History Grade 11 Paper 1 National Exemplar November 2020 Addendum

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 11 HISTORY P1 EXEMPLAR 2013 ADDENDUM This addendum consists of 10 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/P1 2 DBE/2013 NSC – Grade 11 Exemplar – Addendum QUESTION 1: WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES OF LENIN'S NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP) IN THE SOVIET UNION DURING THE 1920s? SOURCE 1A This source focuses on the failure of the policy of War Communism. While War Communism was clearly a drastic departure from capitalism and ensured that the Communists won the Civil War, it came at a terrible cost. By 1921 there was famine which ironically ended only when the United States – the largest capitalist state in the world – provided aid. It is estimated that 7,5 million Russians died of hunger and disease between 1918 and 1921. In these circumstances, discontent with communist rule was almost inevitable. [From: A History of Russia and the Soviet Union by D Mackenzie and M Curran] SOURCE 1B This extract focuses on the reasons for Lenin's New Economic Policy. In March 1921 Lenin announced the end of War Communism and the inauguration of a New Economic Policy. The NEP was based on the following: • Requisitions from peasants were ended and a fixed tax in kind (grain) was substituted – which by 1924 had become a money tax. Once this tax was paid, the peasant was free to do what he liked with what remained. He could use it himself, sell it to the state or sell it on the open market which was now made legal. • Private enterprise was allowed in trade and small-scale industry. • Compulsory labour ceased; labour armies were stopped; bonuses were introduced for extra work. • The currency was back on a sound footing and a regular system of taxation was introduced. • Large-scale industry (coal, iron, steel, oil, electricity, railways) remained state- owned. [Adapted from: Russia in Revolution by J Robertson] SOURCE 1C This source shows some of the production figures in Russia from 1913 to 1926. 1913 1921 1922 1923 1925 1926 Grain (million tons) 80 37 50 57 73 77 Cattle (millions) 59 – 46 – 62 – Pigs (millions) 20 – 12 – 22 – Coal (million tons) 29 9 10 14 18 27 Steel (million tons) 4 0,2 0,7 0,7 2 3 [From: An Economic History of the USSR, 1917–1991 by A Nove] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/P1 3 DBE/2013 NSC – Grade 11 Exemplar – Addendum SOURCE 1D This extract focuses on the New Economic Policy and its successes. Moscow had changed during my three weeks' absence. Everywhere run-down and half-ruined buildings were redecorated and restored. Shops, cafes, and restaurants were being opened in all directions … The city was full of peasants selling fruit, vegetables and other produce … To the Communists, NEP was no doubt offensive, but to the mass of the workers it brought jobs that would be paid in money instead of valueless paper or mouldy rations, and the certainty that with money they could buy the food and necessities of life … To the traders, NEP meant opportunity and the dawn of better days. Until 9 August 1921 it was technically a crime to possess goods of value … and a crime to buy and sell anything. The NEP decree changed all that … At the top of my street, I saw a man selling flour, sugar and rice on a little table … At the end of a week he was selling fresh eggs and vegetables … By mid-November he had rented a tiny store … By the following May he had four salesmen in a fair-sized store, to which peasants brought fresh produce every morning. After a year's trading … he made $20 000 to $30 000 clear profit, but the point is that his business encouraged many peasants to fatten chickens or little pigs or plant vegetables. The same thing was being done all over Russia and the effects were amazing. In a single year the supply of food and goods jumped from starvation point to something nearly adequate, and prices fell as a result. [From: Russia and the USSR 1905–1941 by T Fiehn] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/P1 4 DBE/2013 NSC – Grade 11 Exemplar – Addendum QUESTION 2: DID THE NEW DEAL BRING RELIEF TO ORDINARY AMERICAN CITIZENS IN THE 1930s? SOURCE 2A On being sworn in as President on 4 March 1933, Roosevelt made an inspiring speech where he declared his intention to wage war against the emergency. Here is an extract from that speech. Let me first of all assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself ... Our common difficulties concern, thank God, only material things. Values have shrunken to fantastic levels; taxes have risen; our ability to pay has fallen; government of all kinds is faced by serious curtailment (restriction) of income; the means of exchange are frozen in the currents of trade; the withered (wasted) leaves of industrial enterprise lie on every side; farmers find no market for their produce; the savings of many years in thousands of families are gone. More important, a host of unemployed citizens face the grim problem of existence ... This nation asks for action, and action now. Our greatest primary task is to put people to work ... It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the government itself … the task can be helped by definite efforts to raise the values of agricultural products and with this the power to purchase the output of our cities ... It can be helped by national planning. I shall ask Congress (USA's parliament) for broad executive power to wage war against the emergency. [From: New Africa History Grade 11 by N Frick et al.] SOURCE 2B President Roosevelt is seen here as a doctor. His patient is America and the nurse is the Congress who is following the doctor's orders. [From: http://creativecapital.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/newdeal.jpg] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/P1 5 DBE/2013 NSC – Grade 11 Exemplar – Addendum SOURCE 2C At the end of 1933, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration director, Harry Hopkins, sent sixteen reporters to investigate social and economic conditions around the country. This is a report by the journalist Lorena Hickok. Dear Mr Hopkins Ten thousand men are at work, building with timber and steel and concrete the New Deal's most magnificent project. I knew very little about the Tennessee Valley Authority when I came down here last week … I have been travelling through the Valley and the state – a trip to the Norris dam; a day's motoring across to Nashville, stopping en route to look over a subsistence homestead colony a few miles from the Valley; a day in Nashville, visiting with farmers, relief workers, county agents in little towns along the way. Today I saw the Wilson dam and went down into the power house to get an idea of how big this thing really is – and drove 20 miles on up the river to watch workmen drilling in rock to lay the foundations of the Wheeler dam. I've talked with people who are doing this job, with people who live in the towns and cities that are going to feel the effects of this program, with ordinary citizens, with citizens on relief – as many kinds of people as I could find. The people are beginning to 'feel' already the presence of TVA. Nearly 10 000 men are at work in the Valley now, at the Norris and Wheeler dams, on various clearing and building projects all over the area. Thousands of them are residents of the Valley, working five and a half hours a day, five days a week, for a really living wage. Houses are going up for them to live in – better houses than they have ever had in their lives before. And in their leisure time they are studying – farming, trades, the art of living, preparing themselves for the fuller lives they are to lead in that Promised Land [From: In the Eye of the Great Depression: New Deal Reporters and the Agony of the American People, by JF Bauman and TH Coode] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/P1 6 DBE/2013 NSC – Grade 11 Exemplar – Addendum SOURCE 2D This photograph was taken in 1936 by an unknown photographer. It depicts the Works Progress Administration (WPA), an ambitious New Deal programme, which put 8 500 000 jobless to work, mostly on projects that required manual labour such as the building of bridges, highways and parks. [From: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/wpaintro/intro01.html. Accessed on 10 February 2013] SOURCE 2E This is an extract from the address by Ex-president Hoover that was delivered to the Republican National Convention in Cleveland on 10 June 1936. It focuses on the criticism against the New Deal. We have seen the most elemental violation (abuse) of economic law and experience. The New Deal forgets it is solely by production of more goods and more varieties of goods and services that we advance the standard of living and security of men. If we constantly decrease costs and prices and keep up earnings, the production of plenty will be more and more widely distributed ... Then came the little prophets of the New Deal. They announce the striking solution that the way out is to produce less and to increase prices so that people can buy less. There are some principles that cannot be compromised. Either we shall have a society based upon ordered liberty and the initiative of the individual, or we shall have a planned society that means dictation, no matter what you call it or who does it. There is no halfway ground. They cannot be mixed ... Less than twenty years ago we accepted those ideals as the air we breathed ... But in this score of years we have seen the advance of collectivism and its inevitable tyranny. [From: American Ideals Versus the New Deal by H Hoover] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/P1 7 DBE/2013 NSC – Grade 11 Exemplar – Addendum QUESTION 3: HOW DID EUGENICS AND PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC RACISM INFLUENCE HITLER TO VIOLATE THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF JEWS AND GYPSIES IN GERMANY FROM 1933 TO 1945? SOURCE 3A The source below consists of two extracts on the impact of the Nuremburg Laws on Jews and Gypsies. Extract 1: This newspaper article focuses on how the Nuremberg Laws started the process of discrimination against German Jews. NEWS FROM GERMANY 1935 New York Herald Tribune, 16 September, 1935 'The Shame of Nuremberg' by Rudy Barnes NUREMBERG, Germany, 15 September 1935. Strict new laws depriving German Jews of all the rights of German citizens were decreed by a cheering Reichstag here tonight after an address by Chancellor Adolf Hitler. Tonight's decrees are among the most sweeping measures taken since the Nazis came into power two and a half years ago. The new laws, which go into effect on 1 January, help to realise the anti-Jewish part of the Nazi program. They are described as 'laws for the protection of German blood and German honour.' As read before the Reichstag by the president of the legislative body, they are: 1. Marriages between Jews and German citizens are forbidden. 2. Physical contact between Jews and Germans is forbidden. 3. Jews are not permitted to employ in their household German servants under the age of 45. 4. Jews are forbidden to raise the swastika emblem (now the national flag). Violation of any of the first three laws is punishable by imprisonment and hard labour. Violation of the fourth law is punishable by imprisonment. Tonight's session of the Reichstag was called unexpectedly by Hitler. The Reichstag, which is now nothing more than a rubber stamp, was called to order by the President of the Reichstag at 09:00 pm. After speaking of the three laws, the President asked the Reichstag for unanimous approval. Six hundred men, most of them in brown uniforms, leaped to their feet … Extract 2: Vera Laska, an eyewitness, gives an account on the impact of the Nuremberg laws on Gypsies. Gypsies were officially defined as non-Aryan by the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, which also first defined Jews; both groups were forbidden to marry Germans. Gypsies were later labelled as asocials in 1937 ... Two hundred Gypsy men were then selected by quota and incarcerated in the Buchenwald concentration camp. Gypsies were forbidden to move freely and were concentrated in encampments within Germany in 1939, later (1941) transformed into fenced ghettos, from which they would be seized for transport by the criminal police (aided by dogs) and dispatched to Auschwitz in February 1943. [From: Women In The Resistance And In The Holocaust: The Voices Of Eyewitnesses by V Laska ed.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/P1 8 DBE/2013 NSC – Grade 11 Exemplar – Addendum SOURCE 3B This source focuses on H Göering's attempts to solve what he referred to as the 'Jewish question'. Through his interests in the economics of Aryanisation (Jewish property and business placed under German control), and the use of Jewish concentration camp labour, Göering was inextricably (completely) caught up in the effort to find a solution to the 'Jewish question'. In the winter of 1938–9 he had acquired powers to organise the economic exploitation of the Jewish population. The wider question of what to do with the Jews thus excluded from public life he delegated to Heydrich and the SS, (military police of the Nazi Party) under his lose supervision. Göering was attracted at first to the idea of expelling all German Jews, either to Madagascar or to the Western powers … After the outbreak of the war the seizure of Jewish assets increased in scale, as did the exploitation of Jewish labour. It was during the 'cleansing' of the European economy that the Nazi leadership moved towards a final solution to the Jewish question. In the summer of 1941 Göering ordered Heydrich to provide a plan for resolving the Jewish problem using any means available. Heydrich announced this at the Wannsee conference on 29 January 1942, using it as a carte blanche (complete freedom) from the movement's leaders to proceed to annihilation (murder). [From: Göering, Hitler's Iron Knight by R Overy] SOURCE 3C This source focusses on the Nazi's treatment of Gypsies in Germany during the latter part of the Second World War. From April 1944 those Gypsies still 'fit for work', were moved from Birkenau to concentration camps in the Reich, some 1 600 people in all. Of the other Gypsies deported to Birkenau around 6 000 were still alive in the spring of 1944. In May 1944 the camp authorities decided to liquidate (clear up) the Gypsy camp in view of the immediately impending extermination action against the Hungarian Jews. After a first attempt in May had been defeated by the resistance of the camp inmates, on 3 and 2 August almost 300 Gypsies were murdered in the gas chambers in Auschwitz. Only around 1 600 people, former soldiers and relatives of soldiers, were spared. Of the 22 600 people originally confined in the Gypsy camp 19 300 perished. The sterilisation of 'maladjusted' Gypsy half-breeds in the Reich was systematically undertaken by the Criminal Police in 1944. The written agreement of the victims was often forced with threats of deportation. Overall an estimated 2 000 to 2 500 Gypsies were sterilised. The figure for Gypsies murdered on racial grounds under German rule can no longer be establish with any kind of precision. In Germany an estimated 15 000 people were killed as Gypsies or Gypsy half-breeds, in Austria around 8 000 and in Czechoslovakia around 35 000. In Belgium, northern France and the Netherlands it must have been several hundred people; in the occupied Soviet territories at least 10 000, possibly more, and in Poland around 8 000. [From: Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of The Jews by P Longerich] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/P1 9 DBE/2013 NSC – Grade 11 Exemplar – Addendum SOURCE 3D This photograph by M Hastings was taken on 29 April 1945 at the Dachau concentration camp in Germany. It shows a German woman walking amongst corpses. In the background are American troops who liberated the camp. [From: The Faces of World War II by M Hastings] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/P1 10 DBE/2013 NSC – Grade 11 Exemplar – Addendum ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Extracts and visual sources used in this addendum were taken from the following publications: Bauman, JF et.al. 1988. In the Eye of the Great Depression: New Deal Reporters and the Agony of the American People (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press) Fiehn, T 1997. Russia and the USSR 1905–1941 (Murray John) Frick, N et al. 2006. New Africa History Grade 11 (New Africa Books (Pty) Ltd, Claremont) Hastings, M. 2012. The Faces of World War II Hoover, H 1988. American Ideals Versus the New Deal (Reprint Services Corporation, US) http://creativecapital.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/newdeal.jpg http://lcweb2.loc.gov/wpaintro/intro01.html Laska, V 1983. Women In The Resistance And In The Holocaust: The Voices Of Eyewitnesses (Greenwood Press) Longerich, P 2010. Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of The Jews (Oxford University Press) MacKenzie, D 1987. A history of Russia and the Soviet Union (Wadsworth Pub. Co) Nove, A 1992. An Economic History of the USSR, 1917–1991 (Penguin Books) http://books.google.co.za/books/about/An_Economic_History_of_the_USSR.html?id=Z 1a5AAAAIAAJ Overy, R 1984. Göering, Hitler's Iron Knight (IB Tauris and Co Ltd) Robertson, J 1982. Russia in Revolution (Oxford University Press) Copyright reserved