Geography JIT TERM 2(SECOND CHANCE)

SECOND CHANCE MATRIC PROGRAMME GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 TERM TWO: URBAN SETTLEMENT JUST IN TIME (JIT) WORKSHOP 2020 1

URBAN SETTLEMENT ORIGIN CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN SETTLEMENT URBAN ISSUES URBAN SETTLEMENT URBAN HIERACHY URBAN STRUCTURE AND PATTERNS 2

WEEK 14: ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENT URBANISATION: Increase in URBAN GROWTH: Increase in the proportion/percentage of people (absolute) number of people living urban areas living in urban areas. ORIGIN OF URBAN SETTLEMENT RATE OF URBANISATION: Pace by which an URBAN EXPANSION: Physical growth of an urban population is increasing urban settlement. LEVEL OF URBANISATION: Percentage of the URBAN SPRAWL: Formless/uncontrolled urban total population living in urban areas at a expansion. given time 3

LESSON PLANNING WEEK 14 TOPIC URBAN SETTLEMENT SUBTOPICS • Origin and development of urban settlement- urbanisation of world population • How site and situation affect the location of the urban settlement. RELATED CONCEPTS • Urban settlement: settlement in a town or a city • Site: A exact piece of land where a settlement is built • Refer to the mind-map PRIOR KNOWLEDGE/BACKGROUND • Have already know the following concepts: settlement, site and situation • Difference between rural and urban settlement. RESOURCES • Textbooks • Diagrams • Current articles and pictures • Internet / telematics • Worksheets • Maps • Mind map METHODOLOGY • Use question and answer method to revise the background concepts. • Flash cards to tests concepts • Identify urban settlements on the topographical map. • Explain factors that influence site and situation of the urban centres on the map • Use diagrams to explain difference between urban growth, urban expansion and urban sprawl ERRORS AND MISCONCEPTIONS • Failure to differentiate between the concepts – Rate of urbanisation and level of urbanisation • Confuse the concepts- urban sprawl, urban growth and urban expansion. DIFFERENT TEACHING APPROACHES • Different activities catering for cognitive barriers, e.g. for struggling ones use flash cards (concepts) EAC • Concepts should be taught in English. 4

ACTIVITY 1: FIGURE 1.1 Percentage Percentage FIGURE 1.1 1.1 FIGURE 1.1 shows bar graphs indicating the level and rate of urbanisation in South Africa between 2006 and 2016. 1.1.1 Define the term urbanisation (1 x 1) (1) 1.1.2 State the relationship between the level and the rate of urbanisation between 2006 and 2016. (1 x 2) (2) (2) 1.1.3 Discuss TWO physical factors in the rural area that could have contributed to the rate of urbanisation shown in FIGURE 1.1. (2 x 2) (4) 1.1.4 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines discussing the reasons why the rate and level of urbanisation has led to increased protests against service delivery in urban areas. (4 x 2) [15] 5

WEEK 15: MIND- MAP CENTRAL PLACE: Supply goods and services to the surrounding rural area. SPHERE OF INFLUENCE: Surrounding area from which the business, service or settlement draws its customers. TRADE AND TRANSPORT- Divided into THRESHOLD POPULATION: Minimum number of three:- customers required to support a particular business or • Break-of-Bulk point: A point service where one type of transport is RANGE: Maximum distance a person is prepared to travel replaced by another. in order to obtain a particular service or item. • Junction towns: Towns developed at the intersections of transport routes and navigable rivers • Gap or gateway towns: FUNCTIONS OF Develop near gateways through URBAN a mountain. SETTLEMENT SPECIALISED: Towns that have one dominant function, examples- industrial, mining or recreational. 6

LESSON PLANNING WEEK 15 TOPIC CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS SUBTOPICS • Classification of urban settlements according to function, such as central places, trade and transport, break of bulk points, specialised cities, junction towns, gateway towns or gap towns. RELATED CONCEPTS • Function: purpose from which something is designed or exists. • Refer to the mind map PRIOR KNOWLEDGE/BACKGROUND • Understands the classification of settlements according to the size, complexity, patterns and functions. RESOURCES • Textbooks • Internet/Telematics • Pictures and diagrams METHODOLOGY • Question and Answer method to recap related concepts • Use maps to identify services rendered by the central place • Identify by using pictures/ images to explain central place towns, trade and transport towns, break- of-bulk point town gap or gateway towns, junction towns and specialised towns ERRORS AND MISCONCEPTIONS • Unable to identify the types of trade and transport towns on the maps. DIFFERENT TEACHING APPROACHES • Content differentiation through activities catering for all cognitive levels. EAC • Concepts and definitions should be taught in the English, emphasis be placed on key words and definitions. • Where possible Geography dictionary* can be used as a resource. • Use of English as Language of Learning and Teaching during the classroom engagements and in defining concepts. 7

• Use correct action verbs for activity development based on relevant cognitive levels. ACTIVITY 2. Figure 2: CENTRAL PLACES 2. Refer to FIGURE 2. which is based on central places, to answer the questions below: 2.1 What is a central place? (1 x 1) (1) 2.2 What is the main function of a market town? (1 x 1) (1) 2.3 What is the relationship between the size of central places and the number of central places? (1 x 2) (2) 2.4 State TWO differences between a high-order service and a low- order service. (2 x 2) (4 8

2.5 A threshold population is the minimum number of customers required to support a service or a function. (a) Determine the relationship between the threshold population and the order of service. (1 x 2) (2) (b) Explain the impact of locating a high-order service in an area with a low threshold population. (2 x 2) (4) [14] 9

ORDER OF SERVICES •More lower order centres. •Few higher order centres •Position of settlement .determined by number of functions and not the size of the population. WEEK 16 LESSON PLANNING WEEK 16 TOPIC URBAN HIERACHY SUBTOPICS • Concept of urban hierarchy, central place, threshold population, sphere of influence, range of goods. • Lower and higher order centres. RELATED CONCEPTS • Low- order centres: an area within a town, or a town itself that offers low order goods and services. 10

• High-order centres: an area within a town, or a town itself that offers both low-order goods and services, and high-order goods and services. • Low-order goods: everyday items that are bought close to home (frequently used). • High-order goods: expensive goods and services required less frequently • Refer to the mind-map for other concepts. PRIOR • Central place, sphere of influence, threshold KNOWLEDGE/BACKGROU population, range of goods. ND RESOURCES • Diagrams and pictures • Textbooks • Maps (topographic and orthophoto) • Telematics (internet) • Mind map METHODOLOGY • Question and answer method, in establishing the related concepts to learners. • Identify services using the maps (topographic and orthophoto) • Use pictures and diagrams to classify the settlements according to the hierarchy. • Use the table to plot the data for South African towns to classify towns according to size and functions. ERRORS AND • Low-order goods/services and low order MISCONCEPTIONS centres • High-order goods/services and high-order centres • Metropolis, conurbation and megalopolis DIFFERENT TEACHING • Peer learning APPROACHES • Content differentiation through activities catering for cognitive barriers. EAC • Concepts and definitions should be taught in the English, emphasis be placed on key words and definitions. • Where possible Geography dictionary* can be used as a resource. • Use of English as Language of Learning and Teaching during the classroom engagements and in defining concepts. • Use correct action verbs for activity development based on relevant cognitive levels. 11

ACTIVITY 3 3.1 Choose a term from COLUMN B that matches the description in COLUMN A. Write only the letter (A-I) next to the question numbers . COLUMN A COLUMN B 3.1.1 Ranking of urban settlements from A Sphere of influence smallest to largest. 3.1.2 Settlement that provide goods and B High order goods services to the surrounding rural areas. C Urban hierarchy 3.1.3 Areas from where urban settlements draw their customers. D Low order goods 3.1.4 Minimum number of customers needed to make a business profitable. E Central place 3.1.5 The maximum distance that people F Low order centres travel to buy goods and services. 3.1.6 Type of goods that are purchased G High order centres frequently. 3.1.7 Few services and functions are H Threshold population available. I Range 31.8 Goods and services that are not purchased regularly . (8 x 1) (8) ACTIVITY 3.2: SPHERE OFINFLUENCE AND RANGE SOURCE- UNKNOWN MOTOR VEHICLES FOOD Scale: 1 : 500 000 Scale: 1 : 500 000 12

FIGURE 3.2 shows the sphere of influence and range of food stores and motor vehicle retailers in settlements A and B. 3.2.1 Define the terms sphere of influence and range. (2 x 1) (2) 3.2.2 Which product, food or cars, has a larger range? (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.3 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 3.2.2 (1 x 2) (2) 3.2.4 Comment on the threshold population required for motor vehicle sales.(1x2)(2) 3.2.5 Describe TWO characteristics of settlement A, which is a low-order centre. (2 x 2) (4) 3.2.6 Explain what influences the sphere of influence of a settlement such as B. (2 x 2) (4) [15] ___________________________________________________________________ 13

SOLUTIONS: ACTIVITY 1 1.1 A process whereby an increasing percentage of people live in urban areas [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1) 1.2 As the rate of urbanisation increases the level of urbanisation increases It is a directly proportional relationship [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 1.3 Drought frequency in rural areas increases rural-urban migration (2) Flood frequency destroy crops causing people to leave rural areas (2) Stronger El Niño increases droughts and/or floods (2) Soil erosion decreases production on farm lands forcing people to leave (decrease in soil fertility/desertification) (2) Stock/crop diseases/pests and stock losses/decreases in crop yields forces farmers to abandon farm lands and move to urban areas (2) Adverse weather conditions e.g. hail storms destroy crops and this negatively affects production and leads to decreased profits (2) [ANY TWO. LISTING ALONE CANNOT BE ACCEPTED – MUST BE QUALIFIED] (2 x 2) (4) 1.4 Urbanisation (percentage increase of people) has increased the demand for housing in urban areas (2) The inability of the local government to meet this demand has led to protest actions (2) Lack of planning from the local government to meet demands for services (2) Lack of services (electricity, water, sanitation) in informal settlements and people are not happy about this (2) Unreliable service delivery impacts on daily activities (2) Services are not properly maintained, therefore quality deteriorates (2) Urbanisation increased unemployment rates which has frustrated people (2) There is an increased demand on services such as clinics and hospitals reducing accessibility for people (2) Traffic congestion as there are not enough roads/unmaintained roads (2) Lack of space in schools due to high population numbers (2) Protest due to forced removals and demolition of informal settlements which leaves people without shelter (2) 14

Protests due to lack of land ownership and access to land (2) Protests due to competition with foreigners for houses and employment (2) People are unhappy about nepotism and corruption which is preventing them from accessing government services e.g. housing (2) [ANY FOUR. REASONS FOR PROTEST ACTIONS MUST BE GIVEN] (4 x 2) (8) [15] ACTIVITY 2- CENTRAL PLACE 2.1 A settlement that provides urban goods and services to a surrounding area [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1) 2.2 Trade of farm products (1 x 1) (1) 2.3 The smaller the central place, the more the number of central places OR The larger the central place, the less the number of central places [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 2.4 High order services are more expensive and specialised (like specialist doctors) and people need to and are willing to travel further distances to take advantage or benefit from such a service Low order services are less expensive and include everyday conveniences (like buying bread and milk), people travel short distances to access these basics [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 2.5 (a) The higher the order of service, the higher the threshold population OR The lower the order of service, the lower the threshold population [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) (b) If a high order service is established in an area with a low threshold population, the business or service will not have a large enough client or support base (2) It will close down or become bankrupt (2 x 2) (4) [14] 15

ACTIVITY 3.2 3.2.1 Sphere of influence is area around a settlement from which it attracts customers Range is the furthest distance people are prepared to travel from to enjoy a particular service. (2 x 1) (2} 3.2.2 Car sales (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.3 People are willing to travel much further to buy a car than they are to buy essentials like bread/ milk (1) Buying a car is an important aspect that happens once in a long while, so people are prepared to travel greater distances for the right model and type of car (1) [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 3.3.4 Car sales would need a larger threshold population, to make their business sustainable and viable for profit. (1 x 2) (2) 3.3.5 It has a smaller range (2) It has a small sphere of influence (2) (2 x 2) (4) 3.3.6 Higher order goods and services are found in B, compared to surrounding areas (2) People are willing to travel further to B, to buy a specialized product or service People travel short distances to take advantage of low order goods and services (like milk etc.) (2) (2 x 2) (4) [15] 16

WEEK 17 TOPIC: URBAN STRUCTURE AND PATTERNS BUFFER ZONE RESIDENTIAL TRANSITIONAL INDUSTRIAL RURAL-URBAN FRINGE COMMERCIAL RECREATION LAND USE ZONES FACORS AFFECTING LOCATION INTERNAL STRUCTURE COONCETRIC SECTOR FRINGE MULTIPLE NUCLEI URBAN STRUCTURE AND PATTERNS MODELS NUCLENUCLEIFRIN THIRD WORLD CITY GE MODERN AMERICAN CITY SOUTH AFRICAN CITY GRID IRON STREET EXTERNAL STRUCTURE SHAPES STAR PATTERNS COBWEB CIRCULAR SEMI-CIRCULAR LINEAR LINEAR IRREGULAR PLANNED UNPLANNED D 17

WEEK 17 TOPIC Urban structure and patterns SUBTOPICS • Internal structure and pattern of urban settlements: land use zones: concepts of urban profile and factors influencing the morphological structure of the city. • Models of urban structure, e.g. Multiple-nuclei model, the modern American- western city, the Third World city and the South African city. • Changing urban patterns and land use in South African cities. RELATED CONCEPTS • Urban: Area in a city or town. • Structure: Shape of a settlement. • Pattern: The way things are arranged • Urban Structure: Arrangement of land use in urban areas. • Urban Patterns: The way buildings are arranged in a settlement • Land Use zone: A zone in a city utilised for a specific function. • Morphology: External physical layout of a city. • Urban profile: Side view of a city. • Building density: Total number of buildings per unit area. • Accessibility: how easy to reach a place. • Compatibility: The degree to which function attract/repel each other. • Functional magnetism: when part of a city/street attracts other similar functions. • Functional prestige: when part of the city/street becomes famous for a specific function. • Functional convenience: When people find it easy to live closer to a particular function. • Urban decay: The process in which the inner city becomes neglected and run down. • Urban renewal: The improvement of run down parts of a city. • Gentrification/Chelseafication: The renovation and the modernisation of old houses in the transitional zone. • Facadasim: Preserving the front of an old building while demolishing the back and constructing a new modern interior. 18

• Densification: making more efficient use of limited urban space. • Invasion and succession: It is the gradual replacement of one type of function with another . • Filtering: The movement of people with a lower income to residential areas previously occupied by wealthier people. • Buffer zone: Used to segregate the residential areas along racial lines. • Models: representation of reality. • Commercial decentralization: Movement of commercial functions away from the CBD. • Industrial decentralization: Establishment of industries from the core areas. • Commercial ribbon development: Shops that develop along the important transport routes. PRIOR KNOWLEDGE Learners should be able to classify urban settlement according to function, size, patterns and complexity RESOURCES Internet/Telematics Diagrams/pictures Text books METHODOLOGY • Recap concepts associated with urban structure. • Use different pictures and diagrams to identify street patterns, and land use zones. • Explanation of concepts using the mind map. • Justify why each land use is located there. • Differentiate between models of urban structures using diagrams • Explanation of the different types of changes in land use in the South African cities. • Discussion on the changing patterns in South African urban settlements. ERRORS AND • Learners cannot differentiate between facadism MISCONCEPTIONS and gentrification. • Unable to differentiate between the CBD and transition zone. DIFFERENT • Content differentiation through activities catering TEACHING for cognitive barriers. APPROACHES EAC Language skill: • Reading , • Reviewing, • Listening, • Comprehension, 19

ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY 4. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives given CBD; Transitional zone; High income residential area; Rural-urban fringe; Low income residential zone; Light industrial zone; Heavy industrial zone 4.1 Name the land-use zone in which you area most likely to find the following: 4.1.1 An airport 4.1.2 A home with large gardens, lots of trees and a swimming pool 4.1.3 A shopping centre with a supermarket and a café, DVD shops, take away restaurants and pharmacy 4.1.4 Car repairs 4.1.5 Paint manufacturing 4.1.6 Textile designing 4.1.7 Residential area with grid-iron street pattern (7 x 1) (7) 4.2 The CBD is losing its ‘importance or prominence’ in many South African cities due to dilapidated and aging buildings. In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines outline possible strategies to revitalize (renew) the buildings in the CBD. (4 x 2) (8) MARKING GUIDELINES 4.1.1 Urban-rural fringe 4.1.2 High income residential area 4.1.3 CBD 4.1.4 Transitional zone 4.1.5 Heavy industrial zone 4.1.6 Light industrial zone 4.1.7 Low income residential zone (7 x 1) (7) 4.2 Facadism – Retain the front and demolish the back and rebuild Invasion and succession- function replacement Gentrification/chelseafication – renovate and modernize Demolish and rebuild (4 X 2) (8) [15] 20

WEEK 18 TOPIC URBAN SETTLEMENT ISSUES WEIGHTING As per ATP • Traffic congestion • Urban decay • Overcrowding • Urban sprawl SUBTOPICS • Pollution /CLARIFICATION • Informal housing (Refer to mind map) • Injustices in urban areas • Traffic jam- when traffic either comes to a complete stop or slows below its normal speed. • Slum clearance- involves demolishing of buildings starting from scratch. • Regeneration- physical improvement by renovating old buildings and building offices and houses. • Inner city renewal- renovating the buildings in an urban area to enable economic and social growth. RELATED CONCEPTS • Invasion and succession- replacing original function with the new function. • Gentrification/ Chelseafication- low cost houses are bought by the wealthy cheaply and modernised. • Facadism- preserving the front of the building while the rest is knocked down and re-built. • Green belt- green spaces at the boundary of urban areas. Language skill - Reading and viewing • Brain storming- unpacking a topic – Urban settlement issue EAC • Vocabulary –through defining concepts BACKGROUND AND • Challenges in urban settlement PRE-KNOWLEDGE METHODOLOGY • Brainstorm around urban issues 21

• Causes of urban issues: - explain the major causes of urban problems • Effects of urban issues:- discussing the consequences of urban issues. • Solutions:- providing the possible solutions. • Diagrams • Images RESOURCES • Google • Textbooks • Newspaper articles ASSESSMENT • Refer to Activity 5 • Causes of urban issues. PROBLEM AREAS • Consequences. • Possible solutions. DIFFERENTATED • Content differentiation through activities catering for TEACHING cognitive barriers. APPROACHES, HIGH FLYERSAND PROGGRESSED LEARNERS. WEEK 18: URBAN SETTLENT ISSUES Urban decay: Traffic congestion: Deterioration of arts of too many cars on the road urban area Informal housing: Urban Settlement Overcrowding: illegally built settlement Shortage of living space issues by the poor who cannot due to rapid urbanization afford proper houses Pollution: Any harmful Urban sprawl: Formless substance that causes expansion of the urban the problem in the area 22 environment

URBAN SETTLEMENT ISSUES Problem Cause Consequence/Effect Solution Traffic • Not enough/inefficient • Accident • Improve public congestion public transport. • Traffic jams transport • Use of too many • Road rage • Park and ride private vehicles. facility/lift clubs • Grid iron street • Decentralize pattern. commercial functions. • Synchronize robots. Urban decay • Illegal occupation of • Deterioration of • Renovate buildings vacant buildings. buildings (gentrification) • The rent is too high. • Overcrowding occur • Allow invasion and • Attract a lot of low succession income foreign • Preserve the front nationals. part of the building and the rest knocked down and re-built (Facadism) Overcrowding • Many people • High population • Relocation- migrate to urban density build houses areas. • Spread of where land is • Too many people diseases available living in small, • Crime, drugs, • Decentralize congested space. and poverty urban functions Urban Sprawl • Lack of proper • Urban areas • Better planning planning encroaches and better towards rural management areas, thus they • Development of are unable to green belts cope with new • Development of demands new towns Informal • Rural-urban • Vulnerable in • Self-help housing migration times of heavy schemes ( • Lack of proper rain provision of houses • Fire hazards due cheap building • Unemployment to open fires materials) used for cooking • Provide basic • Spread of services diseases • Government • Inaccessibility housing projects (low cost housing) 23

INJUSTICES IN URBAN AREAS The concept injustice means that people or environment are abused or treated unfairly. Economic injustice- when not all people have equal access to facilities. Injustices Causes Impacts Solutions Poverty • Lack of • Increase • Basic income education, crime grants skills and • Malnutrition • Labour- knowledge • Increased intensive • Unemployment illness technologies • Low standard • Increase of living support to farmers • Minimum wages Poor public • Increasing • High levels of • Improving transport population accidents bus routing • Un-road • Traffic • Upgrading of worthy congestion taxi terminals vehicles • Provision of • Taxi violence subsidies to improve public transport Pollution • Urban • Respiratory • Use public activities problems transport and (industries, • Traffic unleaded fuel power stations, accidents • Filter on vehicles) • Contributes chimney to stacks greenhouse • Impose fines effects • Educational • Causes acid programmes rain • Create more green spaces and parks 24

ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY 5 5.1. People living in large urban settlements experience various problems on a daily basis. Choose the correct word(s) from those given in brackets. Write only the word(s) next to the question number (5.1.1–5.1.7) in the ANSWER BOOK. 5.1.1. Overcrowding is a result of urban (growth/expansion). 5.1.2. Noise pollution is intensified in the (light/heavy) industrial zone. 5.1.3. Traffic congestion is characteristic of the (rural-urban fringe/CBD) 5.1.4. Traffic congestion in large urban settlements may be solved by increasing the number of (one-way streets/traffic lights). 5.1.5. In South Africa informal settlements are commonly found (in the city centre/on the outskirts of cities). 5.1.6. Air pollution in a city may be reduced by developing more (green belts/industrial parks). 5.1.7. The increasing demand for services and infrastructure is the greatest in (informal settlements/high-income residential areas). (7 X 1) (7) 5.2. Any urban settlement can have experience urban sprawl if it is not properly managed. 5.2.1 Define the term urban sprawl (1X1) (1) 5.2.2 Describe the effect of urban sprawl on housing density. (2X1) (2) 5.2.3 Discuss ANY THREE effects that the urban sprawl may have on the natural environment. (2x3) (6) 25

MODEL ANSWERS FOR ACTIVITY 5 5.1.1 growth 5.1.2 heavy 5.1.3 CBD 5.1.4 one-way streets 5.1.5. on the outskirts of cities 5.1.6 green belts 5.1.7 informal settlements (7X1) (7) 5.2 5.2.1 The formless/uncontrolled/shapeless/unplanned expansion of the city into the surrounding rural area (1X1) (1) 5.2.2 Housing density increased (2x1) (2) 5.2.3 Vegetation will be removed/Deforestation (2) There will be an imbalance in the ecosystem (2) Habitat of various species may be destroyed (2) Biodiversity may be negatively impacted (2) Groundwater table will be lowered (2) Food chains may be disrupted (2) (ANY THREE) (2X3) (6) 26

WEEK 18 TOPIC URBAN SETTLEMENT ISSUES WEIGHTING As per ATP • Traffic congestion • Urban decay • Overcrowding • Urban sprawl SUBTOPICS • Pollution /CLARIFICATION • Informal housing (Refer to mind map) • Injustices in urban areas • Traffic jam- when traffic either comes to a complete stop or slows below its normal speed. • Slum clearance- involves demolishing of buildings starting from scratch. • Regeneration- physical improvement by renovating old buildings and building offices and houses. • Inner city renewal- renovating the buildings in an urban area to enable economic and social growth. RELATED CONCEPTS • Invasion and succession- replacing original function with the new function. • Gentrification/ Chelseafication- low cost houses are bought by the wealthy cheaply and modernised. • Facadism- preserving the front of the building while the rest is knocked down and re-built. • Green belt- green spaces at the boundary of urban areas. Language skill - Reading and viewing • Brain storming- unpacking a topic – Urban settlement EAC issue • Vocabulary –through defining concepts BACKGROUND AND • Challenges in urban settlement PRE-KNOWLEDGE • Brainstorm around urban issues METHODOLOGY • Causes of urban issues: - explain the major causes of urban problems 27

• Effects of urban issues:- discussing the consequences of urban issues. • Solutions:- providing the possible solutions. • Diagrams • Images RESOURCES • Google • Textbooks • Newspaper articles ASSESSMENT • Refer to Activity 5 • Causes of urban issues. PROBLEM AREAS • Consequences. • Possible solutions. DIFFERENTATED • Content differentiation through activities catering for TEACHING cognitive barriers. APPROACHES, HIGH FLYERSAND PROGGRESSED LEARNERS. 28

WEEK 18: URBAN SETTLENT ISSUES Urban decay: Traffic congestion: Deterioration of parts too many cars on the road of urban area Informal housing: Urban Settlement Overcrowding: illegally built settlement Shortage of living space Issues by the poor who cannot due to rapid urbanization afford proper houses Urban sprawl: Formless Pollution: Any harmful expansion of the urban substance that causes area the problem in the environment URBAN SETTLEMENT ISSUES Problem Cause Consequence/Effect Solution Traffic • Not enough/inefficient • Accident • Improve public congestion public transport. • Traffic jams transport • Use of too many • Road rage • Park and ride private vehicles. facility/lift clubs • Grid iron street • Decentralize pattern. commercial functions. • Synchronize robots. Urban decay • Illegal occupation of • Deterioration of • Renovate buildings vacant buildings. buildings (gentrification) • The rent is too high. • Overcrowding occur • Allow invasion and • Attract a lot of low succession income foreign • Preserve the front nationals. part of the building and the rest knocked down and re-built (Facadism) Overcrowding • Many people • High population • Relocation- migrate to urban density build houses areas. • Spread of where land is diseases available 29

• Too many people • Crime, drugs, • Decentralize living in small, and poverty urban functions congested space. Urban Sprawl • Lack of proper • Urban areas • Better planning planning encroaches and better towards rural management areas, thus they • Development of are unable to green belts cope with new • Development of demands new towns Informal • Rural-urban • Vulnerable in • Self-help housing migration times of heavy schemes ( • Lack of proper rain provision of houses • Fire hazards due cheap building • Unemployment to open fires materials) used for cooking • Provide basic • Spread of services diseases • Government • Inaccessibility housing projects (low cost housing) INJUSTICES IN URBAN AREAS The concept injustice means that people or environment are abused or treated unfairly. Economic injustice- when not all people have equal access to facilities. Injustices Causes Impacts Solutions Poverty • Lack of • Increase crime • Basic income grants education, skills • Malnutrition • Labour- intensive and knowledge • Increased technologies • Unemployment illness • Increase support to • Low standard farmers of living • Minimum wages Poor • Increasing • High levels of • Improving bus routing public population accidents • Upgrading of taxi transport • Un-road worthy • Traffic terminals vehicles congestion • Provision of subsidies to • Taxi violence improve public transport Pollution • Urban activities • Respiratory • Use public transport and (industries, power problems unleaded fuel stations, vehicles) • Traffic • Filter on chimney stacks accidents • Impose fines • Contributes to • Educational greenhouse programmes effects 30

• Causes acid • Create more green rain spaces and parks ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY 5 5.1. People living in large urban settlements experience various problems on a daily basis. Choose the correct word(s) from those given in brackets. Write only the word(s) next to the question number (5.1.1–5.1.7) in the ANSWER BOOK. 5.1.1. Overcrowding is a result of urban (growth/expansion). 5.1.2. Noise pollution is intensified in the (light/heavy) industrial zone. 5.1.3. Traffic congestion is characteristic of the (rural-urban fringe/CBD) 5.1.4. Traffic congestion in large urban settlements may be solved by increasing the number of (one-way streets/traffic lights). 5.1.5. In South Africa informal settlements are commonly found (in the city centre/on the outskirts of cities). 5.1.6. Air pollution in a city may be reduced by developing more (green belts/industrial parks). 5.1.7. The increasing demand for services and infrastructure is the greatest in (informal settlements/high-income residential areas). (7 X 1) (7) 5.2. Any urban settlement can have experience urban sprawl if it is not properly managed. 5.2.1 Define the term urban sprawl (1X1) (1) 5.2.2 Describe the effect of urban sprawl on housing density. (2X1) (2) 5.2.3 Discuss ANY THREE effects that the urban sprawl may have on the natural environment. (2x3) (6) 31

MODEL ANSWERS FOR ACTIVITY 5 5.1.1 growth 5.1.2 heavy 5.1.3 CBD 5.1.4 one-way streets 5.1.5. on the outskirts of cities 5.1.6 green belts 5.1.7 informal settlements (7X1) (7) 5.2 5.2.1 The formless/uncontrolled/shapeless/unplanned expansion of the city into the surrounding rural area (1X1) (1) 5.2.2 Housing density increased (2x1) (2) 5.2.3 Vegetation will be removed/Deforestation (2) There will be an imbalance in the ecosystem (2) Habitat of various species may be destroyed (2) Biodiversity may be negatively impacted (2) Groundwater table will be lowered (2) Food chains may be disrupted (2) (ANY THREE) (2X3) (6) 32

Rural Settlement 33

GEOGRAPHY RURAL SETTLEMENT JUST IN TIME (JIT) WORKSHOP 2020 34

2020 Term 2 JIT Grade 12 : Rural Settlement Week 11 Topic Study of settlement Sub-topics Concepts of : settlement, site and situation Rural and urban settlements Classification of settlements according to: • Size • Pattern • function Related Site the exact piece of land and physical characteristics of a settlement. concepts Situation the relationship between the settlement, its surrounding area, the nearest road or railway, and general relief Village a few farms around a church or general store. Settlement is a grouping of people, activities, building structures and communication networks that functions as a single integrated system on regular daily basis. Or It is a place where people live which includes buildings, economic activities and transport networks Rural settlement Is a settlement where people are engaged in primary economic activities Urban settlement A settlement with a large population practising more than one economic activity Uni-functional one function Hamlet a few farms joined together Primary activities economic activities that involve the exploitation/extraction of raw material from the natural environment. Nucleated settlement A settlement where farms /houses are close together Isolated farmstead- single farmhouse, outlying buildings and adjacent grounds 35

Dispersed/Isolated settlement pattern-Individual buildings lie isolated or apart from one another. Background/ Aspect eg warmer slopes (north facing) in Southern hemisphere prior knowledge Resources Maps, pictures, textbook, power point presentation/slides Methodology Learners will be brainstorming about the concepts: settlement, rural settlement, urban settlement, site, situation Distinction between rural and urban settlements • Rural settlement- (uni-functional)—one dominating function(primary economic function) (source: shuter.com) • Urban settlement- Multi-functional-more than one function dominating(secondary, tertiary and quaternary) 36

(source: eNews 24) Site of a settlement • refers to the exact land (physical landscape) on which a settlement is built • A rural settlement site must meet five basic requirements : • drinking water • arable land • pasturage/grazing land • building material • fuel • Other site factors • Relief/ micro-climate • Accessibility and communication SITUATION • It refers to the location of a settlement in relation to the surrounding area. • It is influenced by: • Roads • Railways, harbours, airports • Distance to the other settlements markets 37

• Access to resources and services TYPES OF SETTLEMENT AND WAYS TO CLASSIFY THEM • Hierarchy refers to the ranking of settlements from the smallest to largest. • The hierarchy or ranking of settlements emerged as a consequence of the Central Place Theory Size and Complexity • This is a classification of settlement, beginning with smallest and simplest. • Isolated farmstead- single farmhouse, outlying buildings and adjacent grounds • Rural hamlet- few farmsteads grouped together • village- denser grouping of a large number of farmsteads • Town- a relatively densely populated urban area. • City- a very large urban centre that offers a variety of services including specialised functions such as judicial and financial. • Metropolis- refers to a single city that is surrounded by many dependent towns • Conurbation- a large urban area formed by the growth and coalescence of a number of cities e.g. Witwatersrand • Megalopolis- a gigantic urban complex formed when a number of conurbations join e.g. Boston, New York and Washington (Bonywash) 38

Patterns (shapes) Dispersed/Isolated settlement pattern • Individual buildings lie isolated or apart from one another. 39

Advantages of dispersed pattern(It has advantage from an economic point of view) • The farmer is independent, free to innovate and experiment. • Dispersed settlements have a lot of privacy. • Machinery can be used on a large scale. • Dispersed farmsteads make larger profits. Disadvantages of dispersed pattern(It has disadvantage from the social point of view) • Boredom as the farmer lives and work in isolation. • The farmer can be easily attacked by criminals. • Farmer cannot share ideas/machines • Lack services • Travel longer distances for services 40

Nucleated/ Clustered settlement pattern (source :unknown) Advantages of nucleated pattern(It has advantage from the social point of view) • Sharing of farming equipment and ideas (social contact) • Farmers can pool resources. • Basic services are available. • Safety advantage. Disadvantages of nucleated pattern(It has a disadvantage from the economic point of view) • Lack of privacy. • Small profits – own small piece of land. • Machinery cannot be used on a large scale. • The farmer cannot make his own decisions –bound by group. Common Site and situation errors/miscon Rural urban migration and rural depopulation ceptions Rural depopulation and urbanisation Settlement patterns and shapes Different Reinforcement of concepts displayed for all learners teaching methods EAC Concepts will be defined in a geographic context Assessment Refer to the activity attached Week 12 Topic Rural settlement 41

Sub-Topics • How site and situation affect the location of rural settlement • Classification of rural settlements according to patterns and functions • Reasons for the different shapes of settlements: round, linear, T- shape, cross road • Land use in rural settlements Related Wet-point settlement – are settlements that are located close to a concepts permanent source of water Dry point settlement – settlement that are found away from marshy or flood prone areas because water poses a threat Defensive sites - often found on higher ground so that in the past, enemies could be seen from a distance or in the loop of a meander. Shape –refers to the plan outline of the built-up area of the settlement Gap towns - is found in a gap between two areas of higher ground. Bridging point - settlements with 'ford' in their name often grew around a fording point or bridging point. Trading centres - often settlements grow where natural route ways and rivers meet, which helps the development of roads, railways and canals Linear shape- house are located in a line eg along the road, river, foot of the hill Cross road- develop from the different ways where the roads meet. Circular/round shape – where house are clustered around a focal point which is a centre of importance for the community eg well, church T-junction – this is found at the nodal point of communication routes that is at junctions Dispersed/isolated settlement – a settlement found far apart from each other Nucleated/clustered settlement – farmsteads are grouped together Background/ Definition of settlement, rural settlement prior Difference between site and situation knowledge Difference between settlement patterns and settlement shapes Resources Diagrams, pictures, textbook topographic and orthophoto map 42

Methodology How site and situation affect the location of rural settlement The Site of a settlement describes the physical nature of where it is located. Factors such as water supply, building materials, quality of soil, climate, shelter and defence were all considered when settlements were first established Some common site factors include: Wet point sites - these have a good water supply. Many settlements grew around wet point sites, e.g. villages in the South Some common site factors include: The situation of a settlement is its position in relation to the surrounding human and physical features, many of which will have an impact on the settlement's type, size and function Shape and Structure of rural settlements • Shape: It refers to the form/Character/profile of the settlement e.g. linear or round • Structure: It refers to the arrangement of buildings of a settlement 43

LAND USE IN RURAL SETTLEMENTS • Subsistence farming-where a farmer produces in order to satisfy his needs and that of the family. • -It is a small scale farming where a farmer uses traditional methods. • Does not contribute to the economy of a country, but it does provide food security for individual family. 44

LAND USE IN RURAL AREAS Factors influencing Land Use in rural areas Physical Factors • Soils • Rainfall • Mineral deposit • Altitude • Aspect/Slopes • Soil erosion Economic Factors • Commercial/subsistence farming • Distance from market • Transport infrastructure • Availability of money for development • Ecotourism Government factors • Legislation 45

• Land ownership • Conservation • Trade Social Factors • Heritage and History • Cultural background • Tribal relations Concepts of: • Commercial farming- farming where a farmer produces in order to sell and make profit. • Can be small scale or large scale farming • Use of modern farming methods and technology. • Intensive farming- every piece of land is used. • The yield per hectare is high. • Generally capital and labour intensive • Extensive farming- occurs on large tracts of land. Yield per hectare is low compared to the size of land Common Learners are struggling to identify the shape and patterns on the errors/ topographic map misconceptio ns Different teaching Reinforce the integration of theory and map work methods EAC Learner will be identifying patterns/shapes Describe patterns and shapes on the topographic map Assessment Refer to activity 2 Week 13 Topic Rural settlement issues Sub topic • Rural urban migration 46

• Causes and consequences of rural depopulation • Case study that illustrate the effects of rural depopulation and strategies to address them Related • Rural – urban migration - This refers to the movement of people concepts from rural areas to urban areas. • Rural depopulation -It refers to the decreasing number of people living in rural areas • Counter urbanisation- the movement of population and economic activity away from urban areas. • Eco-tourism- the development and management of tourism such that the environment is preserved • Ghost town - abandoned town-the population leaves because the economic activity that supported it has failed/declining small country towns Background/ Brainstorm about causes of rural urban migration(push and pull factors) prior Reinforce the concept of rural urban migration and rural depopulation , rural knowledge settlement patterns and shapes Resources Diagrams, pictures, textbook, topographic map and orthophoto map Google Common Failure to define the term rural depopulation errors/miscon Reading the case study ceptions Language comprehension Different Progressed learner –reinforcement of concepts teaching Highflyers-reinforcement of paragraph writing on strategies of reducing methods rural depopulation EAC Reading and comprehension skills- learners will be reading a case study assessment Refer to activity attached Methodology Use of a case study to enhance teaching and learning Definition of concepts Explain the consequences of rural depopulation Push factors/negative/repelling (Why people leave farms?). Socio-economic factors • Few jobs and low wages - poverty • poor quality housing 47

• Farm killings • Lack of electricity, running water • Natural disasters e.g. floods, droughts • Loss of jobs due to mechanisation • Lack of educational, health, and welfare facilities • Poor image of rural areas • Overcrowded traditional farmland Pull factors/positive/attractive (Why people are attracted to cities?) • The promise of jobs and prosperity • Variety of jobs • Higher wages • Good educational opportunities • Improved standard of living • Efficient transport system • Better services • Access to sporting facilities/entertainment • Availability of doctors and access to hospitals Consequences of rural-urban migration On people 48

How to attract people to rural areas (Strategies to manage dwindling rural settlements—sustainable) • Improve roads and transport facilities. • Land reform should be accelerated to enable the poor and landless to obtain land for farming. • Improve work conditions and salaries • Provide training courses to improve skills. • Provision of basic services such as water, housing, health • Development of irrigation schemes • Provision of pipe water • Establishment of schools • Provision of state subsidies to support agricultural development. • Create jobs through development of industries • Development of infrastructure • Provision of RDP houses • Resettlement of people in agriculturally suitable areas • Accelerate land reform programme (land reinstitution , land tenure and land redistribution) 49

Activity number 3 Read the case study below and answer the question that follow: Case study: Crossways farm village-example of new ruralism Crossways farm village is situated between Jeffrey’s bay and port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape. It is an example of new ruralism. Declining rural areas can be turn into attractive areas in which to live, work and play. In time, project like this will help overcome rural depopulation and rural decline. The former dairy farm is being redeveloped with the local community in mind. Profit will be shared by the developers, farmers and labourers and it is expected that construction and the running of the farm will create 1 817 job opportunities. Crossways farm offers the following to the rural community and residence who choose to move from the city into this peaceful setting, thus reversing rural urban migration: • Life on a working farm that produces a range of dairy products on site. • Spacious natural environments for children. • Uncomplicated working life style with the highest level of technological connectivity. • Living in self-sustaining village using sustainable energy. • Spectacular scenery and fynboss overlooking the Van Stadens River Gorge. • Perfect out-door lifestyle location in the Eastern Cape along the Garden Route • The community spirit of a country village. • Outdoor adventure playground including a wide range of activities. • Safe and secure location. (source: adapted from www.crosswaysfarmvillage.co.za) 3.1 Define the term rural urban migration. 1x1(1) 3.2 How might Crossways benefit the local community? 1x2(2) 3.3 How is the plan by the developers of Crossways reversing rural 2x2(4) urban migration? 50

3.4 In a paragraph of approximately eight lines, evaluate how 4x2(8) Crossways Farm Village project will need to operate or change in order to be successful. [15] Solutions: 3.1 Rural urban migration is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.√ 1x1(1) 3.2 Generating more income√√ Improve the standard of living√√ Alleviate poverty√√ Creating sustainable jobs√√ 1x2(2) 3.3 Life on a working farm that produces a range of dairy products on site. √√ • Spacious natural environments for children. √√ • Uncomplicated working life style with the highest level of technological connectivity. √√ • Living in self-sustaining village using sustainable energy. √√ • Spectacular scenery and fynboss overlooking the Van Stadens River Gorge. √√ • Perfect out-door lifestyle location in the Eastern Cape along the Garden Route√√ • The community spirit of a country village. √√ • Outdoor adventure playground including a wide range of activities. √√ • Safe and secure location. √√ 2x2(4) 3.4 Including local communities in all decisions made. √√ • Using local resources wisely. √√ • Including indigenous knowledge. √√ 51

• Developing the local community and improving the quality of life of people alongside conservation strategies √√ 4x2(8) Activity 1 Week 11 1.1 Refer to the cartoon below and answer the set questions. RIVER 1.1.1 Define the term settlement (1x1) 1 1.1.2 Differentiate between site and situation 1x2(2) 1.1.3 State and explain TWO site factors that lead to the development of this settlement. (2x2) (4) 1.1.4 The cartoon above shows a wet point settlement. Give a reason to support this statement (1x2) (2) 1.1.5 In a paragraph approximately 8 lines, evaluate the socio-economic impact of locating this settlement in this area. (4x2) (8) 52

ACTIVITY 2 week 12 1.2 Refer to the diagram below that shows settlement A, B and C. Building: Road: 1.2.1 Define the term settlement pattern. (1x1) (1) 1.2.2 Identify the settlement pattern at B (1X1) (1) 1.2.3 Give a reason for your answer in question 1.2.2 (1x2) (2) 1.2.4 Describe the shape of settlement A and C . (2X1) (2) 1.2.5 What influenced the shape of settlement at C (1X1) (1) 1.2.6 In a paragraph approximately 8 lines, discuss the socio-economic advantages and disadvantages of settlement B (4X2) (8) [15] 53

1.1 ACTIVITY 1 POSSIBLE ANSWERS 1.1.1 Settlement is the grouping of people, activities, and communication networks that work as a single integrated unit on a daily basis. (1x1) (1) 1.1.2 Site is the exact terrain where the settlement is located and situation refers to the location of the settlement in relation to the surrounding environment (1x2) (2) 1.1.3 Relief-Flat land is easy to build on than mountainous areas Water supply-enough water for both domestic and agricultural use (2x2) (4 1.1.4 It is closer to the river/ water source (1x2) (2) Positive impact ✓ Availability of water for irrigation ✓ Increase food production ✓ Flat land suitable for mechanisation 1.1.5 Negative impact ✓ Damage of buildings due to flooding ✓ Death of livestock due to flooding. ✓ Death of people due to flooding. ✓ Wash away of crops due to flooding. ✓ Removal of fertile soil ( 2x3) (6) 1. 2. ACTIVITY 2 1.2.1 Settlement pattern refers to arrangement of building (1x1) (1) 1.2.2 Dispersed settlement pattern/ isolated settlement pattern. (1x1) (1) 1.2.3 settlements/buildings are far away from each other. (1x2) (2) 1.2.4 A-Cross shape, C-linear shape (1x2) (2) 1.2.5 Road (1x1) (1) 1.2.6 Advantages ✓ Large pieces of land to practice farming (commercial farming) ✓ Individual decision making ✓ Lot of privacy ✓ More profit Disadvantages ✓ Lack of safety and security ✓ No sharing of materials ✓ Lack of social contact 54

✓ Unable to share business ideas with other people ✓ Lack of basic services (2x4) (8) 55