History Grade 12 Paper 1 Eastern Cape June 2014 Addendum

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 HISTORY P1 ADDENDUM  JUNE 2014  COMMON TEST This addendum consists of 8 pages including this page. *HISTE1* Copyright Reserved Please Turn Over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/P1 2 June 2014 Common Test NSC – Addendum QUESTION 1: HOW DID RUSSIA’S ATTEMPT AT HAVING SOLE ACCESS TO EAST BERLIN AFFECT THE ORDINARY PEOPLE OF GERMANY IN THE 1950s to1960s? SOURCE 1A This extract is on the construction of the Berlin Wall by the German Democratic Republic, to exercise full control of East Germany in 1961. Construction on the Berlin Wall began early on the morning of Sunday, 13 August, 1961. It was desperate – an effective move by the German Democratic Republic (GDR) to stop East Berliners escaping from the Soviet-controlled East German state into the West of the city, which was then occupied by the Americans, British and French. Berlin's unique situation as a city half-controlled by Western forces, in the middle of the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany, made it a focal point for tensions between the Allies and the Soviets and a place where conflicting ideologies were enforced side by side. However, as more and more people in the Soviet-controlled East grew disillusioned with communism and the increasingly oppressive economic and political conditions, an increasing number began defecting to the West. By 1961 an estimated 1 500 people a day were fleeing to the West, damaging both the credibility and, more importantly, the workforce of the GDR. Soon rumours began to spread about a wall, and it wasn't long after that those rumours were made a concrete reality. Source accessed from: http://www.berlin-life.com/berlin/wall Copyright Reserved Please Turn Over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/P1 3 June 2014 Common Test NSC – Addendum SOURCE 1B The following is an account of Peter Fechter, a teenager who was killed trying to escape over the Berlin Wall in August 1962. Taken from The Berlin Wall: A world divided by Frederick Taylor; 2008. Peter Fechter, eighteen years old, belonged to a circle of rebellious East German teenagers, who decided they would make a mass break-out to the West. As the planned day approached, predictably, most lost their nerve and dropped out, leaving just Fechter and a close friend. Having dodged the guards who patrolled the restricted area behind the sector border, the two young men found themselves hiding in a disused building near the Wall. Gathering their courage, they finally left cover and made their high-risk dash. As they mounted the first wire barrier on the Eastern side, his friend going first and Fechter following, border guards opened up with automatic weapons from a distance of about fifty metres. They ran on. His friend reached the three metre high wall that marked the border with the American sector, managed to scale it, and jumped over with bullets thudding into the cement centimetres from him. He made it safely to the West with minor injuries. Peter was not so lucky. As he tried to follow his friend over the final barrier, Fechter was hit in the leg and slid back into no man's land. There he lay, moaning and crying for help, at first loudly, then in an increasingly weak and desperate voice. The bullet in his leg had severed an artery. An angry crowd of West Berliners quickly gathered. No one arrived from the East or West to save the wounded man. After an hour and a half, East German police removed the unconscious Fechter who was pronounced dead on arrival at the police hospital. The death of Peter Fechter sparked outrage in the West. From: The Berlin Wall:A World Divided by F. Taylor Copyright Reserved Please Turn Over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/P1 4 June 2014 Common Test NSC – Addendum SOURCE 1C This is a cartoon from the National Library of Wales was an attempt at total transport blockade of Berlin. It is Vyshinsky and Molotov standing on Stalin’s shoulders blocking access to the West. Demand for Air Control Rail Closed Road Closed Berlin From: http://www.llgc.org.uk/cgi-berlin] Copyright Reserved Please Turn Over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/P1 5 June 2014 Common Test NSC – Addendum QUESTION 2: HOW DID MARTIN LUTHER KING JR’s CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE PAVE THE WAY FOR DESEGREGATION IN THE USA IN THE 1960s? SOURCE 2A This extract is adapted from Via Afrika History 2013 by S.Grove. It highlights the challenges faced by African Americans during the Desegregation of schools in Little Rock Arkansas. During 1949 and 1950, the legal team, put together by Thurgood Marshall and Professor Charles Houston, had won legal victories in higher education. In a landmark decision in May 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in schools was unconstitutional. …By the summer of 1957, the school officials had selected 17 African American students to be enrolled at Central High. Some parents of the 17 students withdrew their children, fearing for their safety. At the beginning of the new school year, nine African American students had enrolled for Central High. They became known as the Little Rock Nine… The day before the nine students were to enter Central High, Governor Faubus called in the national guard to surround the school.The reason he gave on television was that he had heard that white supremacists were planning to gather at central high, and if the African Americans attempted to enter the school, ‘blood would run in the streets’… …For the next 17 days, the Arkansas National Guard prevented the Little Rock Nine from entering Central High…On Monday, 23 September local police officers placed wooden barricades around Central high as more than a thousand angry white men and women gathered in front of the school building. To avoid the mob, the students entered through a side door. Fearing escalating mob violence, however, the students were rushed home soon afterward. …Throughout that school year the Little Rock Nine continued to be subjected to racist hatred. White students yelled insults at them in the halls and during class. They beat up the Nine, particularly the boys, walked on their heels until they bled; destroyed their lockers and threw flaming paper wads at them in the bathrooms. The Nine did their best not to retaliate, except for Minniejean Brown who lost her patience and was expelled. Governor Faubus, with the majority support of the white community, closed all four of Little Rock’s public high schools, rather than proceed with desegregation. In June 1959, the Supreme Court ruled that the school board must reopen the schools and resume the process of desegregation. From: Via Afrika History Grade 12 by S. Grove Copyright Reserved Please Turn Over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/P1 6 June 2014 Common Test NSC – Addendum SOURCE 2B This photograph shows the civil rights protesters in the USA in the 1960s. They were protesting against unjust laws posed on African Americans in different states in the US.  From: http://stayinalive70.wordpress.com/2012/04/03/new-found-freedom Copyright Reserved Please Turn Over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/P1 7 June 2014 Common Test NSC – Addendum SOURCE 2C The extract below is from an article in National Geographic, February 2000, by C. Stone. It highlights how the marches eventually ended in the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Thirty-five years ago, civil rights activists marched from Selma to Montgomery in a protest that led to the passing of the Voting Rights Act in 1965. Back then, Selma was a small southern town of 28 000 people with segregated schools, housing, jobs, theatres, swimming pools. Like millions of African Americans, those in Selma were denied the right to vote by poll taxes, literacy tests, and other intimidation tactics. … The Voters League appealed to Martin Luther King Jr to add his charismatic clout charming personality). In January 1965, King launched a series of demonstrations in Alabama. 'We must be willing to go to jail by the thousands,' ... 'We are not on our knees begging for the ballot, we are demanding the ballot ...' … On Sunday 7 March, hundreds of demonstrators led by John Lewis and Hosea Williams of the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) set out on a 54-mile (86-kilometre) trek. At the Edmund Pettus Bridge they confronted Alabama State troopers sent by Governor George Wallace, along with Sheriff Jim Clark and his 'posse' (sheriff's assistants). Ordered to disperse (break up), the marchers stood fast. … Clark's men, some on horseback, charged in. A chaos of tear-gassing, whipping and clubbing left several demonstrators unconscious … Televised images of flailing (swinging) clubs spilled into living rooms across the country. Americans were horrified. Ironically, a non- violent march ended violently in 'Bloody Sunday'. … Momentum began building for another march. On Tuesday 9 March, Martin Luther King Jr led 2 000 people across the Pettus Bridge. Once again state troopers blocked the way. King turned the marchers around, and no one was injured. The following week President Lyndon Johnson went on television to call for legislation banning restrictions that denied blacks the right to vote. … For five days, from March 21 to 25, the road between Selma and Montgomery was lined with marchers. Led by King, more than 3 000 people set out from Selma. At the march's end the crowd that King addressed live on national television from the foot of the state capital steps had swelled beyond 25 000. Another speaker was Rosa Parks whose refusal to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus had helped set off the modern Civil Rights Movement. 'The march was a turning point in the movement,' said John Lewis. That August, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act. From: National Geographics by C. Stone Copyright Reserved Please Turn Over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/P1 8 June 2014 Common Test NSC – Addendum ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bates, D. 1962. Long Shadow of Little Rock Bottaro, J et al. 2013. Oxford In Search of History (Oxford University Press) Boyer, P et al. 1996. The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People (DC Heath and Company) Grove, S et al. 2013. Via Afrika Grade 12 (Via Afrika Publishers Hampton, H et al. 1990. Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Horner, B et al. 2013. Viva History Grade 12 (Viva Publishers &Booksellers PTY LTD) Microsoft Encarta Premium 2009 (History Section) Movement from the 1950s to the 1980s (Vintage) Pillay, G et al. 2013. New Generations Grade 12 (New Generation Publishers) Taylor, F. 2008. The berlin Wall: Aworld divided (Harper Perennial) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/x2jfk.html John Kennedy Presidential Library &Museum_aspx_mht http://stayinalive70.wordpress.com/2012/04/03/new-found-freedom http://www.llgc.org.uk/cgi-berlin http://www.berlin-life.com/berlin/wall Copyright Reserved  Please Turn Over