Sport and Exercise Science Memo 2019 hlayiso.com

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2019 SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE MARKING GUIDELINES Time: 3 hours 200 marks These marking guidelines are prepared for use by examiners and sub-examiners, all of whom are required to attend a standardisation meeting to ensure that the guidelines are consistently interpreted and applied in the marking of candidates' scripts. The IEB will not enter into any discussions or correspondence about any marking guidelines. It is acknowledged that there may be different views about some matters of emphasis or detail in the guidelines. It is also recognised that, without the benefit of attendance at a standardisation meeting, there may be different interpretations of the application of the marking guidelines. IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 2 of 20 QUESTION 1 1.1 1.1.1 H 1.1.2 C 1.1.3 I 1.1.4 F 1.1.5 J 1.1.6 A 1.1.7 G 1.1.8 B 1.1.9 E 1.1.10 D 1.2 1.2.1 Glycogen 1.2.2 Lactic Acid 1.2.3 ATP 1.2.4 ATPase 1.2.5 Aerobic 1.2.6 Threshold 1.2.7 Aerobic/Oxidative 1.3 Picture A: frontal Picture B: sagittal Picture C: transverse IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 3 of 20 Picture A Picture B 1.4 [Source: <https://www.google.co.za/=dance+balance&oq?> (Accessed 5/2/19)] Allocate 1 mark for each foot. Allocate 1 mark for each foot Allocate 1 mark for the space between the two dancers Allocate 1 mark for the space Allocate 1 mark between the two feet of the dancer on between the two feet the right Picture C [Source: <https://www.google.co.za/wheelchair+basketball> (Accessed 5/2/19)] Allocate 1 mark for the space between the 2 main wheels Allocate 1 mark for including the space between the small wheels IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 4 of 20 1.5 1.5.1 B The centre of gravity/ line of gravity falls within the middle of the base of support. 1.5.2 C The centre of gravity is totally outside the base of support. 1.6 1.6.1 Allocate 1 mark for fulcrum Load: Golf club A [Source: <https://www.google.co.za. golf+swing> (Accessed 7/2/19)] Effort: Accept any of the following: (1 mark) Arm muscles (they cannot just say 'arm') deltoid Biceps and triceps IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 5 of 20 Allocate 1 mark for fulcrum B Load: Cricket ball (1 mark) Effort: Accept any of the following: (1 mark) Arm muscles Deltoid Biceps and triceps [Source: <https://www.google.co.za/ cricket+fast+bowlers> (Accessed 7/2/19)] C [Source: <https://www.google.co.za/search push+up> (Accessed 7/2/19)] Allocate 1 mark for fulcrum Load: the body (1 mark) Effort: Accept any of the following: (1 mark) Arm muscles Deltoid Biceps Triceps IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 6 of 20 1.6.2 Picture A: 3rd class (L-E-F) Picture B: 3rd class (L-E-F) Picture C: 2nd class (F-L-E) 1.6.3 Picture A: Speed Picture B: Speed Picture C: Force 1.7 Air resistance Reaction force Friction Reaction force Arrows must point in correct direction IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 7 of 20 QUESTION 2 2.1 Picture A: Backswing: Backswing – kicking leg bends creating a short lever to swing forward at speed. Lever magnifies movement. Greater distance between joint and effort = more power. Picture B: Connecting with the ball: Kick – kicking leg straightens creating a long lever. The ball is kicked with more speed. Longer lever = greater speed/velocity and force on the ball. Picture C: Follow through: Follow through – this improves accuracy and allows leg to slow down safely. 2.2.1 More females (95%) approve of females playing rugby compared to 85% of males approving OR More males at 15% disapprove of females playing rugby compared to the 5% of females disapproving. 2.2.2 Allocate 1 mark per reason. More females approving – This is to be expected as females should be supporting other females competing in all sports and not only the sports traditionally considered feminine sports. Accept feasible OR More males disapproving – Males tend to think that females are too delicate to participate in rugged activities. Dangerous for females Accept feasible IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 8 of 20 QUESTION 3 3.1 Allocate 1 mark per fact from those listed below: Start using large muscles and then move onto smaller muscles The girl is using most of her body parts to create a large force. In picture A she has her throwing arm raised and behind her. This allows more force as she is using her shoulder and back muscles too. In picture B the hips have been used to create more force. In picture B the back leg has rotated slightly to add to the force. The torso has been used too. Each body part used in a movement tends to accelerate – in picture A and B the throwing arm is serving as a "whip". By bending the elbow and then straightening the arm creates greater force. In picture C transference of body weight from back leg to front leg also transfers force. In picture C she is following through which allows for more power and accuracy. They can't just describe what they are seeing in the pictures Force summation allows maximum forces to be produced by the muscles and then transferred into physical movements - by adding the forces of each body segment together. The more body parts involved in completing a movement, the greater the force that can potentially be generated and then transferred to the released ball. 3.2 Allocate 1 mark for referring to upper body usage: Start with throwing arm further back. OR Use the Latissimus dorsi/deltoids. Allocate 1 mark for referring to lower body usage: Start by pushing down on feet to use gastrocnemius then quadriceps and hips. Increase stride length Add a run up Increase range of motion IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 9 of 20 QUESTION 4 4.1 4.1.1 70 – 73 4.1.2 Accept 3.4–4 minutes 4.1.3 Accept any of the following: Allocate 2 marks per response The session wasn't challenging the player enough in a cardiovascular way. The athlete is very fit and the training session was keeping the player at MHR. There was no rest period to allow the heart rate to drop and then rise again. Training intensity stayed constant 4.1.4 The heart rate would drop rapidly but would still be slightly elevated above the RHR. HR would decrease 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 Accept any feasible reason, e.g.: Not enough progressive overload applied to training. Training too easy. The athlete has become stale and unmotivated. Don't allocate a mark for saying 'plateau' because that is a descriptor and not a reason IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 10 of 20 4.3 Allocate 1 mark to each difference in diet. Allocate 1 mark to each appropriate reason. Elite squash players would eat a high carbohydrate diet. Reason – A match can last as long as 2 hours or more. And they often need to play more than 1 match in a day or on consecutive days which means they need to replenish muscle glycogen stores. Elite squash players would eat a high protein diet. Reason – Protein repairs and builds muscle Eat fats for slow release of energy Accept facts relating to hydration 4.4 Muscle spindles detect change in muscle length as well as the velocity of the lengthening. Prevents injury Senses stretch Senses speed of stretch Important for coordinated movement 4.5 When muscle fibres contract, ends of the muscle spindle come close together, stimulating the sensory / afferent nerves which then pass on electrical impulses to the CNS. The spindle sends a reflex arc signal to stop further stretching and injury. Information processed by brain Activate motor neurons via stretch reflex to resist stretch Motor/efferent nerve sends impulse to muscle and spindles adjust tension Change in length of muscle Accept appropriate reference to myosin and actin QUESTION 5 5.1 Melbourne 5.2 Rod Laver 5.3 Hyperthermia 5.4 "We are, at the end of the day, an outdoor event." Being a tournament that is played outdoors means that the players have to cope with the conditions. 5.5 Allocate 1 mark per factor: temperature, humidity and wind speed. 5.6 Federer played his matches later in the day when it was cooler. Played at night Federer had played in previous Australian opens with extreme heat Mentally tougher IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 11 of 20 5.7 Allocate one mark per strategy Train in hot and humid conditions Train at the heat of the day Spend time in a sauna – exercising Arrive earlier to acclimatise Accept feasible 5.8 Allocate 1 mark per strategy. Accept any one of the following: • Drink lots of fluids • Wear appropriate clothing / loose clothing • Wear light coloured clothing • Wear fabric that draws sweat away from the skin • Wear ice vests in the change room before tournament starts • Ice towel • Acclimatise by playing or training in hot conditions • Carbohydrate load as this increase fluid storage • Males could shave their hair short/ females tie hair up 5.9 Allocate 1 mark per strategy Accept any one of the following: • Drink lots of fluids • Use an ice towel between sets • Change playing strategy to conserve energy • Insist on an umbrella at the changeover • Place towel over head at changeover if no umbrella for shade • Cooling stations Accept feasible 5.10 Accept any 4 of the following facts: This theory says that as the athlete's somatic arousal increases the athlete performs better (as depicted by A) but the athlete's performance will only continue improving if the cognitive arousal is kept low. If the cognitive arousal gets too high then the athlete "goes over the edge" (as seen at point B) and performance will drop and the athlete experiences a catastrophe. Once this has happened, the athlete will not return to the original arousal levels (A) but will need to psych themselves up again and start at point C. If no reference made to graph then can only get 3 marks 5.11 Accept any 4 of the following Being tall means that he has longer limbs, i.e. levers. The longer the lever the greater the velocity (speed) and force that can be imparted on an object, e.g. a tennis ball can be hit harder when the elbow joint is fully extended rather than flexed. The use of the racquet lengthens the lever even more. When serving or hitting a smash, Federer is able to hit the ball at an acute angle making it harder for his opponent to reach the ball. Arm and racquet speed gets transferred to the ball resulting in a harder force. Can take bigger strides and cover more area IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 12 of 20 QUESTION 6 6.1 6.1.1 The higher the release, the more downward direction that the ball will travel but still clear the net. The higher the release when hit, the smaller the angle of release and the shorter the distance the ball travels. Harder for opponent Lower release – travel further 6.1.2 Accept any two of the following: This makes it harder for the opponent to reach and return the ball. Lose points Opponent needs to assess what shot to return with 6.2 • Racquet movement: Racquet moves down and under the ball • Ball flight in the air: Accept any 2 of the following points: Gains lift and rises Slow • Ball flight on landing: Ball has less bounce, doesn't travel far 6.3 6.3.1 When we exercise there is an increase in heart rate and stroke volume to meet demands, cardiac output (the volume of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute) automatically increases. Venous return 6.3.2 To increase blood flow to the muscles the pre-capillary sphincters in the capillaries leading to muscles open. The pre-capillary sphincters leading to non-essential organs will close. This restricts blood flow to the organs. IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 13 of 20 QUESTION 7 7.1 Allocate 1 mark per activity: Swim Walk Jog Exercise using own body weight 7.2 Allocate 1 mark per explanation They are individual sports, not team sports Little equipment needed Inexpensive Uses bodyweight 7.3 Swimming 7.4 Allocate 1 mark per reason for any three of the following: SA is a hot country. SA has a long coast line Many public swimming pools Many homes have pools More age groups can participate. Older people can swim without fear of injury Little strain on joints/ non-weight-bearing Don't need specialised equipment Cost effective Weight loss Can be done alone Accept feasible 7.5 Tennis 7.6 Allocate 2 marks to any of the following: Have to join a club Expensive equipment – tennis racket and shoes Need an opponent Accept feasible 7.7 Allocate 1 mark per activity and 1 mark for the explanation Possible activities: Bowls; yoga; walking; swimming; golf Gardening Chess; darts; juksei Accept feasible Explanation: Low impact activities for weaker joints Accept feasible 7.8 Allocate 3 marks for explanation and 1 mark for appropriate example. The Ringelmann effect is the tendency for individual members of a group to become increasingly less productive as the size of their group increases, e.g. any team sport where there are too many reserves. Accept feasible IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 14 of 20 QUESTION 8 8.1 Allocate 1 mark to any 6 of the following facts. • When the race starts, the body will use the ATP/PC system • Can use phosphagen name • The ATP/PC system only lasts a few seconds so the anaerobic lactic acid system will then kick in • Can use glycolytic name • The LA system causes a build-up of lactic acid • Lactic acid negatively affects performance • After about 1 minute the aerobic system will take over • Can use the oxidative name • The cyclist will stay in the aerobic system for the duration of the race • Unless they suddenly sprint away or need to cycle up a steep hill • In this case the cyclist will move into the lactic acid system again • Once they reach the top of the hill or stop sprinting they will return to the aerobic system 8.2 8.2.1 Altitude training is the practice by some endurance athletes of training for several weeks at high altitude, preferably over 2,400 metres (8,000 ft.) above sea level. Body adapts OR Altitude training develops the ability of an athlete to use oxygen better, which makes the athlete more effective in sea level competitions. Training in environment with less oxygen (1 mark) 8.2.2 The body increases its production of erythrocytes / red blood cells. Increased breathing Capillary growth Basal metabolic rate (BMR) increases Increased cardiac volume Decreased muscle fibre surface IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 15 of 20 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 Allocate 1 mark for either one of the facts below Exhaustion will be delayed Increased rate of glycogen depletion early in the race Weight gain More glycogen stored Bloating / water retention Don't accept 'feel less fatigue' 8.4 Allocate 3 marks to Sarah's responses Allocate 3 marks to Jill's responses Sarah: Accept any 3 of the following facts: • Sarah's body shows long term physiological adaptations to exercise while Jill's doesn't. • Sarah's heart size has increased which allows it to pump out more blood at a slower rate. • Sarah's heart rate during exercise can decrease. • Red blood cell count has increased so blood delivers oxygen to cells quicker. • VO 2 max increases slightly over time – more air and therefore more oxygen enters and exits lungs. • With efficient aerobic system, carbohydrate stores are used up slower. • Lactic acid production is delayed. Threshold pushed back. • Being experienced Sarah will know the correct foods to eat before riding and she might have carbo-loaded. • Sarah will use correct hydration before and during the ride pushing back fatigue. • Mentally Sarah will be at ease and not nervous preventing muscle tension. Accept feasible IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 16 of 20 Jill: Accept any 3 of the following facts: • Jill's body shows no long term physiological adaptations to exercise. • Jill's heart size is "normal" so is smaller than Sarah's. Not enough blood is getting pumped out forcing Jill to stop when not enough oxygen is reaching her muscles. • Cardiovascular system is not used to the high aerobic nature of the sport forcing her to go slow or rest. • Carbohydrate stores are used up quickly. • Lactic acid production occurs quickly; forcing Jill to rest. • Probably didn't eat correct foods before riding causing fatigue. • Incorrect or inadequate hydration before and during the ride resulting in fatigue. • Fear of the unknown will make Jill nervous causing muscle tension. • Jill's muscles cramp • BP will increase • Will experience fatigue Accept feasible 8.5 Allocate 2 marks per demarcated spot. One mark for mental state One mark for physical state X1 Mental state: Little arousal Not mentally prepared Increasing attention Physical state: Laid back/not energised/sleepy Poor performance X2 Mental state: Arousal is optimal Psyched up Focussed Self-confident Physical state: Performance best/ideal Heart rate increased Blood pressure up Biochemical indicators like adrenaline & epinephrine released IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 17 of 20 X3 Mental state: Arousal: over aroused Anxious / stressed Psyched out /distracted Panic/frustrated Anger Physical state: Negative effect on performance Tachycardia Aggression IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 18 of 20 QUESTION 9 Provide effective strategies for coaches to use to ensure that players stay at peak physiological and psychological levels all season. Justify your strategies. Included in the candidates' responses should be reference to the following: All the sports referred to in the sources (rugby, cricket, tennis) have players competing too much. Too many matches in a season. Both the duration of training sessions and their intensity are factors underlying fatigue. The relationship between workouts and a competitive schedule is important. After all the work is done, athletes need a good strategy to recover from the stress of the workload – to cause adaptation and then come back ready for the next game or match. Recovery is just as important as the training. Adaptation to training occurs during the recovery. Recovery is the process the athlete goes through in order to return to a state of performance readiness. Recovery involves: • restoring nutrients and energy stores, • reducing muscle soreness, • returning to normal physiological function and • removing psychological symptoms like irritability and the inability to concentrate. Physiological problems that will occur as a result of too many matches: • Fatigue Fatigue and the ability of the body to overcome its effects are also closely linked to: – diet and nutrition, – quality of sleep – scheduled recovery periods, – and external factors such as employment pressures, studies and injury. • Overtraining Muscle pain and joint ache – Overtraining and too many competitions will lead to muscle tear and inflammation. This will lower strength and therefore the athlete's performance level • Injuries. Under content relevance – to get to level 4 candidates should refer to specific injuries, e.g. cricket and tennis players often suffer from overuse shoulder injuries whereas rugby players often injure hamstrings and quadricep muscles, etc. • Onset of DOMs. When developing DOMs it begins with structural damage to muscle fibres (microtrauma) & the surrounding tissues. Microscopic damage to the muscle is normal and expected during an exercise. This damage causes inflammation as fluid and electrolytes move into the area. Muscle spasm can also occur and this causes more pain and prolongs the condition. DOM's causes a reduction in the force-generating ability of the affected muscles. The affected muscles are not able to exert as much force when the athlete is asked to apply maximal force in a 1-repitition max strength test. • Central muscle weakness is an overall exhaustion of the whole body, while peripheral weakness is an exhaustion of individual muscles. • Low immune system – Intense training actually increases levels of the body's stress hormone, which suppresses the immune system. The athlete may be more susceptible to catch common colds. IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 19 of 20 Psychological problems that will occur as a result of too many matches: Anxiety before or during competitions can negatively affect your performance. The coordinated movement needed by athletic events becomes more difficult when your body is tense. When the body is placed under physical or mental stress, it produces levels of arousal which affect the information processing and then performance. If the activity needs lots of decision making quickly and accurately then the effects will be more noticeable. • The athlete will experience depression and lack of motivation when suffering from fatigue. • Low self-esteem and loss of confidence • Angry and aggressive Possible strategies • Ensure rest days • Periodisation. By planning and setting out the whole year, a coach will be able to see that there are too many competitions close together or that training is too intense close to competition. They can then re-plan the year. • At elite level select competitions/tournaments that allow the player/s to have a break between them School fixtures are a bit harder to have control over but individual schools do have the "right" to choose not to play all matches on the fixture list. If a school isn't obsessed with winning then this is more likely to happen. At the annual fixture meeting heads of sport could discuss this topic. • Provide rest within a training session • Increases in training should be matched with increases in resting • Athletes should avoid specialising in one sport too early. Child "superstars" are often injured or burned out prior to varsity. Children should be encouraged to try a variety of sports. • Dealing with DOM's – The muscle will repair itself during rest and this will in turn promote growth in muscle size and strength. • The recovery process involves both the removal of the by-products produced during exercise and allowing the fuels to be replenished. • Coaches need to plan each training session, both with regard to work intensity and recovery intervals. This is often called the work-relief ratio. • Ensure all athletes are screened. This identifies if a person is suitable for the activity or if they risk injuring themselves. It assesses a person's health, injury history, lifestyle and fitness before they start training. • Ensure athletes are eating and drinking correctly. Athletes must drink proper amounts of fluids to replace sweat lost and to improve recovery. • Injury surveillance will help keep performance up. The coach must identify potential causes of injury and devise strategies to deal with them. It's important when an injury occurs that essential information such as "when", "where", "how" and "what happened" is accurately recorded. This will allow patterns in occurrence of injuries as well as potential risk factors to be identified, which can provide information so changes can be made to reduce injuries in the future. • Injury management. This is a process where an injury is identified, treated and then rehabilitated so it doesn't happen again. • Ensure a correct balance between volume and intensity will enhance performance. • All well-designed training programs use the principle of progressive overload. • The coach faces the challenge of determining the optimal training stimulus for each athlete, recognising what works for 1 athlete might not work for another. • Early identification and monitoring of susceptible athletes. IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 20 of 20 • Minimising known effects, such as sudden increases in training loads, inadequate dietary intake and too frequent competition. • Individualising training. • Periodising training. • Programming recovery training and rest days into the training cycle. • A training log is the best method to monitor progress. In addition to keeping track of distance and intensity, the athlete can record the resting morning heart rate, weight, general health, how the workout felt, and levels of muscular soreness and fatigue. • Teach the athletes ways to cope with anxiety, e.g. visualisation, goal setting. ESSAY RUBRIC Possible 0 mark 1 mark 2 marks 3 marks 4 marks mark (20) Use of No reference Reference Source detail sources to sources. made to very close to some full potential sources used to 2 only. support strategy and reasoning. Content Little or no Significant Some vital Slightly Sufficient relevance content important information flawed in facts X2 relevance. information missing OR some facts provided. All missing AND Many missing OR information Facts not irrelevant Facts mostly related facts OR is relevant 8 relevant to closely to the Errors and topic OR topic AND affecting the accurate. Few errors. Some quality of the serious essay. factual errors. Effective No Ineffective One Several Several strategies strategies and effective strategies effective X2 provided. unrealistic strategy provided – strategies 8 strategy/ies provided. most are provided. provided. effective. Quality of Question not Reasoning Reasoning is discussion answered. correct but very clear Missed the hard to and succinct. point. follow. Flow is 2 Some logical. linkage Compelling evident. with regular linkage. Total: 200 marks IEB Copyright © 2019