Geography P2 Survival Kit

CAPE WINELANDS EDUCATION DISTRICT GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 SETTLEMENTS AND THE ECONOMY OF SOUTH AFRICA PASS YOUR GEOGRAPHY AS EAZY AS ... PIE! Adapted & compiled by: Hyran Gillion & Mike Eksteen Contributions & Acknowledgements: Glenn Samaai

What is a Settlement? A group of people living on a day-to- SETTLEMENTS day basis in an area that has CONCEPTS buildings, communication networks and functions. SITE What is it? SITUATION Position of a settlement in relation to the wider Exact piece of land occupied by a settlement. surroundings e.g. other settlements, rivers. • Water supply, fertile land, grazing • Above the flood line • Forests for building materials and fuel Why is it • Warmer north-facing slope in Southern Hemisphere • Minerals there? • Warmer thermal belt or mid-slope • Natural harbour • Near transport (roads) for accessibility What are the types of site? Dry Point Wet Point Defence A site in wet area A site in dry area A site on high where the where the grounds where settlement is settlement is safety is a priority What factors placed above the placed close to that allow flood line to avoid the only source of inhabitants to see influence site? the risk of water e.g. around enemies from a flooding. an oasis. distance. 2

1. 2. DIFFERENCES IN SETTLEMENT SIZE SOURCE 1 - You must be TYPES able to: • Distinguish between rural and urban settlement types SOURCE 2 - You must be able to: • Identify the different settlements according to size • Define the different settlements 3. RURAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS according to size Farmsteads close to one Farmsteads far apart from another one another SOURCE 3 - You must be able to: • Identify the pattern + Give reasons • Describe what factors caused the type of pattern Farmsteads • Give advantages/disadvantages of nucleated and dispersed patterns 3

1. SETTLEMENT SHAPES 3. RURAL SETTLEMENT ISSUE (2) SOURCE 1 - You must be able to: Injustice: any action that involves unfairness to another or • Identify the shape + Give reasons violation of one’s rights. • Describe what factors influenced the shape SOURCE 2 - You must be able to: • Define rural-urban migration • Discuss the causes of rural-urban migration (Pull/push factors) • Discuss the consequences of rural- urban migration. • Suggest strategies to get people to 2. RURAL SETTLEMENT ISSUE (1) stay in rural areas SOURCE 2 - You must be able to: • Define the term injustice • Define the 3 land reform policies • Describe the challenges of land reform in South Africa 4

4. STUDY SOURCE 4 and COMPLETE THE TABLE Type of Reason/Function settlement A B C You must be able to: • Identify the types of urban settlements on diagrams and maps D • Give reasons for your answers • Distinguish between lower and higher order goods E F 5

You must be able to Define these concepts related to Central places 1. SPHERE OF INFLUENCE: the area from which a business draws clients. 2. THRESHOLD POPULATION: The minimum number of people needed to support a service or business 3. RANGE: The maximum distance that people/consumers are prepared to travel for goods and services. Threshold ' population g ££ Sphere of influence ' Edge of the minimum | service area You must be able to DEFINE and APPLY these concepts. URBAN GROWTH The increase in the actual number of people living in urban areas due to urbanisation and natural increase. URBANISATION An increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas e.g. 0,8 billion in 1950 to 4,5 billion in 2020 URBAN EXPANSION (AREA) Physical increase in surface area or spatial growth. LEVEL OF URBANISATION The size or % of the total population living in urban areas at a given time e.g. 50%. CAN BE MEASURED IN 2 WAYS RATE OF URBANISATION The annual speed of increase of urbanisation e.g. 2,1% per year. URBAN SPRAWL The rapid unplanned, uncontrolled growth (formless) of the city. COUNTER-URBANISATION People move from urban areas to rural areas. CITY == RURAL

You must be able to: Identify all the land use zones on sources, Give the location, Define all them, Describe the characteristics of all of the land use zones Areas in an urban area that have a specific purpose or function LAND USE ZONES: Also known as Zone of Decay 7

TIP: You must be able to: • Define the 3 street patterns • Identify the street patterns on diagrams, photos and maps • Describe the advantages of all 3 street patterns • Describe the disadvantages of all 3 street patterns 8

URBAN PROFILE: Figure 3.3.3B URBAN PROFILES - You must be able to: • Define an urban profile • Describe how the building height changes as you move away from the CBD • Explain why the height and density of the profile changes 9

URBAN ISSUES (1-3) TIP: You must be able to: • Define each of the urban issues 1 to 3 • State the causes of each issue • Describe what the effects (impact) of each issue is • Suggest strategies to control and manage each of the issues (solutions) 10

URBAN ISSUE 4 URBAN ISSUE 5 INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS INJUSTICE You must be able to: You must be able to: • Define an informal settlement • Define injustice and each type of injustice • Identify an informal settlement • Identify each type of injustice on diagrams and • State the issues (problems) associated with informal settlements maps • Suggest strategies to control and manage informal settlements (solutions) 11

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA TIP: You must be able to: • Define primary, secondary tertiary and quaternary sector • Name examples of economic activities in each sector e.g., primary – farming • Identify the economic sectors from graphs, tables and maps • Read from graphs what the contributions to the GDP of each economic sector is • Define GDP and GNP 12

1. 4. TIP: 2. You must be able to: • State the role of farming (source 1) • Describe the factors that favour farming (source 2) 3. • Describe the factors that hinder / restrict farming (source 3) • Distinguish between small – and large- scale farmers (source 4) • Define (definitions) food security (source 5) • Describe the factors that cause food insecurity e.g., hindering factors (source 5) 5. • Suggest strategies (measures) to improve / ensure food security (source 5) 13

2. 4. FACTORS HINDERING/RESTRICTING USES OF SUGAR CANE SUGAR CANE FARMING IN • Declining sugar cane prices TIP: • Sugar production for use in SOUTH AFRICA • Higher costs of production homes and secondary industry (fertilizer, electricity and fuel (jams, beverages, sweets etc.) • Bagasse as by-product: a fibrous 1. costs) material left after extracting the • Natural disasters – droughts juice from sugar cane. Used as • Variety of diseases and pests animal feed, to make paper, decrease production biofuel to generate energy. • Decline in consumption due to You must be able to: • Molasses as by-product: a thick, sugar tax and higher prices • Identify where sugar cane is dark fluid obtained from raw • Decrease in profits for the grown on maps e.g., KZN and sugar during the refining producer Mpumalanga (source 1) process. Rich in vitamins and minerals. Used as cattle feed, to 5. SUGAR INDUSTRY: CONTRIBUTION TO • State the uses of sugar cane make brewer’s yeast and THE ECONOMY farming (source 2) alcoholic drinks e.g., cane spirits • Contributes R6 billion to the GDP • Describe the factors that favour • Sugar cane (raw material) sugar cane farming (source 3) stimulates growth of sugar mills and refining industry • Describe the factors that hinder • Sugar supports growth of industry / restrict sugar cane farming producing beverages and (source 4) 3. FACTORS FAVOURING confectionery products • State the role of sugar cane • Hot and wet climate (tropical) • Provides employment (1 million farming (source 5) • Sufficient rainfall 1000 - jobs) in rural areas and industry 1500mm per annum • Supplies by-products to other • Fertile alluvial soils industries (*bagasse, **molasses) • Temperature ranges from 20 to • Sugar industry uses bagasse to 35 °C generate electricity which is fed • Warm, sunny, frost-free back to the sugar mills weather areas • Exports (50%) earn foreign • Well-drained sandy loam soils exchange of R2 billion yearly • Development and improvement of infrastructure 14

1. 2. TIP: You must be able to: • State the role (contributions) of mining (source 1) • State the significance of mining for South Africa’s growth (source 2) 3. 4. • Describe the factors that favour mining (source 3) • Describe the factors that hinder / restrict mining (source 4) • Identify the most important minerals in South Africa (source 5) • State how mining leads to environmental injustices (see environmental injustice under urban settlements) 5. 15

GOLD MINING IN SOUTH AFRICA TIP: 1. GOLD MINING AREAS 2. Gauteng You must be able to: • Identify where gold mining takes place in SA (source 1) • Determine & Describe the trend of gold production from graphs (source 2) The trend of gold production is declining between the • Describe the factors that favour years 2010 to 2020 thereafter it stabilises. gold mining (source 3) 3. FACTORS FAVOURING GOLD MINING IN 4. FACTORS HINDERING GOLD MINING IN SOUTH AFRICA • Describe the factors that hinder / SOUTH AFRICA • Distance from coast (increases cost of importing machinery and restrict gold mining (source 4) Raw materials (huge reserves of gold) exporting minerals) • State the role (contributions) of gold Labour (skilled and unskilled) • Costs of deep level mining (digging deep underground) mining (source 5) Power (electricity from coal) • Fluctuating market prices Markets (local and international) • Water (cost and shortages) Infrastructure (road, rail, harbours) • Electricity supply (cost and shortages) • Pollution (water; air [dust]; visual [mine dumps]) 5. CONTRIBUTION OF GOLD MINING TO THE • High temperatures make mining uncomfortable – underground) ECONOMY Source of foreign income through exports. Provides employment for about 500 000 people. Provides raw materials to the manufacturing sector. Mines pay taxes to the government which helps to develop the country. Many cities have developed in the mining regions. Income from mining has funded the development of infrastructure in S. A. (roads, railways, harbours). 16

THE SECONDARY SECTOR 1. 4. Factors affecting the location of an industry TIP: You must be able to: • Define secondary sector • Define type of industry and give 2. 4. examples e.g., light (source 1) • Determine and Describe the sector’s contribution to the GDP from graphs (source 2) 7. Write the factors in the blocks that influenced the • State the role / contributions / location of the industries on the topographic map importance of industrial development (source 3) 3. • State the factors that influence the location of industry (source 4) • Describe the factors that favour industrial development (source 5) • Describe the factors that hinder / restrict industrial development (source 6) 5. 6. • Identify factors that favour locations of industry on topographic maps (source 7) 17

Kinds of industries: PWV (GAUTENG) TIP: Chemical, Iron and steel, Motor vehicle factories, Machinery INDUSTRIAL REGIONS Factors favouring location: • Large Market • Network of roads & railway lines You must be able to: OF SOUTH AFRICA • Plenty labour • Variety of raw materials • Identify on maps where the 4 • Enough water e.g., Vaaldam industrial regions are located PWV and Durban-Pinetown • Cheap electricity • Name the kinds of industry found in will be examined Factors restricting / hindering location: Gauteng and Durban-Pinetown • Water shortages • Describe the factors that favour • Pollution. Air pollution & water pollution (acids) from mine industrial development in both • Vulnerable - more than 50% of SA industries here regions • Congestion and pressure on resources • Describe the factors that hinder / restrict industrial development in both regions DURBAN-PINETOWN (Ethekwini) Kinds of industries: Chemical, Food processing, Sugar refining, Oil refining, Cars Factors favouring location: • Access to shipping port – Durban harbour • Large Markets • Well-developed transport routes • Plenty skilled and unskilled labour • Good water supply Factors restricting / hindering location: SOUTH-WESTERN PORT ELIZABETH- • Few flat areas to build more large industries on CAPE UITENHAGE • Pollution Must know location Must know location • Hot, humid climate - unfavourable working conditions • Durban harbour cannot develop further 18

2. 1. TIP: 3. You must be able to: • Identify the location of the Dube Trade Port (source 1) • Define an IDZ (source 2) • State what the Dube Trade Port consist of e.g., airport 4. • State some of the main developments of the IDZ (source 4) • State why (aims) the IDZ was developed (source 5) • Describe some of the advantages of its location (source 6) 5. 6. • Describe the economic and social impacts (advantages ) of the IDZ (source 7) 7. 19

2. 6. TIP: 3. 1. You must be able to: • Identify the location of the Maputo Corridor (source 1) • Define an SDI (source 2) • State why (aims) the SDI was 7. developed (source 3) 4. • Describe some of the advantages (source 4) • State some of the main 8. developments of the SDI (source 5) • Describe the factors that favour /promote development of the SDI (source 6) • Describe the factors that hinder /limit/restrict development in of 5. the SDI (source 7) • Describe the economic and social impacts (advantages ) of the SDI (source 8) 20

TIP: You must be able to: • Define tertiary sector, international trade, import and exports • Determine and Describe the sector’s contribution to the GDP from graphs • State the role / contributions / importance of the tertiary sector • State the role / contributions / importance of transport • Describe the impacts (advantages & disadvantages ) of international trade 21

TIP: You must be able to: • Define the term informal sector • Describe the characteristics • State reasons why many people work in the informal sector • State the importance • Describe the challenges/problems faced by informal traders • Suggest strategies to improve the informal sector 22

Question 3 You must be able to do these map skills to answer Question 3 Mapwork ‘ wt E * Contours * Trig. Stations * Spot heights * Benchmarks Reference AS I c « aul oat 33° 22' 18" S Als B ve 18° 34’ 42” E lef ‘p Height in Metres a3 2:8 23

CALCULATION TIP: Make sure you: • Know the formula • Write down the formula • Measure in the correct unit as taught • Show all steps in your calculations • Indicate the unit of measurement in your final answer for distance, area and magnetic bearing • Indicate Times (X) in your final answer for vertical exaggeration e.g., 20 times • Indicate only ° & ` in your final answer for magnetic bearing • Indicate ° & ` and west of true north in your final answer for magnetic declination Make sure you can do all the calculations not tested in PAPER 1 24

TIP: Map Interpretation You must be able to identify and apply the content of … on the map. • Economic sectors and examples • Factors that favour agriculture • Negative impacts of mining on the environment • Types of industry e.g., raw material orientated • Factors that favour location of industry e.g., water • Negative impact of industry on the environment You must be able to identify and apply the content of … on the map. • Site and situation of settlements • Type of settlements e.g., rural • Pattern of settlements e.g., nucleated • Shape of settlements e.g., linear • Type of urban settlements e.g., Central place • Land use zones and examples • Street patterns e.g., radial or irregular 25

GIS TIP: • Make sure you know all your GIS concepts not tested in Paper 1. • Make sure you can apply some of the GIS concepts on the map e.g., buffering. 26