Geography P1 Survival Kit

CAPE WINELANDS EDUCATION DISTRICT GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 CLIMATE & WEATHER AND GEOMORPHOLOGY PASS YOUR GEOGRAPHY AS EAZY AS ... PIE! Adapted & compiled by: Hyran Gillion & Mike Eksteen Acknowledgements: Glenn Samaai

CLIMATE & WEATHER 30° TIP: 60° Air behind front is cold You must be able to: • Recognise/Identify a cold, warm, occlusion front, wind direction, cloud cover, temperature, cloud types and stages of formation (sources1, 4 & 5) Air behind front is • Name the general direction of movement and give a reason for it (source 8) • Define a cold and warm front (source 4) • Describe where & why it forms there (sources 2 & 3) • State/Describe changes in weather caused by a cold front (source 6) • Draw a labelled cross-section of a cold, warm and occlusion front ( source 4 & ask teacher) • State/Describe the impact of the cold front (source 7) • Suggest strategies to reduce the impact (see class notes) 8. • GENERAL DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT: west to east • REASON: driven by westerly winds therefore moves eastwards 2

TIP: You must be able to: • Recognise/Identify a tropical cyclone and the stages of formation (source 5) • Name the general direction of movement and give a reason for it (sources 1 & 8) • Name/Describe the general characteristics (source 1) • State/Describe where & why it forms there (sources 2 and 3) • State/Describe changes in the weather as the storm approaches and the eye passes over (source 4) • State/Describe the impact (source 6) • Suggest strategies to reduce the impact (source 7) • State/Describe how it is named (source 1) • Explain why wind speeds decrease or increase (ask you teacher) 8. • GENERAL DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT: east to west • REASON: driven by easterly winds therefore moves westwards 3

3. 1. TIP: You must be able to: • Recognise/Identify the 3 high-pressure cells on maps (source 1 & 2) WINTER • Name the 3 high-pressure cells that influence the weather of South Africa (source 1) • Define an inversion and ridging (source 4) • Recognise/Identify ridging of a high pressure 2. Ridging of on a synoptic map (source 2) isobars • Identify the season (winter) by looking for the South presence of the Kalahari high over the land Atlantic High NE (source 1) • Describe the seasonal movement of the Kalahari high and give a reason for it e.g., Kalahari High is replaced by a Heat Low in summer because the land is warm (source 1) • Name/Describe the general characteristics of a 4. • INVERSION – a layer of air in the atmosphere in which temperature high-pressure cell (source 3) increases with height preventing air below it from rising (see source 1). • Name/Describe how these 3 high-pressure The inversion is lower than the escarpment in winter due to the strong cells influence the weather (source 1) sinking air of the Kalahari high. In summer, the land heats up and a heat • Describe & Explain how the height of the low-pressure forms where the Kalahari high is, which makes the inversion along the escarpment changes in inversion rise higher than the escarpment (see source 1). winter and summer (source 1 & 4) • RIDGING – outward extension/bulging of isobars away from the high- pressure centre (see source 2). 4

1. 3. WINTER 2. ±1000m You must be able to: BERG WINDS • Identify and Name the 3 pressure cells that are necessary for berg winds to form/develop (source 3) • Describe how berg winds form/develop (source 2 and 3) 4. 44°C • Define a berg wind (source 1) • Explain the role of the escarpment in increasing the temperature of berg winds (source 2) • State why berg winds occur in winter (source 3) • Read the temperature and the time of a bergwind from a graph (source 4) • Describe the impacts (2-4 facts) of bergwinds on the natural environment e.g., veldfires destroy natural vegetation or ash of veldfires fertilise the soil (see your class notes) 10:00 - 14:00 • Suggest strategies (2-4 facts) how to reduce/manage the impact BERG WIND (see your class notes) 5

MOISTURE FRONT AND LINE THUNDERSTORMS TIP: 1. 2. You must be able to: • Identify and Name the season and the 3 pressure cells that are necessary for line thunderstorms to form/develop (source 3) • Identify the wind directions of the 2 high Cool, dry air forces the warm, moist air to rise. pressure cells (source 3) • Define a line thunderstorm and a moisture 3.] 4. front (source 4) Line Thunderstorm: A thunderstorm that happens in a line on the • Explain how the moisture front is formed when air of the SAH and SIH meet over the eastern side of the moisture front interior (source 2 & point 5 on source 3) where the warm, moist air is forced to rise. • State why the thunderstorms form to the east of the moisture front (source 2 & Moisture front: A contact zone point 3 on source 3) between two air masses with • State why the air of the SAH is dry while different moisture content. Dry air the air of the SIH is moist (source 3) & moist air creates a front. • State why the air of the SAH forces the air 5. IMPACT: of the SIH to rise when it meets over the Heavy rainfall causes flooding which lead interior (source 3) to loss of natural vegetation/habitats. • Describe the impacts (2-4 facts) on the Lightning can cause fires that destroys natural environment (source 5) natural vegetation/habitats. • Suggest strategies (2-4 facts) how to Heavy rainfall causes widespread soil reduce/manage the impact erosion/loss of fertile soil. (see your class notes) Hail causes damage to natural vegetation / habitats. 6

HOW TO READ A WEATHER STATION SYMBOL Isobar Patterns: Isobar Patterns: • Ridge - outward extension/bulging of isobars • Ridge away from the high-pressure centre. • Saddle SADDLE • Trough • Saddle – area of constant pressure between 2 high pressures or low pressures • Trough - outward extension/bulging of isobars away from the low-pressure centre. 7

TIP: You must be able to: • Identify and Name the warmer & cooler slope (source 1) • Explain why slopes are warmer & cooler (source 1) • Define slope aspect, katabatic and anabatic winds, an inversion, frost pocket and radiation fog (sources 1 - 5) • Identify and Name a Katabatic and Anabatic wind (source 2) • State when Katabatic and Anabatic winds form and why they form (source 2) • Describe how Katabatic winds cause valley inversions (source 3) • Describe how Katabatic winds cause frost pockets on the valley floor (source 4) • Describe how radiation fog forms (source 5) • State the impact of slope aspect, katabatic and anabatic winds, inversions, frost pockets and radiation fog on human activities (source 6) • Draw a labelled diagram of a katabatic and anabatic winds (source 2) MAPWORK TIP - You must be able to: 8 • Identify slope aspect, thermal belts, katabatic and anabatic winds, frost pockets and radiation fog

TIP: You must be able to: • Identify an urban heat island on graphs, maps and Read the temperature (middle of source) • Define an urban heat island and a pollution dome (source 2 & 3) • Explain why cities (urban heat islands) are warmer and rural areas cooler (source 1 & 2) • State the effects/impacts of urban heat islands (source 2) • Suggest strategies (2-4 facts) to reduce the impacts of urban heat islands (source 4) • Describe the causes of pollution domes over cities (source 3) EFFECTS • State the effects/impacts of pollution domes (source 3) MAPWORK TIP - You must be able to: • Identify urban heat islands and cooler rural areas • Give reasons for the presence of urban heat islands or cooler rural areas (source 1 and causes of source 2) 9

GEOMORPHOLOGY TIP: Total area drained by a river system [- lower course] You must be able to: • Define a drainage basin and all the features (source 1), types of rivers (source 2), drainage density (source 3), turbulent and laminar flow (source 5) • Identify the watershed, interfluve, source, [- upper course] confluence, tributary and mouth on diagrams and on maps (source 1) • Identify and Describe types of rivers on maps (source 2) • Identify and describe the 2 drainage densities (source 3) • Give reasons for high and low drainage density (source 3) • Determine stream order (source 4) • Give reasons for turbulent and laminar flow (source 5) • Describe the impact of turbulent and laminar flow (source 5) The relationship between the length of streams in a drainage basin and the size of the drainage basin. 10

DRAINAGE PATTERNS Pattern Dendritic Trellis Radial Rectangular | Centripetal | Deranged Parallel YASS. | ort | S$) ; “SA le ae a L Diagram Ze aan y oe iw ea Looks like Strong main Looks like Tributaries join at | Opposite of Small streams Streams flow branches of a stream joined by | spokes of a right angles and _| radial pattern. that have no parallel to each Description tree. Tributaries | short tributaries | wheel when have bends of specific pattern | other join at acute at right angles viewed from 90° angles. above Uniform rocks of | Gently sloping | Rivers flow In areas with Streams flow Very flatareas | Common along Underlying similar hardness | alternating away from a hard rock that is | towards a that have a ridge or hills. structures layers of hard high central well jointed. central basin experienced and soft rock point such like a such as a marsh | recent glaciation butte or mesa or lake You must be in a position to do the following: Identify each of the patterns on diagrams. Identify stream patterns on topographic maps. Give a description of the patterns. Describe the underlying structures that caused the stream pattern. Dendritic pattern Trellis pattern ML re Radial pattern Rectangular pattern 11

When there is an increase in the speed and erosive power of a river. It has more energy to erode downwards, causing a new valley in the old one. 12

TIP: A bend in the river course You must be able to: • Define a natural levee, meander, oxbow lake, braided stream, delta and a waterfall (source 1-6) • Identify all 6 fluvial landforms/features on diagrams and maps e.g., topographic maps (source 1-6) U-shaped feature when meander is A raised • Describe how all 6 features develop/form cut off from the river riverbank (source 1-6) • Draw a correct labelled cross-section of a meander (source 2) A steep descent of water Accumulation of silt deposited at the mouth of the river A river that splits into smaller streams 13

1. TIP: 2. 3. You must be able to: • Define stream piracy (source 1) • Define headward erosion, captor river, captured river, misfit stream, elbow of capture, wind gap and waterfall (source 4) • Identify where headward erosion occurs, where the captor river, captured river, misfit stream, elbow of capture and wind gap is (source 2) River A is cutting back • Draw a labelled line sketch/plan view of stream piracy after capture has taken place (source 3) 4. • Define superimposed and antecedent drainage (source 5) • Describe superimposed and antecedent drainage (source 5) 5. 14

4. CATCHMENT AND RIVER MANAGEMENT What is it? What is the impact? How can it be managed? Why is it important to Importance of managing drainage basins and catchment areas manage drainage See mind map basins and are sources of water for catchment areas? are used for recreation domestic, agricultural & e.g. water sports and industrial use control flow of water to holiday resorts reduce flooding supply floodplains of large rivers with fertile soils for agricultural use provide food sources to people e.g. fish are used to construct permanent sources of water (dams) for human control water pollution sustain plant and animal consumption and life/ecosystems + generation of hydroelectricity What is the impact Impact of people on drainage basins and Catchment areas of people on >, drainage basins and OO) catchment areas? (=) " DRAINING OF WETLANDS Serve as sponges during flooding There are of course more impacts. You MINING WATER POLLUTED | « Pollutes groundwater + Industries + _ Sewage works must be able to Ue{CITIES ON FLOODPLAIN AGRICULTURE identify the nnn Pesticides and fertilisers to flooding ute impacts of ee people on diagrams orin DOMESTIC USE "a case studies —— iia Changes the flow of aver [= VEGETATION 1 Removal can lead to flooding

How must we manage drainage basins and catchment areas? STRATEGIES: Municipalities must: • treat/purify sewage, industrial waste water for re-use Monitor water • manage usage of water from drainage basins quality • educate people on the importance of drainage basins frequently • put legislation in place to fine polluters • Protect wetland areas • It acts as a sponge - slowly releases water reducing flooding • Monitor overgrazing to reduce erosion • Encourage the growth of vegetation • Create buffer zones to avoid development • It improves infiltration that reduces (especially informal settlements) too close to rivers flooding • Remove alien vegetation – it uses lots of water

Question 3 You must be able to do these map skills to answer Question 3 Mapwork ‘ wt E * Contours * Trig. Stations * Spot heights * Benchmarks Reference AS I c « aul oat 33° 22' 18" S Als B ve 18° 34’ 42” E lef ‘p Height in Metres a3 2:8 17

CALCULATION TIP: Make sure you: • Know the formula • Write down the formula • Measure in the correct unit as taught • Show all steps in your calculations • Indicate the unit of measurement in your final answer for distance, area and magnetic bearing • Indicate Times (X) in your final answer for vertical exaggeration e.g., 20 times • Indicate only ° & ` in your final answer for magnetic bearing • Indicate ° & ` and west of true north in your final answer for magnetic declination 18

Map Interpretation TIP: You must be able to identify and apply the content of … on the map. • Valley climates • Urban climates • Drainage basins • Types of rivers • Laminar and turbulent flow patterns • Stream ordering • Drainage density • Drainage patterns • Stages of a river (upper, middle, lower course) • Fluvial landforms 19

GIS TIP: • Make sure you know all your GIS concepts. • Make sure you can apply some of the GIS concepts on the map e.g., buffering. 20