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Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 CAPACITOR DEFINE a CAPACITOR as: a device for storing electrical charge. CAPACITORS CAN BE: POLARIZED or ELECTROLYTIC Capacitors (They have specific polarity when connecting to a circuit) & Non POLARIZED Capacitors (They can be connected in a way in the circuit irrespective of polarity) Copyright reserved 1

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https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 CAPACITORS CAN HAVE: VARIABLE VALUES: WHOSE CAPACITANCE can be INCREASED or DECREASED by turning a special Shaft connected to the Variable Capacitor (Tuning Circuit. i.e. Radio) FIXED VALUES: WHOSE CAPACITANCE cannot be INCREASED or DECREASED MOST COMMON APPLICATIONS OF CAPACITORS Smoothing capacitor in power supply circuits: To change the pulsating DC voltage to a smooth DC voltage. FILTER CIRCUIT: Filter out unwanted signals depending on the frequency range of the filter COUPLING CAPACITOR: Allows AC signals to pass from ONE part of a circuit to another and to block an DC voltage POWER SYSTEMS: In single phase AC motors, to create enough torque to get the motor running when it is switched on. CAPACITANCE The AMOUNT of ELECTRIC CHARGE a CAPACITOR can STORE (on Its TWO PLATES) Per Volts. MEASURED IN FARADS (F) Copyright reserved 2 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 The Following Prefixes (Multipliers Are Used To Show Smaller Values) µ (Micro) Means 10-6 n (Nano) Means 10-9 p (Pico) Means 10-12 Millionth Thousand-Millionth Million-Millionth 1 OOO OOO µF =1F 1 OOO nF =1µF 1 OOO pF =1nF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN: CAPACITANCE (C), CHARGE ON THE PLATES (Q) & VOLTAGE (V): Q C= V CAPACITANCE (C), is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to CHARGE on the PLATES (Q) & INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to the APPLIED VOLTAGE (V) AIR AS THE DIELECTRIC, THE CAPACITANCE OF CAPACITOR CAN Aε 0 BE CALCULATED BY: C = d WHERE: C = CAPACITANCE (F) A = AREA of the PLATES in Square Metres (m2). N.B: (THE GREATER The AREA of the plates the MORE CHARGE can be STORED) Copyright reserved 3 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 d = THE DISTANCE between the TWO plates in Meters (m). N.B: THE SMALLER the DISTANCE between plates, the GREATER the ABILITY of THE PLATES to STORE CHARGE. ε = THE VALUES of the PERMITTIVITY of DIELECTRIC CONSTANT 0 for AIR, WHICH: 8.85 x 10-12 F.m-1 FACTORS AFFECTING CAPACITANCE The Capacitance of a Capacitor Depends Mainly in Three Things: THE TOTAL SURFACE AREA OF THE PLATES  The SMALLER the SURFACE AREA of the plates: THE SMALLER the CAPACITANCE.  The BIGGER the SURFACE AREA of the plates: THE GREATER the CAPACITANCE. THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TWO PLATES  THE SMALLER the DISTANCE between the TWO PLATES THE BIGGER the CAPACITANCE of the CAPACITOR Copyright reserved 4 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 THE TYPES OF DIELECTRIC MATERIAL  TYPE OF DIELECTRIC: AIR: PLASTIC: GLASS: MICA The GREATER the DIELECTRIC CONSTANT of the DIELECTRIC used, the GREATER the CAPACITANCE of the CAPACITOR. EXAMPLE NO: 1 If CHARGES of 1, 25 μC are placed on TWO separated metal plates, the POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE between them is 11, 3 V. 1 CALCUALATE THE CAPACITANCE of the metal plates EXAMPLE NO: 2 A CAPACITOR has a CAPACITANCE of 7, 28 μF. What AMOUNT of access CHARGE must be placed on each of its plates to make a Potential Difference between the plates equal to 25 V? EXAMPLE NO: 3 CALCUALATE THE CHARGE STORED on either plates of a 4 μF parallel-plate CAPACITOR when connected to a 12 V BATTERY. Copyright reserved 5 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 EXAMPLE NO: 4 CALCUALATE THE CHARGE on a 10 μF CAPACITOR when it is connected across a 200V DC supply. EXAMPLE NO: 5 A steady CURRENT of 10 Amps Flows into a Previously DISCHARGED CAPACITOR for 20 Seconds, when the POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE between the plates is 600 Volts. 1 What is the CAPACITANCE of the CAPACITOR? Hint: CALCULATE the CHARGE 1st: Q = I.∆t LEARNER ACTIVITY NO: 1 A PARALLEL - PLATE CAPACITOR as an AREA of 0, 0002 m2 and the plates are SEPARATED 0, 001 m. 1 Calculate the CAPACITANCE of a CAPACITOR. LEARNER ACTIVITY NO: 2 Calculate the POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE of a BATTERY connected to a parallel - plate CAPACITOR with a plate AREA of 0, 002 m2 and plate SEPARATION of 2 mm if the CHARGE STORED on the plates is 4 pC. LEARNER ACTIVITY NO: 3 A parallel-plate CAPACITOR as an AREA of 0, 0002 m2 and the plates are SEPARATED 0, 001 m 1 Calculate the CAPACITANCE of a CAPACITOR. 2 How MUCH CHARGE is on the POSITIVE PLATE if the CAPACITOR is connected to a 3 V battery? Copyright reserved 6 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 LEARNER ACTIVITY NO: 4 A parallel-plate CAPACITOR has a plate AREA of 2 x 10–4 m2 and a plate separation DISTANCE of 1 mm. 1 Calculate its CAPACITANCE. LEARNER ACTIVITY NO: 5 Two plates of a parallel-plate CAPACITOR are 5 mm apart and have a 2 m2 AREA. A POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE of 100 V is applied across the CAPACITOR. 1 Calculate the CAPACITANCE of the CAPACITOR. 2 Calculate the CHARGE on each plate. LEARNER ACTIVITY NO: 6 The TWO plates of a parallel-plate CAPACITOR are 3, 28 mm apart and each has an AREA of 12, 2 cm2. Each plate carries a CHARGE of 0, 435 nC. The plates are in a vacuum (AIR). 1 CALCULATE THE: 1.1 What is the CAPACITANCE of this CAPACITOR? 1.2 What is THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE between the plates? LEARNER ACTIVITY NO: 7 A PARALLEL - PLATE CAPACITOR has a CAPACITANCE of 5 pF and a CHARGE 0, 200 μC on each plate. The plates are 0, 6 mm apart. 1 CALCULATE THE: 1.1 POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN the plates? 1.2 AREA of each plate? Copyright reserved 7 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 Formula Sheet Aε 0 C = d ε = 8.85 x 10-12 F.m-1 0 Q Q = I.∆t C= V 2 A  Πr OR A  Π D2 4 Copyright reserved 8 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLE AND OPERATION OF A TRANSFORMER ELECTRICAL GENERATORS (AC & DC GENERATOR) ELECTRIC MOTORS A TRANSFORMER IS A DEVICE USED TO STEP UP OR DOWN THE VOLTAGE. THE PURPOSE OF A TRANSFORMER IS TO INCREASE OR DECREASE VOLTAGE. A TRANSFORMER CONSIST OF TWO COILS THAT ARE  PRIMARY COIL (Np) Number of Turnings/Windings  SECONDARY COIL (Ns) Number of Turnings/Windings PRINCIPLE & OPERATION OF A TRANSFORMER: TRANSFORMER Copyright reserved 9 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 THE OPERATION of TRANSFORMERS DEPENDS ON THE PRINCIPLE of MUTUAL INDUCTION. E  V N I S S S P E V N I P P P S This is KNOWN as the TRANSFORMER EQUATION: Where: Vp = Primary Voltage (V) Vs = Secondary Voltage (V) Ip = Primary Current (A) Is = Secondary Current (A) Np = No. of Turns on the primary Coil Ns= No. of Turns on the Secondary Coil Ep = Emf induced on the primary Coil Ep = Emf induced on the Secondary Coil TWO TYPEs OF TRANSFORMERS STEP UP Has more Turns or Windings on the Secondary Coil than the Primary Coil. Resulting in the Induced Secondary Voltage being More than the Primary Voltage STEP DOWN Has more Turns or Windings on the Primary Coil than the Secondary Coil. Resulting in the Induced Primary Voltage being More than the Secondary Voltage Example NO: 1 Copyright reserved 10 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 A Step -Up Transformer in the X-Ray Machines of a Hospital is used to Convert a Potential Difference of 120 V to 100 kV. If there are 50 Turnings in the Primary Coil. 1 HOW many TURNINGS are there in the SECONDARY COIL? Example NO: 2 The ADAPTER of a CELLPHONE BATTERY has a TRANSFORMER that REDUCES the MAIN SUPPLY from 240 V to 6 V. If the PRIMARY COIL has 1000 turns/ windings. Assume that the TRANSFORMER is 100% EFFICIENT and that the CURRENT IN the SECONDARY COIL is 10 A. 1 CALCULATE the RATIO of the turnings of this TRANSFORMER. 2 What is CURRENT in the PRIMARY COIL? Example NO: 3 An IDEAL TRANSFORMER has a 500 Primary Turns and 3 000 SECONDARY TURNS. If the PRIMARY VOLTAGE is 240 V. 1 CALCULATE the SECONDARY VOLTAGE Example NO: 4 An IDEAL TRANSFORMER with a RATIO OF 2:7 is FED FROM a 240 V SUPPLY. 1 CALCULATE THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE Learner Activity NO: 1 Copyright reserved 11 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 CALCULATE the OUTPUT VOLTAGE for a Transformer if the SUPPLY VOLTAGE BETWEEN the VOLTAGES is 230 V. THE Number of Turns on the Primary Coil is 2500 and on the SECONDARY COIL is 150 Learner Activity NO: 2 A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER HAS 6000 TURNS on its PRIMARY WINDING, WHICH IS CONNECTED to a 230 V AC SUPPLY. The VOLTAGE on the SECONDARY SIDE is 113, 5 V. 1 CALCULATE the NUMBER of TURNS on the SECONDARY SIDE. Learner Activity NO: 3 A CD PLAYER IS DESIGNED TO WORK ON A 6 V POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE. The ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE SUPPLY IS 240 V. Kabza Da Small DECIDES TO USE A TRANSFORMER THAT HAS 480 WINDINGS IN ITS PRIMARY COIL FOR HIS CD - PLAYER. 1 CALCULATE the NUMBER of WINDINGS in the SECONDARY COIL of the TRANSFORMER Learner Activity NO: 4 An IDEAL TRANSFORMER has TURNS RATIO 8:1 and the PRIMARY CURRENT is 3 A WHEN it is SUPPLIED AT 240 V. 1 CALCULATE the SECONDARY VOLTAGE and CURRENT. Copyright reserved 12 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 Learner Activity NO: 5 An IDEAL TRANSFORMER has TURNS RATIO of 1:12 and is SUPPLIED at 20 V when the PRIMARY CURRENT is 4 A. CALCULATE the SECONDARY VOLTAGE assuming that this is an IDEAL TRANSFORMER. 1 CALCULATE the SECONDARY CURRENT. Learner Activity NO: 6 A TRANSFORMER with an INPUT VOLTAGE of 250 V AC, has a TURN RATIO of 5:1 1 CALCULATE THE: 1.1 SECONDARY VOLTAGE: 1.2 CURRENT if the PRIMARY CURRENT is 30 mA COIL? ELECTRICAL GENERATORS Copyright reserved 13 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 (AC & DC GENERATOR) THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF GENERATORS: AC GENERATOR & DC GENERATOR. AC/DC GENERATOR CONVERTS: MECHANICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY. BASED on same FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE which is FARADAY’S LAW of ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION. THE PRINCIPLE OF FUNCTIONING OF A GENERATOR IS THE LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION: The layout of a SIMPLE AC GENERATOR is shown in FIGURE BELOW. The CONDUCTOR in the SHAPE of a coil is CONNECTED TO a SLIP RING. Copyright reserved 14 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 The CONDUCTOR is then MANUALLY ROTATED in the MAGNETIC FIELD GENERATING an ALTERNATING EMF. The SLIP RINGS are CONNECTED to the LOAD via BRUSHES. DC GENERATOR A simple DC GENERATOR is constructed the same way as an AC GENERATOR EXCEPT that there is ONE SLIP RING which is SPLIT into TWO PIECES, CALLED a COMMUTATOR, so the CURRENT in the EXTERNAL CIRCUIT does not change direction. The layout of a DC GENERATOR is SHOWN BELOW. The SPLIT-RING (COMMUTATOR) accommodates for the CHANGE in DIRECTION of the CURRENT in the LOOP, Copyright reserved 15 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 THUS CREATING DIRECT CURRENT (DC) CURRENT GOING through the BRUSHES and OUT to the CIRCUIT. IN CONCLUSION: 1. AC GENERATOR uses SLIP - RINGS on output while DC GENERATOR use SPLIT - RINGS COMMUTATOR. COMMUTATOR  MAINTAINS ELECTRICAL CONTACT BETWEEN THE LOAD AND THE ROTATING COIL IN A DC GENERATOR OR MOTOR ELECTRIC MOTORS An ELECTRIC MOTOR works by using a source of EMF to make a CURRENT FLOW in a CONDUCTOR LOOP. Copyright reserved 16 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 MOTORS CONVERT ELECTRICAL ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY APPLICATIONS OF GENERATORS AND MOTOR GENERATORS MOTORS Car Alternator In Electric Drills Copyright reserved 17 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 Bicycle Dynamo In Washing Machines Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Drive Systems In Mixers Aircraft Auxiliary Power Generation In Dentist Drills Wind Generators In Fans High Speed Gas Turbine Generators The Starter Of A Car Learner Activity NO: 1 1 Identify the following parts labelled 1 – 4 2 What type of motor is this? 3 What energy conversion that take place in this motor 4 Name the function of part 4 Copyright reserved 18 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 ELECTRIC POWER DEFINE POWER As: The RATE at which ELECTRICAL ENERGY is CONVERTED in an ELECTRIC CIRCUIT. WRITTEN MATHEMATICALLY AS: W V2 (P = ) (P = VI ) (P = I R ) (P = 2 ) ∆t R SI UNIT For POWER (P) is Watts (W). PRACTICAL UNITS of POWER is KILOWATT HOUR (kWh) N:B 1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 J THE HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT MATHEMATICALLY: V2 W = P ∆t: W = I2R∆t: W = ∆t: W = VI∆t: R N.B: W = ENERGY (E) SI UNIT OF ENERGY IS JOULES (J). COST OF ELECTRICITY COST OF ELECTRICITY = (kWh) x Tarrifs. EXAMPLE NO: 1 Copyright reserved 19 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 1 CALCULATE THE TOTAL RESISTANCE IN 1.1 CIRCUIT: (A) 1.2 CIRCUIT: (B) 2 CALCULATE THE TOTAL POWER DISSIPATED IN 2.1 CIRCUIT: (A) 2.2 CIRCUIT: (B) EXAMPLE NO: 2 CALCULATE the POWER DISSIPATED by a RESISTOR 10 Ω when a CURRENT of 6 A flows through it EXAMPLE NO: 3 CALCULATE the VALUE of the CURRENT which, when flowing in a 220 Ω RESISTOR, dissipate 1 kW of POWER. EXAMPLE NO: 4 Copyright reserved 20 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 A DC Motor takes 9 A from 240 V Power Supply. CALCULATE THE POWER INPUT to the Motor EXAMPLE NO: 5 A HEATING ELEMENT ABSORBS 2, 1 kW of POWER and the CURRENT is 10, 5 A. CALCULATE THE VOLTAGE APPLIED to the HEATING ELEMENT. EXAMPLE NO: 6 A 12 V BATTERY is CONNECTED across a LOAD HAVING a RESISTANCE of 10 Ω. 1 CALCULATE THE: 1.1 CURRENT Flowing in the load 1.2 POWER consumed 1.3 HEAT DISSIPATED in 60 min 1.4 COST of ELECTRICITY: Tariff R0. 50 Per kWh LEARNER ACTIVITY NO: 1 Copyright reserved 21 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 1 CALCULATE THE TOTAL RESISTANCE IN 1.1 CIRCUIT: (A) 1.2 CIRCUIT: (B) 2 CALCULATE THE TOTAL POWER DISSIPATED IN 2.1 CIRCUIT: (A) 2.2 CIRCUIT: (B) LEARNER ACTIVITY NO: 2 A 20 A CURRENT flows in a cable of RESISTANCE 200 Ω CALCULATE THE POWER LOST in the cables LEARNER ACTIVITY NO: 3 A 100 W LAMP PASSES a CURRENT of 0, 42 A. 1 CALCULATE IT’S: 1.1 RESISTANCE 1.2 VOLTAGE LEARNER ACTIVITY NO: 4 Copyright reserved 22 https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Technical Sciences Grade: 12 NW/SEPTEMBER 2020 A CONTRACTOR COIL has RESISTANCE of 20 Ω CALCULATE THE POWER absorbed by this coil from 240 V DC supply. LEARNER ACTIVITY NO: 5 An ELECTRIC HEATER of RESISTANCE 8 Ω draws 15 A from the SERVICE MAINS in 2 Hours. 1 CALCULATE THE: 1.1 POWER consumed 1.2 HEAT DISSIPATED in 2 Hours 1.3 COST of ELECTRICITY: Tariff R0. 50 Per kWh LEARNER ACTIVITY NO: 6 An ELECTRICAL APPLIANCE takes a CURRENT of 12 A FROM a 240 V 1 CALCULATE THE: 1.1 RESISTANCE of the ELECTRIC WIRE. 1.2 POWER RATING of the ELECTRIC WIRE 1.3 ENERGY (HEAT) TRANSFERRED in 20 hours 1.4 COST of ELECTRICITY: Tariff R1. 50 Per kWh Formula Sheet R 1.R 2 1 1 1 1 RS=R1 +R2 Rp = R 1 + R 2 = + + Rp R1 R2 R3 W V2 (P = ) (P = VI) (P = I R ) (P = 2 ) ∆t R V2 W = P ∆t: W = I2R∆t: W = ∆t: W = VI∆t R COST OF ELECTRICITY = (kW Copyright reserved 23 https://tvetpapers.co.za