History Grade 12 Paper 1 Gauteng Mock 2018 Addendum

Downloaded from hlayiso.com GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2018 10791 HISTORY PAPER 1 ADDENDUM 14 pages P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 2 (Paper 1) 10791/18 GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PREPARATORY EXAMINATION HISTORY – ADDENDUM (Paper 1) QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE DEPLOYMENT OF MISSILES TO CUBA CONTRIBUTE TO COLD WAR TENSIONS BETWEEN THE SOVIET UNION AND THE UNITED STATES IN THE 1960s? SOURCE 1A The following source outlines the reasons for the deployment of Soviet missiles to Cuba in 1962. In 1962, Fidel Castro’s new communist regime was three years old. Castro had been working to align Cuba with the powerful Soviet Union, which saw an opportunity to nurture a communist state a stone’s throw from the American border. The Cold War was in full swing, and U.USS. President John F. Kennedy had politically defined himself in opposition to the Castro regime. The usual American Soviet tension escalated (increased) in the months leading up to October 1962. First, hoping to intimidate the Soviets, the United States deployed nuclear, Jupiter missiles to Turkey. General Nikita Khrushchev already felt threatened by weapons pointed at the USSR from Western Europe. He thought that if American nuclear weapons were moving to Turkey, too, perhaps the Soviets should level the playing field. Then, the Cuban government discovered an American plot to overthrow Castro’s government. It was the second such attempt, coming less than a year after the ill-fated (failed) Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961. These two events – the discovery of American aggression in Cuba and the deployment of nuclear missiles to Turkey – led Castro and Khrushchev to strike a secret arrangement: The USSR would deploy missiles to Cuba to help deter (prevent) any future invasions by the United States and to counter American missiles in Turkey. Nobody predicted that this series of decisions made by the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba would lead to the edge of nuclear war. [From: https://outsider.org/nuclear-weapons/articles/Cuban-missile-crisis/ Accessed on 25 May 2018.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 3 (Paper 1) 10791/18 SOURCE 1B The following source focuses on President Kennedy’s decision to impose a naval blockade of Soviet ships and President Khrushchev’s response to it. The President also went on national television that evening to inform the public of the developments in Cuba, his decision to initiate and enforce a “quarantine’’, and the potential global consequences if the crisis continued to escalate. The tone of the president’s remarks was stern (harsh), and the message unmistakable and evocative (suggestive) of the Monroe Doctrine: “It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory (revengeful) response upon the Soviet Union.’’ The Joint Chiefs of Staff announced a military readiness status of DEFCON 3 as US naval forces began implementation of the quarantine and plans accelerated for a military strike on Cuba. On October 24, Khrushchev responded to Kennedy’s message with a statement that the US “blockade’’ was an “act of aggression’’ and that Soviet ships bound for Cuba would be ordered to proceed. Nevertheless, during October 24 and 25, some ships turned back from the quarantine line; others were stopped by US naval forces, but they contained no offensive weapons and so were allowed to proceed. Meanwhile, US reconnaissance (survey) flights over Cuba indicated the Soviet missile sites were nearing operational readiness. With no apparent end to the crisis in sight, US forces were placed at DEFCON 2 – meaning war, involving the Strategic Air Command was imminent (coming shortly). On October 26, Kennedy told his advisors it appeared that only a US attack on Cuba would remove the missiles, but he insisted on giving the diplomatic channel a little more time. The crisis had reached a virtual stalemate (deadlock). [From: http://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/cuban-missile-crisis Accessed on 20 November 2017.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 4 (Paper 1) 10791/18 SOURCE 1C The cartoon below depicts the readiness of both the United States of America and the Soviet Union to launch nuclear missiles. ROCKET ON NO ACCOUNT TO BE ON NO ACCOUNT TO BE USED – BECAUSE THE USED – BECAUSE THE ENEMY MIGHT ENEMY MIGHT RETALIATE RETALIATE [From: https://thecoldwarexperience.weebly.com/brinkmanship.html Accessed on 21 November 2017.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 5 (Paper 1) 10791/18 SOURCE 1D The source below highlights how the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved by both President Khrushchev and President Kennedy in October 1962. Behind the scenes, however, officials of both the US and the USSR were negotiating a non- military resolution to the crisis. Through various back channels, the two countries agreed to end the standoff with a trade-off. The Soviet Union would remove its missiles from Cuba, and the US would remove its missiles from Turkey. On October 28, Kennedy and Khrushchev announced that the Soviet missiles would leave Cuba. No mention was made of the American missiles in Turkey. The only public announcement of missiles being removed were those from the Soviet Union. The US “quarantine’’ continued, turning into a verification (confirmation) mission that the Soviet Union was keeping its promise to remove the missiles. The “quarantine’’ ended on November 20. The dismantling of the American missiles in Turkey began as well, and the missiles were removed a few months later. No missiles were fired in the end, from any country. Estimates at the time of the crisis, of casualties had the two nations traded nuclear missiles, were in the hundreds of millions. The fear factor was definitely high, especially in the US The only leader to survive in power for more than two years was Castro. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963, and Khrushchev was ousted as Soviet leader the following year. One of the lasting results of the Cuban Missile Crisis (called the October Crisis in Cuba and the Caribbean Crisis in the Soviet Union) was the creation of the hotline, a direct phone line from Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union, to Washington D.C. and the signing of a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. [From: http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/ushistory/cubanmissilecrisis1.html Accessed on 27 November 2017.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 6 (Paper 1) 10791/18 QUESTION 2: WHY DID FOREIGN COUNTRIES GET INVOLVED IN ANGOLA? SOURCE 2A This source focuses on the reasons for the involvement of foreign countries in Angola. Angola came into being as an independent state under traumatic (disturbing) circumstances. The country quickly descended (resulted) into a civil war after three nationalist movements, the FNLA, the MPLA and UNITA, failed to find common ground on how to share power and wealth. With the help of foreign allies, the FNLA and UNITA used military force in an attempt to dislodge (forced out) the MPLA from the capital city of Luanda. Zairian and South African troops invaded Angola to place the FNLA and UNITA, respectively, in power. The MPLA took similar action by obtaining Cuban assistance to hold Luanda successfully until independence was proclaimed. As the MPLA’s leader, Agostinho Neto, declared Angola’s independence, the sound of heavy artillery could be heard in the background as advancing FNLA / Zairian troops were stopped on the outskirts of the capital. The UNITA and South African advance was also stopped south of Luanda, largely owing to Cuban military intervention. Failure to dislodge the MPLA from Luanda before independence did not deter its foes (enemies) from attempting to overthrow its nascent (emerging) government. It marked the start of a protracted (continued) civil war in which UNITA was the main internal enemy, and South Africa, Zaire and the US were the main external adversaries (enemies). [From:///C:/User/Downloads/saia sop 84 malaquias 2011531%20(1).pdf Accessed on 18 January 2018.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 7 (Paper 1) 10791/18 SOURCE 2B This source is an article by Christopher Saunders that focuses on the reasons and nature of South Africa’s involvement in Angola. For the South African interventions in Angola from 1975 to 1988 we now have many detailed accounts of the battles fought by the South African Defence Force (SADF) in Angola, from Operation Savannah in late 1975 to Operation Reindeer in May 1978, and the many operations that followed from 1980, of which Operation Protea in 1981 and Askari in 1983-4 were the largest before those that took place around Cuito Cuanavale in 1987-88. As independent Angola was born in November 1975 South African forces were not far from Luanda, their mission to help stop the MPLA taking power. Having failed in that mission, because of the arrival of a large Cuban military force in Angola, the South African forces withdrew by late March 1976. However, South Africa remained in a virtual, though undeclared, state of war with Angola for the next decade and more, training forces to overthrow its government, giving massive assistance to UNITA and often invading the country. Angola repeatedly condemned South Africa’s highly aggressive intentions towards the county. South Africa in turn repeatedly accused Angola of providing bases from which SWAPO, the only Namibian liberation movement fighting an armed struggle against South Africa, sent guerrillas into Namibia. From 1976, as well, Angola was home to the main military training bases of Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the armed wing of the ANC. SA’s policies during apartheid were characterised by anti-communism and influenced mainly by the thought that if SA supported a Western ideal, SA would be able to regain some international credit from Western powers. [From: http://repository.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/10566/1018. Accessed on 22 January 2018.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 8 (Paper 1) 10791/18 SOURCE 2C The source below is taken from The War: Preparing for Africa which was published in 1990. It focuses on the involvement of South Africa in the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. [From: https://www.dailymail.com.uk/news/article-4491842/Photo-backed-troops-fighting-Communists- Angola.html#ixzz5GPkOC6jk. Accessed on 24 May 2018.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 9 (Paper 1) 10791/18 SOURCE 2D The following is part of a speech that Raul Castro, minister of the Revolutionary Armed Forces delivered at a ceremony to mark the return of Cuban troops from Angola. In 1978, the South African army once more threatened the safety and territorial integrity of Angola and, of course, of the lives of Cuban internationalists who were conducting operations inside Angolan territory, south of the Cuban positions, who were defending a line 250 km from the border with Namibia. Toward the end of 1987, thousands of South African soldiers clashed with a FAPLA [People’s Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola] group which conducted an important operation in the southeast, inside the Angolan territory. During the lopsided (unbalanced) fighting, part of the Angolan group was in danger of being ambushed and wiped out in Cuito Cuanavale. The forces we had in Angola were not enough to face the situation. To reinforce Cuito Cuanavale with the forces in Angola could have threatened the general stability of the defence in the southern front. Therefore, reinforcements from Cuba were essential. At the same time, we could not get involved in a decisive battle in Cuito because it was the area chosen by the enemy and it had all the advantages. Cuito resisted. In its approaches, all the South African attempts to advance were halted. Its sophisticated (highly developed) long-range artillery which did not stop bombing night and day did not frighten the Angolan-Cuban forces and turned out to be ineffective. In the meantime, in the southwestern flank, a powerful group joined by SWAPO [South-West African People’s Organization] units, seriously threatened places of strategic importance for the enemy. The clashes with scouting detachments in Donguene and Tchipa and the air strike against their positions in Calueque persuaded the South Africans that a military victory at the expense of Angolan sovereignty and against the combined forces of Angola and Cuba was impossible. [From: http://www.Ianic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1991/1910527.html Accessed on 24 May 2018.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 10 (Paper 1) 10791/18 QUESTION 3: WHAT IMPACT DID THE BLACK POWER MOVEMENT HAVE ON THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DURING THE 1960s? SOURCE 3A The source below outlines why Malcolm X encouraged African-Americans to support the Black Power Movement, instead of the Civil Rights Movement. Malcolm X represented the kind of attitude and political perspective of many young black so- called militants and radicals from urban areas in the North. They had a different kind of attitude. It was hard for them to swallow this notion of non-violence … Malcolm X says ‘Somebody hits you. You send him to the cemetery.’ While King advocated non-violence, direct action and passive resistance to achieve equal civil rights, Malcolm X was the spokesman for the Nation of Islam (NOI). This black Muslim movement rejected white America and its Christian values and preached the supremacy of blacks over whites. Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael promoted a segregationist approach, ‘Black Power’ that sought to instil in blacks, a pride in their African heritage. For Malcolm X turning the other cheek was a weak strategy that was unacceptable and was the reason why he emphasised self-defence. Malcolm X came from a black nationalist tradition that did not believe you can get your freedom, your self-respect, your dignity by simply letting somebody beat you up without you trying to defend yourself. If blacks had responded, tried to defend themselves, that would have brought the police department down on those demonstrators and whites would have the chance to kill black people indiscriminately. Malcolm X regularly criticised King, accusing him of bowing to whites and subjugating blacks to the very culture that had historically denigrated (criticised) and abused them. [Adapted from: http://www.aljazeera.com. Accessed on 6 February 2018.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 11 (Paper 1) 10791/18 SOURCE 3B The photograph below shows Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X meeting after the Civil Rights Act was signed in Washington in 1964. MARTIN LUTHER KING MALCOLM X JUNIOR [From: http://www.bing.com.images/search. Accessed on 26 January 2018.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 12 (Paper 1) 10791/18 SOURCE 3C The source below is an extract of an article that was written in a Black Panther newspaper, in September 1968. It was in memory of Black Panther leaders who were killed by the US police. Our brothers were viciously, shamelessly and unmercifully assaulted, beaten by an army of pigs (police) and murdered. It was not just to satisfy the lust and desire to spill the black man’s blood; this they do daily at their own will and without the necessity for direct orders. Although provoked many times by the pigs (police) the black residents of Watts have refused to have a repetition of the 1965 march as a form of resistance. It was known that this method of resistance had served its purpose and that it was outdated. New methods of resistance had to be adapted and applied. Today we are not merely resisting racism and exploitation we are also resisting brutality and murder. Ever since, the so-called emancipation policy makers here, have continued to use this brainwashing method to justify their treatment of black people. This was done through the education system that taught white supremacy by always portraying black people as inferior. It is the intention of the policy makers to commit mass murder of black people. This is done without the opposition or protest of the white citizens. The radio, television, magazines and newspapers make us appear lawless criminals. It led white people to believe that they are in some sort of danger. We must not sit back and allow the best of our people to be murdered or to wait until a member of our family is the victim. WE MUST WASTE NO TIME: UNITE AND RESIST. [From: http://www.itsabouttmebpp.com/BPP-Newspapers-index.html. Accessed on 19 January 2018.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 13 (Paper 1) 10791/18 SOURCE 3D The following source focuses on one aspect of the Black Panther’s Ten-Point Plan. On Saturday, 16 October, the people of Richmond, California, received free food, shoes and first-aid kits, through the People’s Survival Programmes. They chose new shoes from the David Halliard Free Shoe Programme, took home bags of groceries from the Angela Davis Free Food Programme and first-aid kits from the George Jackson Free Health Clinic. For too long capitalists have made us totally bound to their every economic move, buying what they offered, which was not always what we wanted. Now we are establishing ways in which we can survive without them. People love what they can call their own. This programme was started for the people by the Black Panther Party. Programmes in the past have generally functioned to benefit big businessmen, the government or the organisation sponsoring them, rather than benefiting the people they were designed to serve. The People’s Survival Programmes have been implemented to serve the people, in fact; so that eventually the community will be able to serve itself, without depending upon the avaricious (greedy) businessmen to give us what we need. Many things will have to be done in the process of moving from total exploitation (mistreatment) to liberation. We will not achieve freedom just because we know oppression is wrong, but because we will have worked to that oppression. The survival programmes are ways in which we will begin to see our new society. ALL POWER TO THE PEOPLE. [From: http://www.itsabouttimebpp.com.Articles from bpp-newspaper-index.html Accessed on 19 January 2018.] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 14 (Paper 1) 10791/18 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Visual sources and other historical information were taken from the following: http://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/cuban-missile-crisis http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/ushistory/cubanmissilecrisis1.htm 170709072506322.httml. http://www.bing.com/images/search. http://www.itsabouttimebpp.com/BPP-Newspapers-index.htmh. http://www.itsabouttimebpp.com.Aticles from bpp--newspapers-index.htmh. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/the-civil-rights-movement-in-america1945-to-1968/black- power/ https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/01/the-real-cuban-missile-crisis/... https://thecoldwarexperience.weebly.com/brinkmanship.htm www.aljazeera.com/programmes/face-to-face/2017/07/malcolm-martin-luther-king- END