Geography SOLUTIONS (SECOND CHANCE)

SECOND CHANCE MATRIC PROGRAMME Learner Assistance Revision Booklet Solutions Geography 2020 1

1.9 ASSESSMENT Solutions: 1.1.1 Extra-tropical cyclone (1) 1.1.2 Southern (1) 1.1.3 Low (1) 1.1.4 Wave (1) 1.1.5 Easterly (1) 1.1.6 Winter (1) 1.1.7 60°(1) Solutions 1.2.1 West to East/Eastwards/Easterly (1) 1 . 2 . 2 It has both a cold and a warm front that are well developed (2) The warm sector of the cyclone is visible behind the warm front (2) The cold sector of the cyclone is visible behind the cold front (2) Isobars are circular around the apex (2) The warm sector has a well-defined V shape (2) [ANY TWO] 1.2.3 The warm sector of air does not pass over South Africa (2) The warm sector passes further south, over the ocean (2) [ANY ONE] 1.2.4 Occlusion process and associated weather An occlusion occurs when a cold front catches up with a warm front at the centre of the mid- latitude cyclone (2) This is due to the cold front moving faster than the warm front as it is cold and dense air (2) This forces all warm sector air off the surface (2) This results in cool and cold air masses behind the cold front and in front of the warm front (2) The coldest of these air masses forces the cool air to rise resulting in light showers (2) Thereafter the fronts collapse (2) [ANY FOUR] 1.2.5 Causes floods. • Rainfall is good for farming. • Causes snow which can kill livestock. • Causes snow that can attract tourists in the Western Cape. • Strong wind causes high seas that are dangerous to fishermen. 2

2.2 ASSESSMENT Answers 1.1.1 Cumulonimbus (Cb) (1) 1.1.2 Eye/Eye of the storm (1) 1.1.3 Low (1) 1.1.4 From east to west/Westwards/Westerly direction (1) 1.1.5 Heavy rainfall/Thunderstorms/Hail/Torrential rainfall (1) 1.1.6 Subsiding/Descending/Sinking air movement/downwards. (1) 1.1.7 Diverging. 1.1.8 Dissipating/Degenerating/Decaying/Dying out. 2.1.1 Three (2) 2.1.2 Circular band of clouds (2) Cyclone is named (2) Indicated as a tropical cyclone on satellite image (2) The eye (2) 2.1.3 Warm temperatures in the Mozambican channel (2), high moisture content from the ocean (2) 2.1.4. strong winds (2), torrential rainfall (2), flooding (2), rough seas(2) 2.1.5 loss of temperature (2), loss of moisture(2), friction(2) 2.1.6 IMPACT ON ECONOMY Damage to infrastructure which is costly to repair (2) Damage to beachfront properties which would negatively affect tourism and the economy (2) Loss of crops which leads to food shortages, higher prices and food imports (2) Loss of fertile soil leads to increase in production costs and rise in food prices (2) Less income generated by farms (2) Industries that depend on the primary sector for a supply of raw materials are adversely/negatively affected and have to close temporarily (2) Disruption to water and electricity supply due to damaged cables and burst pipes (2) Increase in health care costs due to outbreak of diseases (2) Increase in insurance claims and cost as a result of storm damage (2) Job losses (2) IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT [ALSO ACCEPT HUMAN MADE ENVIRONMENT] Loss of valuable topsoil (2) Disruption of biodiversity (2) Coastal wetlands are destroyed (2) Food chains are disrupted (2) Pesticides and insecticides used on farms are washed into rivers and dams (2) Destruction of aquatic systems (2) 3

Natural vegetation destroyed (2) Flood water creates new streams/increases drainage density (2) Waste material washed into oceans (2) [ALSO ACCEPT POSITIVE IMPACTS] Anti cyclones Solutions. 1.1.1 A (South Atlantic High) (1) . 1.1.2 B (Kalahari High) (1) 1.1.3 B (Kalahari High) (1) 1.1.4 A (South Atlantic High) (1) . 1.1.5 B (Kalahari High) (1) 1.1.6 C (South Indian High) (1) 1.1.7 A (South Atlantic High) (1) . Solutions 1.2.1 A: South Atlantic Anticyclone (1) or St Helena High (1) B: Kalahari Anticyclone (1) or Continental High (1) C: South Indian Anticyclone (1) or Mauritius High (1) 1.2.2 1.2.3The Kalahari high is well developed in winter since temperatures are low. 4

Strong subsidence air occurs in the interior and an inversion layer develops below the escarpment. Moist air ridging in from the Indian Ocean is prevented from penetrating into the plateau leading to little or no rainfall occurring in the interior. Thus clear and stable air prevails over the interior in winter. 4 x 2 (8) Line thunderstorm Solutions 1.1.1 Summer (1) 1.1.2 South Atlantic High/South Atlantic Anticyclone/St. Helena High (1) South Indian High/South Indian Anticyclone/Mauritius High (1) 1.1.3 Gale force winds/Strong winds/Turbulence (1) Cumulonimbus clouds/Overcast/Cloudy (1) High humidity (1) Forms of precipitation: Hail (1) Heavy rainfall (1) Lightning/ Thunder (1) [ANY TWO] . 1.1.4 Displaced along with the north-easterly movement of the line thunderstorm 1.1.5 EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF LINE THUNDERSTORMS ON FARMING ACTIVITIES IN THE INTERIOR Torrential rainfall can result in floods (2) Torrential rainfall can damage crops (2) Soil nutrients leach lower down the soil profile making soil less fertile (2) Valuable nutrients in the soil are washed away (2) Valuable crop yields are lost (2) Lightening can result in fires which can destroy crop yields (2) Gale force winds can destroy crops (2) It will kill animals/Animals will die (2) Land available for agriculture is destroyed (2) Rain for crops (2) Rain for irrigation purposes (2) [ANY FOUR - ACCEPT OTHER REASONABLE ANSWERS - POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACTS MAY BE ACCEPTED] Temperature Inversions Solutions: 1.1.1Air temperature INCREASES with an INCREASE in altitude (height) (1) WARM air is found above the COLD air in the valley (1) [CONCEPT] 1.1.2Katabatic wind/Downslope wind/Gravity winds 5

1.1.3 After sunset, the valley slopes cool down through terrestrial radiation throughout the night (2) Air in contact with the valley slopes cools down (2) Cold air sinks under the influence of the force of gravity (2) Cold heavy dense air will sink (2) [ANY ONE] 1.1.4Cool air subsides to the valley floor (2) Warm air that rises is cooled down to dew point temperature (2) Air at the bottom of the valley condenses (2) [ANY TWO] 1.1.5 Impact on Farming Katabatic wind at night causes cold air to move down slope, causing a frost pocket to develop in the valley (2) Frost resistant crops are grown on the valley floor (2) The cold conditions and FROST kill pests (2) Cold conditions suits the growing conditions of these crops (2) The crops that are not frost resistant cannot be planted on the valley floor/ die (2) Acid rain can damage crops (2) Impact on Settlements Valley floor is cold and damp and therefore not suitable for settlement development (2) Smog (pollution) is trapped by the descending colder air (2) This leads to respiratory problems (such as asthma) (2) Visibility is reduced (2) The rate of accidents increase (2) Acid rain can damage buildings (2) [ANY FOUR. MUST REFER TO BOTH ASPECTS. CAN INCLUDE POSITIVE ASPECTS. ACCEPT OTHER REASONABLE ANSWERS] (4 x 2) (8) URBAN HEAT ISLAND Solutions 1.2.1 Isotherms (1) 1.2.2 Warmer/ Higher in the CBD (2) Cooler/ Lower in the rural area (2) Between 8ºC and 12ºC (2) [ANY ONE] 1.2.3 Larger surface area that can be heated (2) Heat trapped between buildings due to high building density (2) Tall buildings prevents wind from removing heat out of the city (2) Early in the morning/late afternoon sun`s rays hit buildings at 90° angle concentrating heat on the buildings (2) Material used to construct tall buildings absorb more heat (2) More heat is trapped inside the buildings (2) Air conditioning and lighting generate more heat (2) [EMPHASIS ON TALL BUILDINGS] [ANY ONE] 1.2.4 There is a cluster of high rise buildings away from the original CBD which results in an irregular shape (2) More vegetation in the surrounding rural area which lowers the temperatures as you move away from the original CBD (2) Isotherms follows the profile of the city (2) [ANY TWO] 1.2.5 (a) Cities have less water bodies (dams/lakes/rivers etc.) (2) Fewer plants/vegetation in urban areas thus less evapo-transpiration (2) Water removed from cities by storm water drainage (2) Artificial surfaces drain water out of cities (2) 6

(b) More heat in cities thus more convection which encourages the build-up of precipitation (2) More pollution in cities allows for more hygroscopic nuclei in cities (2) Higher pressure in surrounding rural areas will result in convergence of air in CBD with lower pressure (2) Large scale upliftment of warm air results in convergence thunderstorms (2) Solutions 1.3.1 4°C 1.3.2 Geometric shapes of buildings increases surface area for heating (2) Building density traps heat (2) Steel and concrete surfaces that absorb heat (2) Multiple reflection of heat (2) Heat generating activities e.g. cars, air conditioners (2) Less plants/vegetation in city centre to reduce heat (2) Pollutants above city trap/prevent heat from escaping (2) Tall buildings prevent circulation (2) Less evaporation because of fewer water surfaces (2) [ALSO ACCEPT ANSWERS FROM OPPOSITE PERSPECTIVE: RURAL AREAS/FARMLAND/FORESTS] 1.3.3 Heat island/heat dome/thermal dome. 1.3.4 Most pronounced/developed at night because air is subsiding (2) High temperatures during the day lead to rising convection currents (2) and therefore has a greater vertical dimension (2) Colder air subsides at night time therefore lies lower at night (2) Fewer urban activities (or examples of) at night time that releases heat over the city centre therefore the pollution dome subside (2) Inversion close to earth surface at night time (2) 1.3.5 Heat released from urban areas/presence of rising convection currents (2) Temperatures are high/35°C (2) Vertical extent/height/ of pollution dome is higher than the tallest buildings (2) GEOMORPHOLOGY SOLUTIONS: 1.1.1 C 1.1.2 C 1.1.3 B 1.1.4 A 1.1.5 C 1.1.6 B 1.1.7 C 1.1.8 A Solutions 1.2.1 I 1.2.2 H 1.2.3 D 1.2.4 A 1.2.5 G 7

1.2.6 C 1.2.7 B 1.2.8 F SOLUTIONS 1.3.1 Watershed / water divide 1.3.2 Interfluve 1.3.3 Source 1.3.4 Confluence 1.3.5 Tributary/Stream 1.3.6 Lower 1.3.7 Mouth SOLUTIONS: 1.4.1 Upper Course. 1.4.2 source. 1.4.3 vertical/downwards. 1.4.4 waterfall. 1.4.5 heardward erosion. 1.4.6 undercut slope. 1.4.7 ungraded slope. SOLUTIONS 1.5.1 Drainage basin 1.5.2 Run-off /overland flow/surface run-off 1.5.3 Watershed 1.5.4 River mouth 1.5.5 Infiltration SOLUTIONS: 1.6.1 Longitudinal/long profile 1.6.2 Ungraded (1) 1.6.3 Upper/Youthful/Torrent/Mountain 1.6.4 Downstream 1.6.5 Sea 1.6.6 Knickpoint/waterfall/barrier 1.6.7 Upstream SOLUTIONS 1.7.1 A river becomes active again and the downward erosive power is renewed . 1.7.2 A - valley within a valley (1) B - River terraces 1.7.3 It indicates where the old and new erosion level occurs/the point where rejuvenation started (2) 8

1.7.4 The depth of the river increases on the cross profile (2) It will become more narrow at the base (2) 1.7.5 Downward erosion is dominant; it cuts a new deep steep sided valley (2) Headward erosion cuts back into hard rock (2) Increased downward erosion cuts into the landscape (2) 1.7.6 Rapids for white river rafting (2) Extreme sports/adventure tourism (2) Appreciation of natural features such as gorge, waterfall, rapids (2) Aesthetically pleasing (2) SOLUTIONS 1.8.1 Headward erosion (2) 1.8.2 Captor stream is a river that captures waters of another river (2) [Concept] 1.8.3 X (2) 1.8.4 It has high volume of water (2) It is on a steeper gradient (2) It flows on less resistant rock (2) Increase in rainfall (2) [Any TWO] 1.8.5 Starts drying up (2) Flows in valley much bigger than the amount of water it carries (2) [Any ONE] 1.8.6 PHYSICAL IMPACT The captured river will lose its source of water (2) 2It will end up being too small for its valley/misfit stream (2) Ultimately the river will dry up (2) ECONOMIC IMPACT It will negatively affect agriculture due to lack of water (2) Cultivated lands will only be found at the elbow of capture (2) Farmers on the side of the captured steam will stop farming (2) Industrial activities cannot be practiced there due to lack of water (2) Less food will be produced (2) Economy will be negatively affected (2) Less income for farming and industrial activities (2) [Any SIX. Accept other reasonable answers. MUST refer at least ONCE to physical or economic impact] SOLUTIONS 1.9.1 Superimposed drainage River now flows on older uncovered rocks which are uncovered by erosion (1) 9

River is younger than the landscape over which it flows (1) [CONCEPT] Antecedent drainage River flows on a young landscape which is altered by tectonic forces (1) River is older than the landscape over which it flows (1) 1.9.2 The river erodes downwards (vertical erosion) into the original surface to reach the underlying rock layers (2) The rate of down cutting of the river is faster than the rate at which the current rock layer is exposed (2) 1.9.3 Both rivers maintain their original course (2) 1.9.4 Folding (2) 1.9.5 The rate of down cutting by the river is equal to the rate of upliftment / there is a balance between the two processes (2) 1.9.6 High lying ridges form infrastructure obstructions (2) Building roads and railways would be more expensive (2) The landscape is hilly and it is difficult to use machinery (2) The building costs of houses will be higher (2) [ANY TWO] SOLUTIONS 1.10.1 Pipeline depositing untreated sewage water into the river (1) Sign warning against untreated sewage (1) The waste disposal/litter along the river (1) There is a human settlement that suggests pollution (1) Human habitation suggests disposal of domestic waste (1) Use of river for bathing, washing clothes etc (1) 1.10.2 People will be more susceptible to water borne diseases e.g. cholera/ contaminated water increases risk of diseases for people living along this section of the river (2) People living along this section of the river system are low income earners who generally cannot afford health care (2) Less clean/pure water can reduce crop growth (2) Polluted water contaminates soil and reduces soil fertility (2) Polluted water can make animals sick (2) 1.10.3 Provide basic services like piped/tapped water for people living along a river (2) Supply bins and provide regular waste collection services (2) 10

Recycling bins and containers (2) Have a buffer zone for human activities along the river (2) Purify sewage before dumping into the river (2) Fines for dumping waste into rivers (2) Constant monitoring of water quality (2) Increased education/awareness campaigns (2) [ANY FOUR - ACCEPT OTHER REASONABLE ANSWERS] SETTLEMENTS Solutions 1.1.1 rural 1.1.2 village 1.1.3 flat land 1.1.4 machines 1.1.5 nucleated 1.1.6 grains 1.1.7 unifunction Solutions 1.2.1 A 1.2.2 B 1.2.3 A 1.2.4 B 1.2.5 A 1.2.6 B 1.2.7 B 1.2.8 B Solutions 1.3.1 Dry Point Settlement 1.3.2 Isolated/Dispersed 1.3.3 Buildings are grouped together and located close to one another 1.3.4 It is located next to a water source (the dam) 1.3.5 Gap Town/Gateway (1) Village (1) Nucleated/compact (1) any example of a gap town (1) 1.3.6 The road network (a T-junction) 1.3.7 Linear (1) Solutions: 1.5.1 The movement of people from rural to urban areas (1) [CONCEPT] 1.5.2 Natural disasters (floods and droughts) (2) Overgrazing, poor farming methods and soil erosion (2) 11

Lack of jobs (2) Lack of entertainment (2) Lack of services such as electricity, housing, transport, health, education (2) Mechanisation of farms (2) Lower standard of living (2) High production costs (2) Low economic outputs (2) Crime in rural areas (2) [ANY FOUR - ACCEPT OTHER REASONABLE ANSWERS - POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACTS MAY BE ACCEPTED] 1.5.3 Implementation of the RDP (Programme that provides essential services to the rural areas) (2) Industrial decentralisation to provide people in the rural areas with work (2) Tourism and recreational areas to encourage people to visit and stay in rural areas (2) Basic Needs Philosophy provides rural people with their basic needs, such as water, housing, education, health, etc. (2) Implementation of GEAR (Growth, Employment, and Redistribution) in rural areas (2) Implementation of NDP (National Development Plan) Provide training courses to improve skills in farming (2) Attract retired people to live here (2) Attract commuters to live here (2) Festivals in rural towns (2) Attract people who do not want to work in an office in the city (2) 1.5.4 Housing People assume quality housing exists in cities (2) Local government cannot provide enough quality housing (2) Many informal settlements exist (2) Houses of inferior quality in informal settlements (2) Overcrowding in available accommodation (2) Employment opportunities People assume more employment opportunities are found in cities (2) Immigrants not qualified for existing jobs (2) Forced into the informal sector (2) 12

Often only low income jobs available (2) Competition for jobs as a result of influx into cities (2) Forced into prostitution/crime/gangsterism (2) SOLUTIONS. 1.1.1 Rural-urban migration 1.1.2 Natural disasters, e.g. floods and droughts in rural areas (2) Overgrazing rural areas (2) Poor farming methods rural areas (2) Low production rural areas (2) High production costs in rural areas (2) Lack of services rural areas (2) Mechanisation which led to fewer jobs rural areas (2) Low wages rural areas (2) Unsafe/farm killings rural areas (2) Lack of entertainment/boredom rural areas (2) More jobs in urban areas (2) Higher wages in urban areas (2) Better infrastructure in urban areas (2) Improved services in urban areas (2) Higher standard of living in urban areas (2) More entertainment in urban areas (2) [Any ONE. Accept others. MUST qualify urban area for pull factors e.g. cannot only write more jobs] 1.1.3 Decrease in production (2) Less income from farming (2) Spending power reduced/businesses close down (2) Fewer investments made (2) Economy decreases/stagnates (2) Living standards decline (2) Provision of services deteriorate (2) Older people remain behind/ economically they are less productive (2) Could become ghost towns (2) Loss of skills/brain drain (2) [Any THREE. Accept other reasonable answers] 1.1.4 Developed (2) 1.1.5 Values, traditions and customs break down (2) Increase in substance abuse/prostitution etc./moral decay (2) Increase in levels of crime (2) 13

Insufficient services (2) Increase in air (2) and noise (2) pollution Waste management becomes uncontrollable (2) Lack of housing leads to growth of informal settlements (2) Lack of purified water and sewage facilities lead to hygienic problems (2) Rapid spread of diseases (2) Traffic congestion (2) Commercial activities move to suburbs (2) Buildings deteriorate/fall in state of ill reparation (2) Vagrants/homeless move into buildings (2) More unemployment (2) Increases in informal trading (2) [ACCEPT POSITIVE IMPACTS] [Any SIX. Accept other reasonable answers] Solutions 2.1.1 rural 2.1.2 village 2.1.3 flat land 2.1.4 machines 2.1.5 nucleated 2.1.6 grains 2.1.7 unifuntional Solutions 1.3.1 A 1.3.2 B 1.3.3 A 1.3.4 B 1.3.5 A 1.3.6 B 1.3.7 B 1.3.8 B Solutions 1.4.1 Dry Point Settlement 1.4.2 Isolated/Dispersed 1.4.3 Buildings are grouped together and located close to one another 1.4.4 It is located next to a water source (the dam) 1.4.5 Gap Town/Gateway (1) Village (1) Nucleated/compact (1) Any example of a gap town (1) 1.4.6 The road network (a T-junction) 1.4.7 Linear (1) 14

Solutions: 1.5.1 The movement of people from rural to urban areas (1) [CONCEPT] 1.5.2 Natural disasters (floods and droughts) (2) Overgrazing, poor farming methods and soil erosion (2) Lack of jobs (2) Lack of entertainment (2) Lack of services such as electricity, housing, transport, health, education (2) Mechanisation of farms (2) Lower standard of living (2) High production costs (2) Low economic outputs (2) Crime in rural areas (2) [ANY FOUR - ACCEPT OTHER REASONABLE ANSWERS - POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACTS MAY BE ACCEPTED] 1.5.3 Implementation of the RDP (Programme that provides essential services to the rural areas) (2) Industrial decentralisation to provide people in the rural areas with work (2) Tourism and recreational areas to encourage people to visit and stay in rural areas (2) Basic Needs Philosophy provides rural people with their basic needs, such as water, housing, education, health, etc. (2) Implementation of GEAR (Growth, Employment, and Redistribution) in rural areas (2) Implementation of NDP (National Development Plan) Provide training courses to improve skills in farming (2) Attract retired people to live here (2) Attract commuters to live here (2) Festivals in rural towns (2) Attract people who do not want to work in an office in the city (2) 1.5.4 Housing People assume quality housing exists in cities (2) Local government cannot provide enough quality housing (2) Many informal settlements exist (2) Houses of inferior quality in informal settlements (2) Overcrowding in available accommodation (2) 15

Employment opportunities People assume more employment opportunities are found in cities (2) Immigrants not qualified for existing jobs (2) Forced into the informal sector (2) Often only low income jobs available (2) Competition for jobs as a result of influx into cities (2) Forced into prostitution/crime/gangsterism (2) SOLUTIONS 1.6.1 Circular/round 1.6.2 Access to the village is restricted when the river floods (2) Not all cultivated areas have access to the river (2) Quality of roads affects transport (2) Farmer bound to communal decisions (2) 1.6.3 The village green provides a market for the cultivated crops (2) Access to the transportation networks (roads) for some of the farmers (2) Access to the river for some of the farmers will enable irrigation (2) [ANY ONE] 1.6.4 Implementation of land reform policies (2) Provision of farming subsidies by the government (2) Improved rural infrastructure and service delivery (2) Land tenure to be designed for eventual ownership (2) Agricultural schools to sustain development and growth in farming capacity (2) Skills development and training of farmers on scientific methods of farming (2) Cooperative techniques can be used to improve crop yields and profits (2) [ANY FOUR] 1.7 Refer to the FIGURE below which is based on central places. Solutions: 1.7.1 A settlement that provides urban goods and services to a surrounding area (1) [CONCEPT] 1.7.2 Trade of farm products (1) 1.7.3 The smaller the central place, the more the number of central places (2) OR The larger the central place, the less the number of central places (2) 1.7.4 High order services are more expensive and specialised (like specialist doctors) and people need to and are willing to travel further distances to take advantage or benefit from such a service (2) Low order services are less expensive and include everyday conveniences (like buying bread and milk), people travel short distances to access these basics (2) [ANY TWO] 1.7.5 (a) The higher the order of service, the higher the threshold population (2) OR The lower the order of service, the lower the threshold population (2) 16

[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) (b) If a high order service is established in an area with a low threshold population, the business or service will not have a large enough client or support base(2) It will close down or become bankrupt (2) [ANY FOUR. ACCEPT OTHER REASONABLE ANSWERS. MUST REFER TO BOTH ASPECTS. MUST ACCEPT ANSWERS FOR TRUE FACTORS] Solutions 1.8.1 Heavy industrial zone 1.8.2 Transition zone 1.8.3 Transition zone 1.8.4 CBD 1.8.5 Light industry 1.8.6 Rural urban fringe 1.8.7 Residential zone/Rural-urban-fringe (1) Solutions 1.9.1 Overconcentration (too many) of vehicles on the road (1) 1.9.2 Air pollution (1) Noise pollution (1) Global warming (1) Acid rain (1) Reduced visibility (1) Destruction/damage of roads e.g.potholes (1) [ANY ONE] 1.9.3 There was an increase in the hours of delay per person (2) An increase, then a decrease, then an increase, then constant (2) [Accept specific trends on graph for each year] 1982 – 1984: increase 1984 – 1988: decrease 1988 - 1990: increase (2) Full description; NOT PER YER GROUP 1990 – 1992: decrease 1992 – 2008: increase 2008+: constant [ANY ONE] 1.9.4 In 2010 there were more private vehicles as compared to 1982 (2) Rural-urban migration has escalated (2) Urban growth (2) Increase in commuter population (2) Unreliable public transport (2) 17

[ANY ONE] 1.9.5 They arrive late at work (2) Related impacts e.g. lose jobs/salary/decrease in productivity/deductions (2) Time wastage due to being delayed in traffic (2) High fuel consumption (2) Anger and frustration/Road rage/Accidents (2) Impact on health/Stress/Exposure to pollution (2) [ANY TWO - ACCEPT OTHER REASONABLE ANSWERS] 1.9.6 Improve public means of transport (2) Park and ride systems (2) Lift clubs (2) Impose high parking fees to private cars in the city (2) Establishment of cycle lanes (2) One-way streets to speed up traffic flow (2) Decentralise offices and shops (commercial decentralisation) (2) Working flexitime (2) Synchronised robots (2) Traffic points man/officers at more intersections (2) Closing certain lanes during peak hours (2) Building outer ring roads (2) Traffic circles (2) Traffic monitors through radio stations/helicopters (2) Increase the number of lanes (2) Adjust traffic flow according to traffic density and times (2) Tolling (2) [ANY TWO - ACCEPT ANY OTHER REASONABLE ANSWERS] (2 x 2) Solutions. 1.10.1 Hoyt/Sector Model 1.10.2 Low income residential 1.10.3 At A it is higher because the demand for land is higher (2) It is more accessible (2) Higher rentals because it has a commercial function (2) 1.10.4 High levels of noise(2) High pollution levels (2) 1.10.5 Sector CBD is centrally located (2) City is built on flat land (2) Land use zones in the shape of sectors/wedges radiating from the CBD (2) Transport systems are easily and equally accessible across the city (2) Well defined socio-economic areas (lower; middle and higher income) (2) 18

South African City Influenced by the western capitalist model of private property (2) High land values based on preferred locations (2) Colonial heritage has influenced many SA cities (2) Apartheid town planning played a major role in creating segregated and unequal cities (2) Buffer zones exist between various residential areas (2) The location of the CBD varies; sometimes centrally located at others based on accessibility (2) Transport routes also play a role in the development of some cities. [ANY FOUR. MUST REFER TO BOTH] Solution 1.11.1 Sector model/Hoyt (2) 1.11.2 Concentric pattern with wedges expanding outwards (2) Sectors develop along main routes (2) The CBD has a circular shape (2) [Any ONE] 1.11.3 Access is difficult (2) Lack of parking spaces (2) Overcrowded (2) High rentals (2) Pollution (2) Dilapidated/Falling to pieces (2) High crime rate (2) Inhabited by immigrants/vagrants (2) [Any THREE] 1.11.4 HIGH INCOME RESIDENTIAL AREAS: Large plots of land (2) Low density (2) Close to recreational areas (2) Usually away from CBD and industries (2) LOW INCOME RESIDENTIAL AREAS: High density (2) Close to work/CBD/industries (2) Close to public transport (2) [ANY TWO. Must refer to both] 1.11.5 Centrifugal forces drive people and businesses away from the CBD (2) People are put off by (only ONE example needed): pollution, traffic congestion, lack of space for expansion, high land values, high rates and taxes and inner-city decay (2) Centripetal forces attract people businesses towards the CBD (2) Functional convenience – some people find it convenient to live in apartments/flats close to the shops, government offices and other facilities in the CBD (2) 19

Functional prestige – Traditionally the CBD has been a prestigious area to do business in, so new businesses have usually sought out locations there (2) Functional magnetism – certain functions benefit each other and therefore locate close to each other in the CBD (2) Example: a shop that sells women’s shoes to be located near a women’s clothing store (2) Land values determines where some land uses locate, e.g. the high land values in the CBD discourages residences but attract commercial functions (2) Accessibility(how easily a place can be reached) – the CBD has the highest level of accessibility (2) Heavy industries locate close to transport routes (2) Specialised requirements – industries locate close to a source of water or flat land which makes construction easier (2) Compatibility is the degree to which functions attract each other or repel each other (2) Example: High income residential areas do not locate close to industries because they are incompatible (2) Recreational facilities and residential areas are compatible (2) [ANY SIX. Accept other. May discuss ONE factor in detail or have generalised discussion] 6x2 (12) SOLUTIONS: 1.12.1 The increase in the percentage of people living in urban areas (2) [Concept] 1.12.2 Kinshasa (2) 1.12.3 Economical: Employment opportunities (2) Good infrastructure (2) Social: Higher standard of living (2) Good service delivery (2) Entertainment facilities (2) 1.12.4 Increase in levels of crime (2) Insufficient services (2) Increase in air pollution (2) Increase in noise pollution (2) Waste management becomes uncontrollable (2) Lack of housing leads to growth of informal settlements (2) More homeless people (2) Lack of purified water and sewage facilities lead to hygienic problems (2) Rapid spread of diseases (2) Traffic congestion (2) Deterioration of infrastructure (2) Uncontrolled growth of city/urban sprawl (2) SOLUTIONS 20

1.13.1 Urbanisation is the process whereby the percentage of people living in the urban area increases (1) 1.13.2 Approximately 60% 1.13.3 The natural population growth (1) and Further migration of people to cities (1) 1.13.4 Overcrowding (1) Traffic congestion (1) Over utilisation of urban infrastructure (2) Higher levels of unemployment (1) Higher levels of poverty (1) Higher levels of crime (1) Increase in anti-social behaviour (1) 1.13.5 (a) Landlords neglect the maintenance of their buildings (2) Oversubscribed tenants/sub-renting(2) Tenants neglect the upkeep of buildings (2) [ANY TWO. ACCEPT OTHERS] (2 x 2) (b) Urban renewal through restoration (2) Revamping of community services and amenities (2) By laws to deal with delinquent landlords (2) City Improvement Districts (CIDs), where a whole area of a city is improved to create a better environment (2) ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY SOLUTIONS 3.5.1. the total goods and services produced in a country in a year. 3.5.2. 6,4% 3.5.3. Tertiary economic sector Solutions 1.1 B 1.2 C 1.3 A 1.4 E 1.5 D Solutions 2.1.1 A-PWV B- Durban Pinetown C- South western cape 2.1.2 A-Iron and steel industries, chemical industries 2.1.3 Durban provide hydro- electricity, availability of coal 21

Access to foreign market, large domestic market 2.1.4 imbalance in terms of development Traffic congestion Overuse of resources Pollution (water,air, land) /+ 22