History Grade 12 Paper 2 NSC June 2013 Addendum

Downloaded from hlayiso.com a oat basic education Department: Basic Education REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION HISTORY P2 STANDARD GRADE 2013 ADDENDUM This addendum consists of 10 pages. 3 GAUTENG Please turn over | Copyright reserved

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 2 DBE/2013 SCE — Addendum QUESTION 4: AFRICA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 44 WHAT CHALLENGES DID AFRICAN STATES FACE AFTER OBTAINING INDEPENDENCE FROM COLONIAL RULE IN THE 1960s? SOURCE 4A The table below shows comparative statistics of the population and economic growth rate in African countries from the mid-1960s to 1988. Taken from Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa by N Chazan et al. COUNTRY | POPULATION GNP ANNUAL DEBT (MILLIONS) | PER CAPITA | GROWTH (MILLIONS MID-1988 (DOLLARS) RATE (%) OF 1988 1965-1988 DOLLARS) 1988 Algeria 23,8 2 360 2,7 24 850 Botswana 1,2 1010 8,6 499 Cote d'Ivoire 11,2 770 0,9 14125 Egypt 50,2 660 3,6 49 970 Madagascar 10,9 190 -1,8 3 602 Nigeria 110,1 290 0,9 30 718 Somalia 5,9 170 0,5 2 035 Uganda 16,2 280 -3,1 1925 SOURCE 4B This is an extract from African Timelines Part V: Post-Independence Africa. It gives a synopsis of the state of Africa during the mid-1960s. Taken from http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum21 1/timelines/htimelines5.htm. Most former European colonies in Africa gain independence and European colonial era effectively ends. Neo-colonialism, however, plagues many new African nations: Western economic and cultural dominance and African leaders' and parties' corruption intensify the multiple problems facing the new nations. As Chinua Achebe points out in his interview with Bill Moyers — ‘colonial rule does not teach subjects how to rule themselves'. Indigenous ethnic groups often feel stronger loyalty to traditional cultural ties and geographical homelands than to the arbitrary political boundary lines, first drawn by European colonisers, of independent African states. Copied NAN Pease um ove

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 3 DBE/2013 SCE — Addendum SOURCE 4C This cartoon is drawn by Zapiro, a South African cartoonist, in 1999. It depicts the leading causes of death in Africa. .tN THE “LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH™ EVENT, THE CONTINENT'S NEtO NUMBER ONE /., Coprintresoned NLU P2s2 4m

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 4 DBE/2013 SCE — Addendum SOURCE 4D This is an extract from a paper, A Democratic Developmental State in Africa? May 2005, by Omano Edigheji. It gives a review of the political and democratic developments in Africa since the 1960s. The majority of African countries lack basic social and physical infrastructure. The lack of access to basic medical care occurs against a backdrop of ravaging diseases; a situation which has become exacerbated (worse) with the advent of the HIV/Aids epidemic. The continent accounts for about 70% of all HIV-infected persons and Aids-related deaths in the world. The state of underdevelopment has been reinforced (strengthened) by authoritarianism, political instability, ethnic and religious conflicts and civil wars. Since attaining their independence, most African countries have been plagued by some form of political conflict. This has included the civil wars in Nigeria in the 1960s, Liberia in the 1990s, Angola for most of its post- independence period, including the current civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the genocide in Rwanda. The list is endless. Political crises have also manifested in what is now generally referred to as ‘failed states', such as Liberia and Somalia. These crises have occurred in the context of mal-governance (inappropriate control of the country) in the form of one-party autocracy, military rule, one-person rule, etc. Included here are countries such as Malawi (for most of its post-independence period) and Zimbabwe since the late 1990s. Mal-governance is marked by exclusion of the people from governance, non-accountability of public officials, lack of transparency in decision-making and the colonisation and personalisation of the state and national resources by the political elite. Conitesoved LANNE VAIN) 4m ve

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 5 DBE/2013 SCE — Addendum QUESTION 5: CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH LED TO THE SECOND WORLD WAR 5.1 HOW DID HITLER VIOLATE THE TERMS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES BETWEEN 1936 AND 1938? SOURCE 5A This is an extract from a speech made by Hitler about the crisis in the Rhineland, date unknown. The forty-eight hours after the march into the Rhineland were the most nerve- racking in my life. If the French had then marched into the Rhineland we would have had to withdraw with our tails between our legs, for the military resources at our disposal would have been wholly inadequate for even a moderate resistance. What would have happened in March 1936 if anyone else than myself had been in charge of Germany! Anyone else would have lost his nerve. | had to lie. We were saved by my unshakeable obstinacy (stubbornness) and my remarkable daring. | threatened, unless the situation ceased (ended) in twenty-four hours, to send six extra divisions into the Rhineland. In fact, | only had four brigades. SOURCE 5B This is an extract from a radio broadcast made by the Austrian chancellor, Schuschnigg, on 11 March 1938. Taken from Twentieth Century History: International Relations Since 1919 by Tony McAleavy. Men and women of Austria. Today we have been faced with a difficult situation. The German government gave us an ultimatum: Appoint as Chancellor a candidate nominated by Germany, otherwise German troops will march into Austria. There is no truth in the stories that there has been unrest, that streams of blood have flowed and that the government could not maintain order. The Austrian government has decided to yield to force. Because we do not want to shed German blood, we have ordered our armed forces to offer no resistance if the invasion is carried out. Conrihtesoned LANA ALVA ovr

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 6 DBE/2013 SCE - Addendum SOURCE 5C This is a British cartoon that was drawn in February 1938. It shows the occupation of Austria by Hitler. cise A HAPs

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 7 DBE/2013 SCE — Addendum SOURCE 5D This is a cartoon by David Low. It focuses on how European leaders reacted to the plebiscite in Austria. PLEBISGITE | ye U APPROVE OF HAVING YOUR PANTS KICKED ? Goering Goebbels From the picture above: PLEBISCITE QUESTION: Do you approve of having your pants kicked? VOTE JA! — OR ELSE ... GET YOUR JA HERE PLACE YOUR JA HERE Conyant reserved PT dceteiiniial

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 8 DBE/2013 SCE — Addendum QUESTION 6: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND EVENTS: THE COLD WAR 6.1 WHAT WAS THE NATURE OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA) AND THE SOVIET UNION (USSR) AFTER 1945? SOURCE 6A This is a speech made by Secretary of State, George Marshall, at Harvard University, 5 June 1947. Europe's requirements for the next three or four years for foreign food and other essential products principally from America are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help, or face economic, social and political deterioration of a very grave character ... It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health to the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist. Such assistance, | am convinced, must not be on a piecemeal (gradual) basis as various crises develop. Any assistance that this government may develop in the future should provide a cure rather than a mere palliative (something soothing). SOURCE 6B This is an extract from a speech by Andrei Vyshinsky, the Soviet Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, to the United Nations, 18 September 1947. Taken from In Search of History Grade 12, by M Mulaudzi et al. The so-called Truman Doctrine is a particularly glaring example of the way in which the principles of the United Nations are violated, of the way in which the United Nations is ignored. The United States has moved towards giving up the idea of international cooperation and joint action by the great powers. It has tried to force its will on other independent countries, whilst at the same time obviously using the money distributed as relief to needy countries as an instrument of political pressure ... This policy conflicts sharply with the principle expressed by the General Assembly in its resolution of 11 December 1946 which declares that relief supplies to other countries should, at no time, be used as a political weapon. Cori soe A LEN) He

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 9 DBE/2013 SCE — Addendum SOURCE 6C This extract describes the Soviet reaction to the Marshall Plan, 1947. Taken from Russian History 1812-1971 by JN Westwood. The Marshall Plan of 1947 was an anti-communist measure insofar as its motivation. It was the American wish to extend help to European economies struggling with post-war conditions, and thus discouraged the spread of communism, which was believed to occur in conditions of social distress. The USSR delegation to the initial talks staged a walk-out led by Molotov, and Soviet pressure prevented Czechoslovakia's participation. In the same year, a new uncompromising Soviet line in foreign policy was presented by Zhdanov, who stated that the world was irrevocably (forever) split into two camps. To replace the Comintern, the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform) was established to coordinate the policies of the main European communist parties. SOURCE 6D This is a British cartoon depicting the Soviet Union (represented by the foreign minister, Molotov). Eastern European satellite countries (the schoolgirls) were forbidden from getting Marshall Aid (hot dogs from the hot-dog stand). Molotov Cerro TT

Downloaded from hlayiso.com History/SG/P2 10 DBE/2013 SCE — Addendum ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Extracts and visual sources used in this addendum were taken from the following publications: Chazan, N. 1992. Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa, Oxford Condon, C. 1994. The Making of the Modern World, Melbourne: Macmillan Edigheji, O. 2005. A Developmental State in Africa? A concept paper, Centre for Policy Studies: JHB Govender, SP et al. 1999. New Generation History Standard 10, Musgrave Heater, D. 1992. Our World This Century, Oxford: Oxford http://web.cocc.edu./cagatucci/classes/hum21 1/timelines/htimelines5.htm McAleavy, T. 1996. Modern World History, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press McAleavy, T. 2003. Twentieth Century: International Relations Since 1919, United Mulaudzi, M. 2003. /n Search of History: Oxford University Press, South Africa Kingdom: Cambridge University Press Sauvain, P. 1997. Germany in the Twentieth Century, Stanley: Thornes Speed, P & M. 1986. The Modern World, Somerset: Oxford Tate, N. 1989. People Events in the Modern World, Great Britain: British Publishers Walsh, B. 1996. Modern World History, London: John Murray Publishers Ltd Westwood, JN. Russian History 1812-1971 Cope sere 00