Agricultural Sciences Grade 12 P2 November 2024 NSC MG QP

NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 NOVEMBER 2024 MARKING GUIDELINES MARKS: 150 These marking guidelines consist of 11 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 2 DBE/November 2024 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION A QUESTION 1 1.1 1.1.1 A ✓✓ 1.1.2 C ✓✓ 1.1.3 D ✓✓ 1.1.4 B ✓✓ 1.1.5 C ✓✓ 1.1.6 A ✓✓ 1.1.7 B ✓✓ 1.1.8 D ✓✓ 1.1.9 B ✓✓ 1.1.10 C ✓✓ (10 x 2) (20) 1.2 1.2.1 J ✓✓ 1.2.2 A ✓✓ 1.2.3 C ✓✓ 1.2.4 G ✓✓ 1.2.5 B ✓✓ (5 x 2) (10) 1.3 1.3.1 Strategic risk management ✓✓ 1.3.2 Productivity ✓✓ 1.3.3 Prepotency ✓✓ 1.3.4 Biometrics ✓✓ 1.3.5 Super weeds ✓✓ (5 x 2) (10) 1.4 1.4.1 Price determination ✓ 1.4.2 Interest ✓ 1.4.3 Recessive ✓ 1.4.4 Upgrading ✓ 1.4.5 Genetic modification/GM/engineering/manipulation ✓ (5 x 1) (5) TOTAL SECTION A: 45 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 3 DBE/November 2024 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION B QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING 2.1 Supply and demand 2.1.1 Identification of (a) Illustration B ✓ (1) (b) Illustration A ✓ (1) 2.1.2 Explanation of the law of demand • The higher the price the lower the demand of products ✓✓ • The lower the price the higher the demand of products ✓✓ • The price is inversely proportional to the demand of products ✓✓ (Any 1) (2) 2.1.3 TWO factors influencing the supply except for price • Production/labour/input costs ✓ • Technology ✓ • Subsidies/taxation ✓ • Possibilities of increasing the supply of products ✓ • Demand for the product ✓ • Environmental conditions/nature • Availability of the product ✓ • Competitive products ✓ • Profit margin of the product ✓ • Stability of the product ✓ • Knowledge of the product/research ✓ • Political instability ✓ • Number of suppliers ✓ • Legislation ✓ • Seasonality of the product ✓ (Any 2) (2) 2.2 Price elasticity and inelasticity 2.2.1 The type of elasticity (a) Graph A - Price elastic ✓ (1) (b) Graph B - Price inelastic ✓ (1) 2.2.2 Reason The change in price results in a huge change in quantity demanded ✓ (1) 2.2.3 TWO factors that led to elasticity • Nature of the product ✓ • Availability of substitute product ✓ • Consumer's budget/income ✓ • Time period ✓ (Any 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 4 DBE/November 2024 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.3 Marketing system 2.3.1 Identification of the marketing system Free marketing ✓ (1) 2.3.2 TWO advantages of free marketing system to the buyer • Buyers get good quality products ✓ • Elimination of agents leads to lower prices ✓ • Buyers can bargain ✓ • Buyers buy where they want ✓ • Convenient to buyers ✓ (Any 2) (2) 2.3.3 ONE economic term referring to the phenomenon Price fixing ✓ (1) 2.3.4 TWO principles of agricultural co-operative • Voluntary and open membership ✓ • Democratic member control ✓ • Equal economic participation by members ✓ • Autonomy and independence ✓ • Provision of education, training and information to members ✓ • Cooperation among cooperatives ✓ • Concern for community ✓ • Marketing is based on a pool system ✓ • Members have a single vote ✓ • Members are paid dividends/limited amount of their share capital ✓ • Only members may deliver products ✓ (Any 2) (2) 2.4 Entrepreneurship 2.4.1 Justification The farmer saw an opportunity to start a business and took a risk ✓ (1) 2.4.2 TWO entrepreneurial success factors of the farmer • Determination ✓ • Resilience ✓ • Passion ✓ • Opportunist ✓ (Any 2) (2) 2.4.3 ONE example (a) Strength of the enterprise • Good qualities of an entrepreneur ✓ • Owning one-hectare of land ✓ (Any 1) (1) (b) Threat to the enterprise • Break-ins ✓ • Scarcity of water ✓ (Any 1) (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 5 DBE/November 2024 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.5 Agricultural marketing chain 2.5.1 Types of an agricultural marketing chain DIAGRAM A - Demand chain ✓ (1) DIAGRAM B - Supply chain ✓ (1) 2.5.2 The type of an agricultural marketing chain (a) DIAGRAM B ✓ (1) (b) DIAGRAM A ✓ (1) 2.5.3 TWO ways used to streamline and improve the agri-business chain • Use of cold storage and refrigerated transport ✓ • Grading and standardization of products ✓ • Marketing collectively by combining loads with other farmers ✓ • Processing of products closer to the farm ✓ • Improving road infrastructure to facilitate marketing ✓ • Improving access to market information ✓ • Availability of storage facilities ✓ • Providing access to finance ✓ • Improving cell phone and internet connectivity ✓ (Any 2) (2) 2.6 TWO roles of legislation in the effective marketing of agricultural products • Promoting efficient marketing of agricultural products ✓ • Optimizing efficient marketing of agricultural products ✓ • Assists in making sure that there are minimum marketing interventions ✓ • Increasing market access to all participants ✓ • Enhancing the viability of the agricultural sector ✓ • Regulate/quality control on import/export products ✓ • Prevent unfair marketing practices/consumer exploitation ✓ • Ensures that product information is given in a simple language ✓ • Ensure that products comply with set standards/ensure product safety ✓ • Set and maintain national standards at processing sites ✓ • Regulate market agents and improve their functioning ✓ • Authorising the establishment and regulations for marketing ✓ (Any 2) (2) 2.7 Business plan 2.7.1 Name of the document Business plan (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 6 DBE/November 2024 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.7.2 TWO reasons for developing a business plan • Test the feasibility and economic viability of the business idea ✓ • Determine the financial needs ✓ • Repositioning the business to deal with changes in the market ✓ • Gain knowledge about marketing opportunities and competitors ✓ • Foresee problems which reduces risk ✓ • Guide daily operations/roles and responsibilities ✓ • Secure funding ✓ • Ensure effective business management ✓ • Mapping out objectives and goals ✓ • Provide guidelines for decision making ✓ • Provide timeframes for completion of projects ✓ • Provide information about the business ✓ (Any 2) (2) 2.7.3 TWO problems when drawing up a business plan • Insufficient technical details ✓ • Unrealistic assumptions and projections/overambitious ✓ • Leaving gaps/being vague/errors/not authentic/too generic/ provision of too much unnecessary information ✓ • Hiding weaknesses and risks ✓ • Incomplete financials/forgetting to include the cash flow ✓ • Insufficient research ✓ • Using incorrect format ✓ • Not including information about suppliers of the business ✓ • Not highlighting potential competition ✓ (Any 2) (2) [35] QUESTION 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS 3.1 Land 3.1.1 Name of the production factor that appreciates the value Land ✓ (1) 3.1.2 TWO economic functions of land • Provides food ✓ • Provides space ✓ • Provides raw materials ✓ • Provides minerals ✓ • Serves as a collateral ✓ (Any 2) (2) 3.2 The law of diminishing returns 3.2.1 Deduction of the economic characteristic of land The law of diminishing returns ✓ (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 7 DBE/November 2024 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.2.2 Comparison of maize production in response to increased fertiliser application (a) With increase in fertilizer application from 1 – 10kg maize production increases at an increasing rate ✓ (1) (b) With increase in fertilizer application from 15 – 20kg maize production increases at a decreasing rate ✓ (1) 3.3 Duties performed by farm workers 3.3.1 Identification of the example of labour (a) WORKER 1 - Casual worker ✓ (1) (b) WORKER 2 - Seasonal worker ✓ (1) 3.3.2 Reason Worker 2 performs repetitive tasks/work ✓ (1) 3.3.3 TWO ways to increase labour productivity • Improve economic conditions of workers ✓ • Improve educational conditions/training ✓ • Improve working conditions ✓ • Improve living conditions ✓ • Addressing HIV/Aids ✓ • Managing labour/supervision ✓ • Efficient mechanisation ✓ • Proper planning ✓ • Involvement of workers in decision making ✓ • Motivation ✓ (Any 2) (2) 3.4 Contract of employment 3.4.1 Labour legislation (a) Basic Conditions of Employment Act (Act 75 of 1997) • Duration of contract: 01 February 2021 - retirement ✓ • Remuneration/Amount ✓ • Terms of employment/leave/working hours ✓ • Mode of payment ✓ (Any 1) (1) (b) Occupational, Health and Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993) Protective clothing ✓ (1) 3.4.2 TWO ways in which migration of labour will decrease production • It leads to labour shortages ✓ • It leads to a shortage in skills/expertise/experience ✓ (Any 2) (2) 3.5 Capital 3.5.1 Identification of the types of capital A - Fixed ✓ (1) B - Movable ✓ (1) 3.5.2 Example of production capital/C Seeds/fuel/feeds/wages/fertilizer/chemicals/transport costs ✓ (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 8 DBE/November 2024 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.5.3 Types of credit (a) A - Long-term credit ✓ (1) (b) C - Short-term credit ✓ (1) 3.5.4 ONE method of creating capital • Production ✓ • Savings ✓ • Credit/loans ✓ • Grants/sponsors/donations ✓ • Inheritance/trust funds ✓ • Partnerships ✓ (Any 1) (1) 3.6 Income and expenses 3.6.1 Identification of the enterprise (a) Highest income - B ✓ (1) (b) Lowest expenses - C ✓ (1) 3.6.2 The financial record Income statement ✓ (1) 3.6.3 Calculation of the profit or loss of enterprise A Profit/loss = Total income – Total expenses ✓ = R30 000 – R50 000 ✓ = – R20 000/loss of R20 000 ✓ (3) 3.7 Problems associated with capital as a production factor. 3.7.1 Scarcity/shortage/expensive/costly ✓ (1) 3.7.2 Overcapitalisation ✓ (1) 3.8 Risk 3.8.1 TWO sources of risks • Production risk ✓ • Technical risk ✓ • Financial/market and price risk ✓ (Any 2) (2) 3.8.2 Reason • Production risk - Machinery breakdown/ environment poses a risk to production ✓ • Technical risk - Machinery breakdown ✓ • Financial/market and price risk - Loss of sales ✓ (Any 2) (2) 3.8.3 Identification of a risk management strategy Diversification ✓ (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 9 DBE/November 2024 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.8.4 ONE management principle • Planning ✓ • Organisation/coordination ✓ • Decision making ✓ • Implementation ✓ • Control ✓ (Any 1) (1) [35] QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS 4.1 Monohybrid crossing 4.1.1 The fraction of the dented offspring 1/4 ✓ (1) 4.1.2 Calculation of the percentage of heterozygous spherical seeds • = 2/4 x 100 ✓ • = 50% ✓ (2) 4.1.3 Phenotypic ratio of the F1 generation 3 spherical : 1 dented ✓ (1) 4.1.4 The number of offspring looking similar to the parents • Phenotypically - 3 ✓ • Genotypically - 2 ✓ (Any 1) (1) 4.2 Patterns of inheritance 4.2.1 Identification of the patterns of inheritance (a) B - Co-dominance ✓ (1) (b) A - Incomplete dominance ✓ (1) 4.2.2 Justification of incomplete dominance The offspring has an intermediate characteristic ✓ (1) 4.2.3 The genotype of the offspring in illustration B RW ✓ (1) 4.3 Qualitative and quantitative characteristics 4.3.1 Height - Quantitative characteristics ✓ (1) 4.3.2 Horn conformation - Qualitative characteristics ✓ (1) 4.3.3 Milk Production - Quantitative characteristics ✓ (1) 4.4 Variation 4.4.1 Indication of the phenomenon Variation ✓ (1) 4.4.2 The cause of variation Genetic ✓ (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 10 DBE/November 2024 NSC – Marking Guidelines 4.4.3 ONE cause of variation • Meiosis/crossing over/random arrangement of chromosomes ✓ • Random fertilization ✓ • Mutation ✓ (Any 1) (1) 4.4.4 ONE importance of variation in breeding • It forms the foundation of selection and breeding ✓ • To improve animal breeds/plant cultivars over time ✓ • To increase biodiversity ✓ (Any 1) (1) 4.5 Dihybrid crossing 4.5.1 ONE characteristic to be improved • Leaf length ✓ • Seed colour ✓ (Any 1) (1) 4.5.2 Punnet square Gametes PL PL pl PpLl PpLl pl PpLI PpLl Marking rubric Correct gametes of male parent ✓ Correct gametes of female parent ✓ Correct genotype of the offspring ✓ Completed punnet square and populated ✓ (4) 4.5.3 Indication of the law The law of independent assortment ✓ (Any 1) (1) 4.6 Breeding system 4.6.1 Identification of the breeding system (a) Cross breeding ✓ (1) (b) Outcrossing ✓ (1) 4.6.2 ONE advantage of the crossbreds • Crossbreds exhibit heterosis/hybrid vigour ✓ • Crossbreds are more resistant to diseases ✓ • Crossbreds have more vitality/fertility ✓ • Crossbreds perform better than their parents ✓ • More economic production/mass gain in relation to food intake is higher ✓ • Better adaptability to environmental conditions ✓ (Any 1) (1) 4.6.3 ONE selection method • Mass selection ✓ • Family selection ✓ • Pedigree selection ✓ • Progeny selection ✓ (Any 1) (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 11 DBE/November 2024 NSC – Marking Guidelines 4.7 Technique used in plant breeding 4.7.1 The plant breeding technique The use of bacterial carriers/Agrobacterium tumefaciens ✓ (1) 4.7.2 TWO potential environmental benefits of GM crops • Reduce the need for chemical spraying/herbicides/pollution ✓ • Tolerant to extreme conditions (cold/drought/salinity) ✓ • Beneficial insects are not harmed ✓ • Allows for no tillage farming ✓ (Any 2) (2) 4.8 Line graph showing the yields of the GM maize and non-GM maize in the different provinces Y i eYield l d o fofnGM o n -and G M non-GM m a i z e maize a n d GinMdifferent m a i z e provinces in provinces 12,000 Non-GM Maize GM Maize 10,000 Yield (kg/ha) 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 A B C D E Province CRITERIA/RUBRIC/MARKING GUIDELINES • Correct heading with both variables ✓ (1) • X-axis: Correctly calibrated and labelled (Province) ✓ (1) • Y-axis: Correctly calibrated and labelled (Yield) ✓ (1) • Correct units (kg/ha) ✓ (1) • Combined line graph ✓ (1) • Accuracy (80% + correctly plotted) ✓ (1) [35] TOTAL SECTION B: 105 GRAND TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved