Agricultural Sciences Grade 12 Paper 2 NSC November 2025 Memo

NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 NOVEMBER 2025 MARKING GUIDELINES MARKS: 150 These marking guidelines consist of 12 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 2 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION A QUESTION 1 1.1 1.1.1 C ✓✓ 1.1.2 B ✓✓ 1.1.3 D ✓✓ 1.1.4 C ✓✓ 1.1.5 A ✓✓ 1.1.6 A ✓✓ 1.1.7 B ✓✓ 1.1.8 D ✓✓ 1.1.9 B ✓✓ 1.1.10 C ✓✓ (10 x 2) (20) 1.2 1.2.1 D ✓✓ 1.2.2 A ✓✓ 1.2.3 H ✓✓ 1.2.4 C ✓✓ 1.2.5 G ✓✓ (5 x 2) (10) 1.3 1.3.1 Price fluctuation ✓✓ 1.3.2 Net worth/net value/owner’s equity ✓✓ 1.3.3 Genetics ✓✓ 1.3.4 Aneuploidy ✓✓ 1.3.5 Locus ✓✓ (5 x 2) (10) 1.4 1.4.1 Niche ✓ 1.4.2 Control/monitoring ✓ 1.4.3 Punnet ✓ 1.4.4 Mutation ✓ 1.4.5 Homozygote/pure-bred ✓ (5 x 1) (5) TOTAL SECTION A: 45 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 3 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION B QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING 2.1 Supply and demand 2.1.1 The situation in a market Shortage/under supply/deficit ✓ (1) 2.1.2 ONE factor that led to shortage • High production costs ✓ • Lack/outdated technology ✓ • Lack of subsidies ✓ • High demand for the product ✓ • Adverse environmental conditions ✓ • Many competitive products ✓ • Wide range of complementary products ✓ • Expectations of future price changes ✓ • Low price of the product ✓ • Fewer producers ✓ • Production out of season ✓ • Political/market instability ✓ • Legislation ✓ (Any 1) (1) 2.1.3 Explanation of market equilibrium Market equilibrium is a situation in a market where the quantity demanded ✓ is equal to the quantity supplied ✓ (2) 2.2 Promotion of products 2.2.1 Indication of the method of promoting products Advertisement ✓ (1) 2.2.2 TWO other methods of promoting products • In-store promotion ✓ • Direct mailing/internet selling ✓ • Personal selling ✓ • Trade fairs and exhibitions ✓ (Any 2) (2) 2.3 Price elasticity 2.3.1 The product showing price inelasticity Maize ✓ (1) 2.3.2 Reason for price inelasticity The change in price had little influence on the quantity of product/maize demanded ✓✓ (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 4 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.3.3 Explanation When the substitute products are available, the demand for the product tends to be more elastic ✓✓ OR When there are no substitute products available, the demand for the product tends to be more inelastic (2) 2.4 Marketing functions 2.4.1 The agricultural marketing function D - Transportation ✓ (1) 2.4.2 TWO advantages of processing • Increases the value of the product/value adding ✓ • Overcomes over-supply of the product ✓ • Allows easier packaging and handling of product/easy to transport/convenience ✓ • Provides job opportunities ✓ • Ensures the availability of product throughout the year ✓ • Reduces spoilage/perishability/longer shelf life ✓ • Ensures food security ✓ • Improved food safety ✓ • Makes the products more appealing to the consumer ✓ (Any 2) (2) 2.4.3 ONE guideline to ensure product safety when packaging • Containment for convenient handling ✓ • Prevention of harmful microbial growth ✓ • Free from chemicals/foreign objects/avoid health risks ✓ • Protection against mechanical damage ✓ (Any 1) (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 5 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.5 Bar graph 2.5.1 Bar graph The demand and price of sheep over a period of six months 2500 IUI Price (R) Demand for sheep Demand and price of sheep (R) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Sept. Sept. Oct. Otc. Nov. Nov. Dec. Dec. Jan. Feb. Feb. Months CRITERIA/RUBRIC/MARKING GUIDELINES • Correct heading ✓ • X axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Months) ✓ • Y axis: Correctly calibrated with label (The demand and price of sheep) ✓ • Correct unit (R) ✓ • Bar graph ✓ • Accuracy (80% + correctly plotted) ✓ (6) 2.5.2 The month with highest income December ✓ (1) 2.5.3 Deduction of the factor that could have led to the higher demand of sheep in December Festive season (1) 2.6 Marketing channels The marketing channel related to each of the following statements 2.6.1 Farm-gate marketing ✓ (1) 2.6.2 Fresh produce markets ✓ (1) 2.6.3 Internet/online marketing ✓ (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 6 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.7 The entrepreneurial process 2.7.1 The phases of the entrepreneurial process A Identify an opportunity/generate a business idea ✓ (1) B Plan the business/developing a business plan ✓ (1) 2.7.2 Definition of the concept entrepreneurship A process of bringing together resources and assets to make use of an opportunity to create a business venture ✓✓ (2) 2.8 Business plan 2.8.1 TWO aspects that potential investors look for in a business plan • Financial viability/financial plan of the business ✓ • Possible threats and strengths of the business/SWOT analysis ✓ • Marketing plan ✓ • Human resource plan ✓ (Any 2) (2) 2.8.2 TWO electronic resources that can be used as a tool for drawing up a business plan • Computers/cell phones/laptops ✓ • Computer software programmes ✓ • Wi-fi-connections/data ✓ (Any 2) (2) [35] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 7 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS 3.1 Land 3.1.1 Economic term describing economic characteristics of land (a) Appreciation ✓ (1) (b) Collateral ✓ (1) 3.1.2 Explanation of farming methods to increase land productivity (a) Use of scientific methods • Farmers make informed decisions based on reliable data ✓ about soil conditions, crop health, weather patterns and pest activity ✓ • Minimizing waste and environmental impact ✓ by using crop rotation, cover cropping, reduced tillage and precision agriculture ✓ • Optimising resource allocation like irrigation, fertilisation, and pest control, ✓ resulting in maximizing crop yield ✓ (Any 1) (2) (b) Consolidation of small uneconomical land units Land consolidation improves the efficiency and cost- effectiveness ✓ of investments in transportation, communication networks, utilities and irrigation systems ✓ (Any 1) (2) 3.2 Methods to increase labour productivity 3.2.1 Consolidation of small uneconomical land units • The production output of labour force ✓ in relation to the amount of money that is paid for wages ✓ • Measure of output ✓ per unit input of the labour force ✓ (Any 1) (2) 3.2.2 Deduction of the labour problem (a) B - Lack of skills/training ✓ (1) (b) C - HIV and AIDS/diseases/absenteeism/scarcity of labourers ✓ (1) (c) D - Living conditions ✓ (1) 3.2.3 Indication on how mechanisation increases labour productivity • More work is completed within a short space of time ✓ • Working more efficient ✓ • Eliminates fatigue ✓ (Any 1) (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 8 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.3 Labour contract 3.3.1 Indication of the component of a contract (a) 1 - Term/duration of employment ✓ (1) (b) 4 - Working hours ✓ (1) (c) 5 - Mode/method of payment/remuneration ✓ (1) 3.3.2 Labour legislation addressing leave benefits Basic Conditions of Employment Act/BCEA (Act 75 of 1997) ✓ (1) 3.3.3 Compliance to the Occupational Health and Safety Act Overall, mask and gloves ✓ (1) 3.4 Capital 3.4.1 Types of capital (a) PICTURE C - Fixed capital ✓ (1) (b) PICTURE A - Production/working/floating capital ✓ (1) 3.4.2 Explanation of the medium-term credit Is used to purchase medium-term assets ✓ and is repayable over a period of 2 to 10 years ✓ (2) 3.5 Cash flow statement 3.5.1 Justification of a financial record as not an income statement • It has cash flow summary/opening balance/closing balance ✓ which are not the components of the income statement ✓ • The income statement has dates of transaction ✓ which are not appearing in the above financial record ✓ (Any 1) (2) 3.5.2 Determination of the value A R79 100 ✓ (1) 3.5.3 Calculation of the values (a) B (Profit/loss) = Total income – Total expenses = R41 200 – R9 500 ✓ = R31 700 ✓ (2) (b) C (Closing balance) = Opening balance + profit/loss = R79 100 + R31 700 = R110 800 OR = R79 100 + (R41 200 – R9 500) = R110 800 (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 9 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.5.4 Reason • It is generating profit/net income is positive/R31 700 ✓ • Income is higher than expenses every month ✓ (Any 1) (1) 3.6 External and internal forces 3.6.1 Identification of the external forces (a) Economic/political ✓ (1) (b) Competition ✓ (1) 3.6.2 Sources of risk (a) Financial/market and price risk ✓ (1) (b) Market and price risk ✓ (1) 3.7 TWO general management skills needed to manage a farming business • Labour management ✓ • Land management ✓ • Financial management ✓ • Agricultural management ✓ • Stock management ✓ • Crisis management ✓ • Conceptual skills ✓ • Analytical skills ✓ • Ability to apply new knowledge ✓ • Problem solving and decision making skills ✓ • Planning skills ✓ • Organisational skills ✓ • Co-ordination skills ✓ • Interpersonal and communication skills ✓ • Ability to adapt ✓ • Delegation skills ✓ (Any 2) (2) [35] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 10 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS 4.1 Monohybrid cross 4.1.1 Type of cross Monohybrid ✓ (1) 4.1.2 Justification It is a cross that involves one characteristic/trait ✓ (1) 4.1.3 Identification of (a) PROCESS 1 - Meiosis/gametogenesis ✓ (1) (b) PROCESS 2 - Fertilisation ✓ (1) 4.1.4 Number and phenotype (a) Number of black offspring in the F2 generation - 3 ✓ (1) (b) Phenotype of the F1 generation - All black ✓ (1) 4.1.5 Genotypic ratio of the F2 Generation offspring 1BB : 2Bb : 1bb ✓ (1) 4.2 Punnet square 4.2.1 Punnett square Gametes D d D DD Dd d Dd dd Marking rubric • Correct gametes of male parent ✓ • Correct gametes of female parent ✓ • Correct genotype of the offspring ✓ • Populated Punnet square ✓ (4) 4.2.2 The fraction of the spherical seed shape for F1 offspring 3 ✓ 4 (1) 4.2.3 Calculation of the number of spherical seeds 3 x 900 pea plants ✓ 4 = 675 pea plants ✓ (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 11 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 4.3 Patterns of inheritance 4.3.1 Co-dominance ✓ (1) 4.3.2 Polygenic inheritance ✓ (1) 4.3.3 Multiple alleles ✓ (1) 4.3.4 Incomplete dominance ✓ (1) 4.4 Variation 4.4.1 Identification of the characteristics (a) Genetic Horn conformation/colour/body conformation/size/frame/height/ sex/number of ears (1) (b) Environment Body weight ✓ (1) 4.4.2 TWO importance of variation • Foundation for selection ✓ • Genetic improvement ✓ • Adaptability ✓ • Food security ✓ • Disease resistance ✓ • Development of new breeds/improved biodiversity ✓ (Any 2) (2) 4.5 Selection and breeding 4.5.1 Identification of the type of breeding and selection (a) Type of breeding - Inbreeding ✓ (1) (b) Type of selection - Artificial selection ✓ (1) 4.5.2 Reason for inbreeding Mating of closely related animals ✓ (1) 4.5.3 TWO disadvantages of inbreeding • Inbreeding depression/decrease in the performance of animals ✓ • Lead to the expression of lethal genes/deformities ✓ • Reduced vitality ✓ • Low resistance to diseases ✓ • Poor adaptability ✓ • Loss of variation ✓ • Undesired genes are made homozygous ✓ (Any 2) (2) 4.5.4 Method of selection Pedigree selection ✓ (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 12 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 4.6 Genetic Modification (GM) 4.6.1 Hypothesis formulation GM results to more insect resistance in maize plants ✓ OR GM results to less insect resistance in maize plants ✓ OR GM has no impact on insect resistance in maize plants ✓ (1) 4.6.2 TWO socio-economic impacts of GM seeds to small-scale farmers • They cannot afford the GM seeds because they are expensive ✓ • GM crops are protected by patent and farmers cannot retain seeds for breeding purpose ✓ • GM crops are engineered to be sterile, so farmers are forced to buy new seeds ✓ (Any 2) (2) 4.6.3 TWO advantages of genetic modification over traditional methods • It is fast ✓ • It is precise ✓ • It is not limited to organisms of the same species ✓ (Any 2) (2) 4.6.4 TWO aims of genetic modified plants and animals • Improving crop yield ✓ • Improving commercial properties/shelf life/flavour ✓ • Increasing the nutritional value of crops/biofortification ✓ • Producing pharmaceutical crops ✓ • Improving desirable characteristics ✓ • Producing industrial or consumer products ✓ • To develop animal models for studies of animal diseases ✓ • To increase quality of products ✓ • To increase resistance to diseases and pests ✓ • Improves tolerance to environmental conditions ✓ • Producing products for human therapeutic use ✓ • Improve herbicide resistance ✓ (Any 2) (2) [35] TOTAL SECTION B: 105 GRAND TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved