Economics Grade 10 Paper 2 November Mock 2026 Memo (English)

hlayiso mock exams Practice Series: Grade 10 Exam Preparation WWW.HLAYISO.COM NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 10 ECONOMICS P2 NOVEMBER EXAMINATION 2026 (MOCK) MARKING GUIDELINES MARKS: 150 These marking guidelines consist of 17 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Economics/P2 2 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines PRINCIPLES FOR MARKING ECONOMICS (HLAYISO MOCK 2026) • Mark ALL responses in the candidate’s script, whether correct or incorrect. • Where a candidate gives more responses than required: in Section A mark the FIRST response only; in 2.1.1, 3.1.1 and 4.1.1 mark the first TWO responses only; in Sections B and C (choice questions) mark only the required number of questions and write EXTRA on any additional question. • Use ONE tick (✓) for each mark awarded, placed at the fact being credited. Use a neat cross for incorrect responses. • One-word answers are acceptable for: list, name, state, identify. FULL sentences are required for: describe, explain, evaluate, analyse, suggest, differentiate, distinguish, define, discuss, why, how. The words provide, what, tabulate, identify and give are read in context. • Calculations: 3 marks for the method/workings and 1 mark for the correct final answer. • Graphs: marks are awarded for correctly labelled axes, curves, shifts and equilibrium points as indicated. • Accept responses that are correct and relevant but expressed differently. Spelling errors are not penalised if the meaning is clear. • In multiple-choice questions, accept the correct answer written in words instead of the letter. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Economics/P2 3 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION A (COMPULSORY) QUESTION 1 30 MARKS – 20 MINUTES 1.1 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.1.1 C – world (global) ✓✓ 1.1.2 B – a decrease in the quantity demanded ✓✓ 1.1.3 C – resources are underutilised (unemployed) ✓✓ 1.1.4 B – complementary ✓✓ 1.1.5 B – monopoly ✓✓ 1.1.6 B – shortage ✓✓ 1.1.7 D – structural ✓✓ 1.1.8 A – Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration ✓✓ (8 x 2) (16) 1.2 MATCHING ITEMS 1.2.1 G – the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to buy at a given price during a period ✓ 1.2.2 B – the price at which the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied ✓ 1.2.3 D – goods that can be used in place of one another, e.g. butter and margarine ✓ 1.2.4 F – a price that the government sets above the equilibrium price ✓ 1.2.5 E – an organisation of workers that protects and promotes the interests of its members ✓ 1.2.6 A – a temporary refusal by workers to work in order to put pressure on an employer ✓ 1.2.7 H – measures that give previously disadvantaged groups equal opportunities in the workplace ✓ 1.2.8 C – short-term unemployment that occurs when workers move from one job to another ✓ (8 x 1) (8) 1.3 GIVE THE TERM 1.3.1 Normal good ✓ 1.3.2 Subsidy ✓ 1.3.3 Lockout ✓ 1.3.4 Discouraged work seekers ✓ 1.3.5 Land restitution ✓ 1.3.6 Perfect market (perfect competition) ✓ (6 x 1) (6) [30] TOTAL SECTION A: 30 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Economics/P2 4 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION B QUESTION 2: MICROECONOMICS 40 MARKS – 30 MINUTES 2.1.1 Name any TWO types of markets according to what is traded in them. • Goods (product/consumer) market ✓ • Factor market (e.g. labour market) ✓ • Financial market (money and capital markets) ✓ • Foreign exchange market ✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2 x 1) (2) 2.1.2 Why does the supply curve slope upwards from left to right? At higher prices producers can earn higher profits and cover the higher costs of producing more, so they are willing to supply larger quantities (law of supply) ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (1 x 2) (2) 2.2.1 Identify the equilibrium price of tomatoes. R40 per box ✓ (1) 2.2.2 What market situation exists at a price of R60 per box? Surplus/Excess supply (of 600 boxes) ✓ (1) 2.2.3 Briefly describe the term market equilibrium. The situation in a market where the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied, so that there is no tendency for the price to change ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 2.2.4 Explain what will happen to the price when there is a shortage. The price will increase, because buyers compete for the limited quantity and sellers raise prices until the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied again ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 2.2.5 Calculate the shortage at a price of R20 per box. Shortage = quantity demanded – quantity supplied = 900 – 300 ✓ ✓ ✓ = 600 boxes ✓ (4) 2.3.1 Identify the point that is unattainable. G ✓ (1) 2.3.2 Name the point that shows underutilised resources. F ✓ (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Economics/P2 5 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.3.3 Briefly describe the term production possibility curve. A curve that shows all the possible combinations of two goods that an economy can produce when all its resources are fully and efficiently used, with a given level of technology ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 2.3.4 Explain why the PPC is concave (bowed outwards). Resources are not equally suitable for producing both goods, so as more bicycles are produced, more and more maize must be given up for each extra bicycle (increasing opportunity cost) ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 2.3.5 Calculate the opportunity cost of producing 20 000 more bicycles (C to D). Opportunity cost = maize at C – maize at D = 70 000 tons – 40 000 tons ✓ ✓ ✓ = 30 000 tons of maize ✓ (Accept: 1,5 tons of maize per bicycle) (4) 2.4 Distinguish between a change in quantity demanded and a change in demand. Change in quantity demanded ✓ • It is caused by a change in the price of the good itself, ceteris paribus ✓✓ • It is shown by a movement along the same demand curve ✓✓ • A decrease in price leads to an increase in quantity demanded (expansion/extension of demand) ✓✓ • An increase in price leads to a decrease in quantity demanded (contraction of demand) ✓✓ (Max. 4) Change in demand ✓ • It is caused by a change in factors other than the price of the good, e.g. income, tastes or the prices of related goods ✓✓ • It is shown by a shift of the whole demand curve ✓✓ • An increase in demand shifts the curve to the right; more is demanded at every price ✓✓ • A decrease in demand shifts the curve to the left; less is demanded at every price ✓✓ (Max. 4) (Accept any other correct relevant response) (A maximum of 4 marks may be allocated for mere listing of facts/examples) (2 x 4) (8) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Economics/P2 6 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.5 How do government subsidies on basic foodstuffs benefit consumers and producers? Consumers • Subsidised food is cheaper, so poor households can afford more basic food ✓✓ • The real income of households increases because less of their income is spent on food ✓✓ • Better access to food improves nutrition and health, especially of children ✓✓ Producers • Subsidies lower the cost of production, so producers can increase their supply ✓✓ • Producers can earn higher profits and stay in business, e.g. small farmers ✓✓ • Local producers can compete better against cheaper imports ✓✓ • Higher production creates more jobs in agriculture and food processing ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (A maximum of 2 marks may be allocated for mere listing of facts/examples) (4 x 2) (8) [40] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Economics/P2 7 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 3: CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC ISSUES 40 MARKS – 30 MINUTES 3.1.1 Name any TWO types of unemployment. • Structural unemployment ✓ • Cyclical unemployment ✓ • Frictional unemployment ✓ • Seasonal unemployment ✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2 x 1) (2) 3.1.2 Why do trade unions take part in collective bargaining? Workers who negotiate as a group have more bargaining power than individual workers, so the union can obtain better wages and working conditions for its members ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (1 x 2) (2) 3.2.1 Identify the age group with the highest unemployment rate. 15–24 years ✓ (1) 3.2.2 Name the organisation that publishes official unemployment statistics. Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) ✓ (1) 3.2.3 Briefly describe the term unemployment rate. The number of unemployed people expressed as a percentage of the labour force (economically active population) ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 3.2.4 Explain why young people find it more difficult to find jobs. Many young people lack work experience and the skills that employers need, so employers prefer to appoint older, experienced workers ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 3.2.5 How can the government reduce youth unemployment? • By giving employers tax incentives (e.g. the Employment Tax Incentive) to employ young people ✓✓ • By funding learnerships, internships and apprenticeships that give young people work experience ✓✓ • By improving the quality of education and expanding TVET colleges so that the youth gain relevant skills ✓✓ • By supporting young entrepreneurs with finance and training, e.g. through the National Youth Development Agency ✓✓ • By employing young people in public employment programmes, e.g. the EPWP ✓✓ • By providing career guidance and job-placement services ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2 x 2) (4) 3.3.1 Identify the wage increase demanded by the trade union. 12% ✓ (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Economics/P2 8 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.3.2 Name the Act that regulates strikes and collective bargaining. Labour Relations Act (LRA) ✓ (1) 3.3.3 Briefly describe the term collective bargaining. Negotiations between trade unions (representing workers) and employers or employers’ organisations about wages and conditions of employment ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 3.3.4 Explain how the strike negatively affected commuters. Commuters had to pay more for other transport (e.g. taxis) and many arrived late or could not get to work and school, which reduced their disposable income and productivity ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 3.3.5 Calculate the driver’s new monthly wage after the 7% increase. 7 New wage = R18 000 + ( × R18 000) ✓ 100 = R18 000 + R1 260 ✓ ✓ = R19 260 ✓ (Accept: R18 000 × 1,07 = R19 260) (4) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Economics/P2 9 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.4 Briefly discuss the Basic Conditions of Employment Act and the Employment Equity Act. Basic Conditions of Employment Act (BCEA) ✓ • It sets the minimum conditions of employment that employers must comply with ✓✓ • It limits ordinary working hours to a maximum of 45 hours per week and regulates overtime and overtime pay ✓✓ • It provides for annual leave, sick leave, family responsibility leave and maternity leave ✓✓ • It prohibits the employment of children under the age of 15 and forced labour ✓✓ • It regulates notice periods and severance pay when employment is terminated ✓✓ (Max. 4) Employment Equity Act (EEA) ✓ • It aims to eliminate unfair discrimination in the workplace, e.g. on the basis of race, gender or disability ✓✓ • It requires affirmative action measures for designated groups, i.e. black people, women and people with disabilities ✓✓ • Designated employers must draw up employment equity plans and submit reports to the Department of Employment and Labour ✓✓ • It promotes equal pay for work of equal value ✓✓ (Max. 4) (Accept any other correct relevant response) (A maximum of 4 marks may be allocated for mere listing of facts/examples) (2 x 4) (8) 3.5 How can land reform help to reduce poverty in South Africa? • Land redistribution gives poor households access to land on which they can grow food, which improves food security ✓✓ • Beneficiaries can farm commercially and earn an income by selling their produce ✓✓ • New farms create jobs for people in rural communities ✓✓ • Restitution gives compensation (land or money) to people who were dispossessed, which increases their wealth ✓✓ • Secure title (tenure reform) allows people to use land as collateral to obtain loans ✓✓ • Land can be used for housing and small businesses ✓✓ • Support services (training, finance, equipment) for new farmers increase their productivity ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (A maximum of 2 marks may be allocated for mere listing of facts/examples) (4 x 2) (8) [40] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Economics/P2 10 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 4: MICROECONOMICS AND CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC ISSUES 40 MARKS – 30 MINUTES 4.1.1 Name any TWO characteristics of a perfect market. • Many buyers and sellers ✓ • Homogeneous (identical) products ✓ • Perfect (complete) information ✓ • Free entry into and exit from the market ✓ • Participants are price takers ✓ • Perfect mobility of factors of production ✓ • No collusion or government interference ✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2 x 1) (2) 4.1.2 Why may a minimum wage set above the equilibrium wage lead to unemployment? At the higher wage more people want to work but employers can afford to employ fewer workers, so the supply of labour exceeds the demand for labour and some workers remain unemployed ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (1 x 2) (2) 4.2.1 Identify the equilibrium price of bread. R20 ✓ (1) 4.2.2 Name ONE reason why the government sets maximum prices. • To make basic goods affordable to poor households ✓ • To protect consumers against exploitation by producers ✓ • To fight inflation ✓ • To ensure access to essential goods during emergencies/shortages ✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (1) 4.2.3 Briefly describe the term maximum price (price ceiling). The highest price, set by law by the government below the equilibrium price, at which a good may be sold ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 4.2.4 Explain why a black market may develop. The maximum price causes a shortage, so some consumers are willing to pay more than the legal price and goods are sold illegally at higher prices ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Economics/P2 11 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 4.2.5 How can the government deal with the shortage resulting from a maximum price? • By rationing the product, e.g. limiting the quantity each person may buy or using coupons ✓✓ • By paying subsidies to producers so that they increase the quantity supplied ✓✓ • By importing the product or releasing stockpiles to increase supply ✓✓ • By producing the product itself, e.g. through a state-owned enterprise ✓✓ • By raising or removing the maximum price over time ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2 x 2) (4) 4.3.1 Identify ONE social grant mentioned in the extract. • Child support grant ✓ • Old-age grant ✓ (1) 4.3.2 Name ONE cause of poverty in South Africa. • Unemployment ✓ • Low levels of education and skills ✓ • Low wages ✓ • The legacy of apartheid/unequal access to resources ✓ • Illness, e.g. HIV/AIDS ✓ • Large household sizes ✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (1) 4.3.3 Briefly describe the term absolute poverty. A situation in which a person’s income is too low to afford the basic needs for survival, such as food, clothing and shelter ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 4.3.4 Explain why social grants alone cannot remove poverty. Grants are small and cover only the most basic needs; they do not give people skills or jobs, and the government cannot keep increasing them because tax revenue is limited ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Economics/P2 12 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 4.3.5 How can the EPWP help to reduce poverty? • It provides temporary jobs and an income to unemployed people ✓✓ • Participants receive training and work experience, which improves their chances of finding permanent jobs ✓✓ • It builds and maintains infrastructure, e.g. roads, water pipes and schools, which improves living conditions in poor communities ✓✓ • It provides community services, e.g. home-based care and early childhood development ✓✓ • Income earned is spent in local communities, which supports local businesses ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2 x 2) (4) 4.4 Briefly discuss a monopoly and an oligopoly as types of imperfect markets. Monopoly ✓ • There is only one seller of the product ✓✓ • The product is unique and has no close substitutes ✓✓ • There are strong barriers to entry, e.g. patents, licences or control over raw materials ✓✓ • The monopolist is a price maker and can set the price or the quantity ✓✓ • Example: Eskom in the transmission of electricity ✓✓ (Max. 4) Oligopoly ✓ • There are only a few large sellers in the market ✓✓ • The products may be homogeneous (e.g. cement) or differentiated (e.g. cellphone services) ✓✓ • Firms are mutually dependent: the decisions of one firm affect the others ✓✓ • Firms rely on non-price competition, e.g. advertising, and may collude to fix prices ✓✓ • Example: the major banks or cellular network operators in South Africa ✓✓ (Max. 4) (Accept any other correct relevant response) (A maximum of 4 marks may be allocated for mere listing of facts/examples) (2 x 4) (8) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Economics/P2 13 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 4.5 How can SMMEs help to reduce unemployment in South Africa? • SMMEs are usually labour intensive and create many jobs for every rand invested ✓✓ • They are easy to start, so unemployed people can create their own jobs (self-employment) ✓✓ • They can employ unskilled and semi-skilled workers who struggle to find jobs in large firms ✓✓ • They operate in townships and rural areas where there are few other job opportunities ✓✓ • They supply goods and services to large firms (outsourcing), which creates further jobs ✓✓ • Successful SMMEs grow into larger businesses that employ more people ✓✓ • They give young people work experience and on-the-job training ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (A maximum of 2 marks may be allocated for mere listing of facts/examples) (4 x 2) (8) [40] TOTAL SECTION B: 80 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Economics/P2 14 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION C QUESTION 5: MICROECONOMICS 40 MARKS – 40 MINUTES Discuss in detail the factors (determinants) that influence the demand for and the supply of a product. (26 marks) With the aid of a correctly labelled graph, explain the effect of an increase in demand on the equilibrium price and quantity of a product. (10 marks) INTRODUCTION Demand is the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to buy at a given price during a specific period, while supply is the quantity that producers are willing and able to sell at a given price during a specific period. ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant introduction) (Max. 2) BODY: MAIN PART Factors that influence demand ✓ • Price of the product: when the price rises, the quantity demanded decreases and vice versa (law of demand) ✓✓ • Income of consumers: when income increases, the demand for normal goods increases; the demand for inferior goods decreases ✓✓ • Prices of related goods: if the price of a substitute (e.g. margarine) rises, the demand for butter increases; if the price of a complement (e.g. petrol) rises, the demand for cars decreases ✓✓ • Tastes and preferences: fashion, advertising and health trends increase or decrease demand ✓✓ • Size and composition of the population: a larger population increases demand; an ageing population increases the demand for health care ✓✓ • Expectations of future prices: if consumers expect prices to rise, they buy more now ✓✓ • Availability and cost of credit: lower interest rates increase the demand for durable goods ✓✓ • Seasons and weather: e.g. the demand for heaters increases in winter ✓✓ Factors that influence supply ✓ • Price of the product: when the price rises, producers supply more because it is more profitable (law of supply) ✓✓ • Cost of production: higher prices of inputs, e.g. wages, fuel and electricity, reduce supply ✓✓ • Technology: better technology lowers production costs and increases supply ✓✓ • Prices of other goods: if another good that can be produced with the same resources becomes more profitable, producers switch production and the supply of the first good decreases ✓✓ • Number of producers: more firms in the market increase supply ✓✓ • Expectations of producers: if producers expect higher prices in future, they may hold back supply now ✓✓ • Natural conditions: droughts and floods reduce the supply of agricultural products ✓✓ • Government intervention: indirect taxes reduce supply, while subsidies increase supply ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Economics/P2 15 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines (A maximum of 8 marks may be allocated for headings/examples) (Max. 26) ADDITIONAL PART Price S e2 P2 P1 e1 D2 D1 0 Q1 Q2 Quantity Marks for the graph (max. 4): • Correctly labelled axes (price and quantity) ✓ • Original demand and supply curves with equilibrium e1 at P1 and Q1 ✓ • Demand curve shifted to the right (D1 to D2 ) ✓ • New equilibrium e2 at a higher price P2 and a higher quantity Q2 ✓ Explanation (max. 6): • An increase in demand, e.g. because incomes increase, shifts the demand curve to the right from D1 to D2 ✓✓ • At the original price P1 the quantity demanded is now greater than the quantity supplied, so a shortage develops ✓✓ • Buyers compete for the product and the price rises ✓✓ • As the price rises, producers supply more (a movement along the supply curve) and some buyers buy less ✓✓ • A new equilibrium is reached at e2 , where both the equilibrium price (P2 ) and the equilibrium quantity (Q2 ) are higher than before ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (Max. 10) CONCLUSION Demand and supply are influenced by many factors besides price; when these factors change, the curves shift and the market moves to a new equilibrium, which shows how the price mechanism allocates scarce resources. ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant higher-order conclusion) (Max. 2) [40] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Economics/P2 16 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 6: CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC ISSUES 40 MARKS – 40 MINUTES Discuss in detail the functions of trade unions and the institutions that help to resolve labour disputes in South Africa. (26 marks) How do strikes affect the South African economy? (10 marks) INTRODUCTION A trade union is an organisation of workers that acts collectively to protect and promote the interests of its members, especially with regard to wages and working conditions. ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant introduction) (Max. 2) BODY: MAIN PART Functions of trade unions ✓ • They negotiate with employers on behalf of their members for better wages and working conditions (collective bargaining) ✓✓ • They protect members against unfair treatment and unfair dismissal ✓✓ • They represent members in disciplinary hearings, grievances and disputes ✓✓ • They promote health and safety in the workplace ✓✓ • They organise industrial action, e.g. protected strikes, when negotiations fail ✓✓ • They provide education and training to members, e.g. on their rights in terms of labour laws ✓✓ • They provide benefits to members, e.g. legal assistance and funeral benefits ✓✓ • Through union federations they influence government economic and labour policy ✓✓ Institutions that help to resolve labour disputes ✓ • Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA): an independent body established in terms of the Labour Relations Act that resolves disputes through conciliation, mediation and arbitration, free of charge ✓✓ • The CCMA deals with disputes about, for example, unfair dismissals and unfair labour practices ✓✓ • Bargaining councils: bodies made up of employers’ organisations and trade unions in a sector that negotiate collective agreements and resolve disputes in that sector ✓✓ • Labour Court: a court with the same status as the High Court that deals with disputes about the interpretation and application of labour laws, e.g. automatically unfair dismissals and unprotected strikes ✓✓ • Labour Appeal Court: hears appeals against decisions of the Labour Court ✓✓ • National Economic Development and Labour Council (NEDLAC): a forum where government, business, labour and community organisations consult on economic and labour policy and legislation ✓✓ • Workplace forums: promote the participation of workers in decision-making in workplaces with more than 100 employees ✓✓ • Department of Employment and Labour: its inspectors enforce labour laws, e.g. the Basic Conditions of Employment Act ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (A maximum of 8 marks may be allocated for headings/examples) (Max. 26) ADDITIONAL PART Negative effects • Production is lost, so the output (GDP) of the economy decreases ✓✓ Copyright reserved Please turn over

Economics/P2 17 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines • Workers lose income, because of the “no work, no pay” principle ✓✓ • Businesses lose revenue and profits, and some may close down or retrench workers ✓✓ • Consumers experience shortages, poorer service or higher prices ✓✓ • Violent strikes damage property and harm the image of the country, which discourages local and foreign investment ✓✓ • Exports may be delayed, e.g. during strikes at ports, which reduces foreign exchange earnings ✓✓ • Tax revenue of the government decreases ✓✓ Positive effects • Strikes can lead to higher wages and better working conditions, which improve the standard of living of workers ✓✓ • Higher wages increase spending in the economy ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant response) (A maximum of 2 marks may be allocated for mere listing of facts/examples) (Max. 10) CONCLUSION Trade unions and dispute-resolution institutions are essential for fair labour relations; disputes should be resolved through negotiation and the CCMA rather than through long or violent strikes, which harm workers, businesses and the economy. ✓✓ (Accept any other correct relevant higher-order conclusion) (Max. 2) [40] TOTAL SECTION C: 40 GRAND TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved