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 4 Preparatory Examination September 2021 Grade 12 – Marking guideline SECTION A QUESTION 1 1.1 1.1.1 B 1.1.2 C 1.1.3 A 1.1.4 C 1.1.5 C 1.1.6 A 1.1.7 D 1.1.8 A 1.1.9 D (9 x 2) (18) 1.2 1.2.1 Peptidebonds 1.2.2 Deoxyribose 1.2.3 Homologous 1.2.4 Haploid 1.2.5 Gonosomes 1.2.6 Discontinuous variation 1.2.7 Artificial selection/selective breeding 1.2.8 Punctuated equilibrium 1.2.9 Transitional 1.2.10 Theory (10 x 1) (10) 1.3 1.3.1 Both A and B 1.3.2 A only 1.3.3 B only (3 x 2) (6) 1.4 1.4.1 (a) Amino acid (1) (b) tRNA/transfer RNA (1) 1.4.2 Translation (1) 1.4.3 (a) AGC (1) (b) UGU (1) 1.4.4 Ribosome (1) 1.4.5 DNA (1) 1.4.6 Cytoplasm (1) (8) 1.5 1.5.1 2 (1) 1.5.2 (a) EeTt (2) (b) Attached earlobes and tongue rolling (2) (c) - eT - et (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 5 Preparatory Examination September 2021 Grade 12 – Marking guideline 1.5.3 Law of dominance (1) (8) TOTAL SECTION A: 50 SECTION B QUESTION 2 2.1 2.1.1 (a) Hydrogen bond (1) (b) Guanine (1) 2.1.2 - Has thymine - Double stranded - Nitrogenous bases are bonded Any (2) (Mark the first TWO only) 2.1.3 Interphase (1) (5) 2.2 - RNA is a single-stranded molecule - Made up of nucleotides - Each nucleotide has a ribose sugar - a phosphate - and a nitrogenous base - the phosphate group is attached to the ribose sugar and - the nitrogenous base is attached to ribose sugar - Bases on RNA are arranged in triplets - Nitrogenous bases are; Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil - Three types of RNA’s are m-RNA, t-RNA and r-RNA Any (6) 2.3 2.3.1 Maternalorigin (1) 2.3.2 (a) 22 (1) (b) 2 (1) 2.3.3 - Chromosome/chromatids in pair number 16 did not separate/non- disjunction - during anaphase I/II - A gamete formed will have an extra chromosome/2 instead of 1 in pair number 16 - This gamete with extra chromosome fused with a normal gamete during fertilisation - forming a cell with an extra/3 chromosomes in pair 16 Any (4) (7) 2.4 *Crossing over - Chromosomes come together forming homologous pairs - Chromatids of a homologous pair overlap - forming a point called chiasma - at which genetic material is exchanged *Compulsory mark 1 + Any 3 (4) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 6 Preparatory Examination September 2021 Grade 12 – Marking guideline 2.5 2.5.1 Incomplete dominance (1) 2.5.2 1:2 (1) 2.5.3 942  x 100 = 24.28/ 24% 3880 (3) 2.5.4 P1 Phenotype Orange x Orange Genotype RY x RY Meiosis Gametes R, Y x R, Y Fertilisation F1 Genotype RR, RY RY, YY Phenotype * Red, 2 orange, yellow P1 and F1 Meiosis and fertilisation *Compulsory mark OR P1 Phenotype Normal female x Normal male Genotype RY x RY Meiosis Gametes R Y R RR RY Fertilisation Y RY YY F1 1 mark for correct gametes 1 mark for correct genotypes Phenotype * Red, 2 orange and yellow  P1 and F1 Meiosis and fertilisation *Compulsory mark 1 + Any 5 (6) (11) 2.6 - The blood group of a child is determined by the alleles received from both parents - The blood group of the mother, the child and the possible father is determined - If the blood group of the mother and possible father cannot lead to the blood group of the child - the man is not the father - If the blood group of the mother and the possible father can lead to the blood group of the child - the man might be the father - This is not conclusive - because many men have the same blood group Any (6) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 7 Preparatory Examination September 2021 Grade 12 – Marking guideline 2.7 2.7.1 (a) Hunter syndrome male (1) (b) - XTXT - XTXt (2) 2.7.2 Ethel (1) 2.7.3 40% (2) 2.7.4 - Lucky is hunter syndrome male - And has the defective allele/Xt - Male children inherit X chromosomes only from their mother and - Y chromosome only from their father - Lucky’s condition is from inheriting Xt from the mother (5) (11) [50] QUESTION 3 3.1 3.1.1 Manipulation of biological processes to satisfy human needs. (2) 3.1.2 - Improve yield - Tolerance of herbicides Any (1) Mark the first ONE only 3.1.3 - They may have side-effects - which may be negative to human health /may cause allergies (2) (5) 3.2 3.2.1 Insect resistance (1) 3.2.2 Counting the average grain yield in each plot (1) 3.2.3 - Same number of maize seeds sown on each plot - Same size of plots - Same environmental conditions - Same type of insects were introduced/ same number of insects - Same period of growth before counting Any (2) Mark the first TWO only 3.2.4 - To serve as control - so that it can be compared with the other group - and show that the Bt gene is the only factor that affects the results/improves the validity of the investigation (3) 3.2.5 To increase the reliability of the investigation (1) (8) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 8 Preparatory Examination September 2021 Grade 12 – Marking guideline 3.3 3.3.1 (a) E (1) (b) - D - F (2) 3.3.2 - Pelvis changed from long and narrow - to short and wide in humans - to support upper body weight (3) 3.3.3 - Allows space for a larger brain - for processing a large amount of information - and development of communication skills Any (2) 3.3.4 - It is in central position - to support the skull/cushion the skull (2) 3.3.5 - Smaller jaws/teeth in diagram E - Fire is used to cook food - to make it softer - because of decreased need to bite and tear Any (3) (13) 3.4 3.4.1 - Prevention of fertilization - Differences in behavior - non-biological factors/differences in range - Infertile offspring Any (3) Mark the first THREE only 3.4.2 Liger (1) (4) 3.5 - If a population of a single species becomes separated by a geographical barrier (sea, river, mountain, lake) - then the population splits into two - There is now no gene flow between the two populations - Since each population may be exposed to different environmental conditions/the selection pressure may be different - natural selection occurs independently in each of the two populations - such that the individuals of the two populations become very different from each other - genotypically and phenotypically - Even if the two populations were to mix again - they will not be able to interbreed - The two populations are now different species Any (7) 3.6 3.6.1 (a) 3 (1) (b) 0.5 million years ago/500 000 years ago (1) 3.6.2 (a) - Homo habilis - Australopithecus africanus (2) Mark the first TWO only Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Sciences/P2 9 Preparatory Examination September 2021 Grade 12 – Marking guideline (b) - Homo sapiens - Homo eructus - Homo habilis Any (2) Mark the first TWO only 3.6.3 Homo (1) (7) 3.7 - There is a great deal of variation amongst the offspring - Some have favourable characteristics and some do not - When there is a change in the environmental conditions/competition - then organisms with characteristics, which make them more suited, survive - whilst organisms with unfavourable characteristics, which make them less suited, die - The organisms that survive, reproduce - and thus, pass on the allele for the favourable characteristic to their offspring - The next generation will therefore have a higher proportion of individuals with the favourable characteristic Any (6) [50] TOTAL SECTION B: 100 GRAND TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved Please turn over