L3 Life Orientation Module 9

Life Orientation: Life Skills NQF 3 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Orientation NQF Level 3

Know & understand HIV & Aids, STIs & opportunistic infections Module 9 Downloaded from hlayiso.com *see terms and conditions

Think about it… • What are ordinary, commonsense ways of preventing an infection? • Do people die from Aids, or from related infections & diseases? • What kinds of support services are available to prevent, or deal with, infection? Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Unit 9.1 The immune system & infection control Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Orientation NQF Level 3

What is immunity? • Immunity = body strong enough to fight infection or disease & not get sick. • Disease = condition that stops the body or mind from functioning normally. • The immune system is the body’s defence against infections & illnesses. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

What is immunity? The immune system is made up of: • The lymphatic system, thymus, tonsils & spleen • Lymph, white blood cells & bone marrow • Antibodies & other special cells • Mucous membranes. Figure 9.1: The nodes and ducts of the lymphatic system are seen Downloaded from hlayiso.com in green in this diagram

How do white blood cells work? • Protect against infections & invasions • Different kinds perform different functions, such as:  Dissolving bacteria  “Eating” bacteria Figure 9.2: A white blood cell  Killing parasites  Defending against viruses & tumours. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

How do lymphocytes work? • Type of white blood cell • Thymus cells or T-cells make up 75%:  Made in bone marrow  Then move to the thymus • B-cells:  Made in bone marrow  Produce antibodies when needed. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

How do lymphocytes work? Table 9.1: Types of T-cells Types Description Helper T-cells They start and coordinate the immune response by producing signalling cells called cytokines, which stimulate B-cells and macrophages into action. Cytotoxic T-cells They produce toxic granules with powerful enzymes to break open and kill invaders. Memory T-cells They form a memory of invaders they have encountered, so that the immune system will recognise them if they attack again. Suppressor They control immune response so that it doesn’t kill healthy T-cells cells after a threat has been dealt with. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

How is the immune system compromised? Viruses (e.g. HIV, Parasites Ebola, flu virus) Harmful bacteria (e.g. tapeworm, (e.g. syphilis, bilharzia, malaria) chlamydia, E. coli) Immune system Fungi Substances such as (e.g. moulds that pollen grains or produce spores) Cancer cells foreign proteins Figure 9.3: A mind map showing the organisms that compromise the immune system Downloaded from hlayiso.com

How is the immune system compromised? • Your immune system will usually fight threats. • If you are immunodeficient (have a weakened immune system), your body struggles to fight illness & infections. • A compromised immune system leads to opportunistic infections. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

How is the immune system compromised? Refer to Example 9.1 in your Student’s Book for more information. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

How does HIV attack cells? • Enters body & binds to CD4 glycoprotein on T-helper cells • Duplicates itself • HIV ‘reprogrammes’ Figure 9.4: HI viruses in the bloodstream, seen here T-helper cells to with red blood cells make them useless. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

How does HIV attack cells? • Remember Aids = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. • Aids occurs when an HIV-positive person’s CD4 count drops from 500– 1 200 to less than 200. • Someone with Aids cannot fight ordinary infections (has a compromised immune system) and is at risk of contracting opportunistic infections. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Learning activity 9.1 Module 9 Test your knowledge of this unit by completing Learning activity 9.1 in your Student’s Book. Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Orientation NQF Level 3

Infection control measures • These are ways to prevent spread of disease-causing organisms. • Examples include:  Wash hands regularly.  Avoid contact with body fluids.  Don’t touch dead wild animals & birds.  Wash fruit & vegetables before eating.  Don’t eat any diseased food.  Refrigerate leftovers. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Infection control measures • Examples include:  Boil drinking water.  Don’t pollute water sources.  Sneeze & cough into your elbow.  Use a condom.  See a healthcare professional if you are worried about your body. • Refer to Section 9.1.3.1 in the Student’s Book for a full list of do’s & don’ts. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Medication for HIV infection control • People with HIV need to take antiretrovirals (ARVs). • Must be taken as prescribed – if not taken regularly, the virus builds up resistance. • Different drugs do different things. • Take ARVs at the same time every day. • Take ARVs with food or on empty stomach (as prescribed). • Be aware of side-effects. • Find out how ARVs react with other meds. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Learning activity 9.2 Module 9 Test your knowledge of this unit by completing Learning activity 9.2 in your Student’s Book. Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Orientation NQF Level 3

Unit 9.2 Infections, their modes of transmission & prevention Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Orientation NQF Level 3

How HIV is transmitted • Mode = way something is done, or the way in which it happens • Only way HI virus can enter body is through body fluids or open wounds • HI virus transmitted through:  Blood  Equipment or procedures  Sexual activity  Mother-to-child transmission. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

How STIs are transmitted • Remember, STI = sexually transmitted infection. • STIs can be caused by micro-organisms such as:  Bacteria  Viruses  Parasites  Protozoans  Fungi. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

How STIs are transmitted • STIs are transmitted through sexual activity (oral, vaginal or anal). • STIs transmitted through contact with:  Body cavities  Body fluids  Mucous membranes  Sores, wounds, broken skin & whole skin. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

How STIs are transmitted • Remember, an infected person may not look sick. • STIs need to be treated by a doctor. • Refer to Box 9.1 in your Student’s Book for an example of identifying an STI (gonorrhoea). Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Learning activity 9.3 Module 9 Test your knowledge of this unit by completing Learning activity 9.3 in your Student’s Book. Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Orientation NQF Level 3

Opportunistic infections • These take advantage of weakened immune systems • Caused by pathogens that a strong immune system could fight • Need to be treated or can result in death! Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Opportunistic infections • Examples of opportunistic infections include:  Aspergillosis  Candidiasis  Pneumocystosis  Tuberculosis. Candidiasis (oral thrush) • See Table 9.2 in your Student’s Book for more examples. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Tuberculosis (TB) • Example of an opportunistic disease • Caused by bacteria that attack the lungs • Types of TB:  Latent infection  Cavitary tuberculosis  Miliary tuberculosis. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Tuberculosis (TB) Symptoms of TB: Figure 9.18: Symptoms of TB Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Tuberculosis (TB) • TB spreads through droplets when someone coughs, sneezes, spits, sings or speaks. • Drug-resistant TB (MDR TB):  Doesn’t respond to normal TB medication  Caused by patients not finishing course of meds  Spreads to others. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Tuberculosis (TB) To prevent MDR TB: • Patients must take medication regularly. • Patients must complete treatment (approx. two years). Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Preventing TB • Turn away when someone coughs or sneezes. • Wear a surgical mask around TB patients. • Ventilate rooms. • Wash your hands regularly. • Follow a healthy diet. • See a healthcare professional if you have symptoms. • See a healthcare professional if you’ve been in close contact with someone with TB. • Cough into a tissue & throw it away. • CompleteDownloaded your treatment. from hlayiso.com

Preventing HIV, Aids & STIs • See a healthcare professional if you have symptoms. • Get tested for HIV every year. • Avoid blood & body fluids. • Wear protective clothing around others’ blood & body fluids. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Preventing HIV, Aids & STIs • Don’t share razors or needles. • Use a condom. • Commit to safe sex. • Follow treatment carefully. • Vaccinate against STIs such as HPV or hepatitis A & B. • Educate others. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Preventing opportunistic infections • Measure & monitor CD4 count. • Take ARVs & other meds regularly. • Take medication as prescribed. • Tell doctor if taking other medication. • Avoid blood & body fluids. • Don’t smoke, drink, do drugs or have unsafe sex. • Be aware of hygiene. • Cook food thoroughly. • Eat healthily & rest well. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Learning activity 9.4 Module 9 Test your knowledge of this unit by completing Learning activity 9.4 in your Student’s Book. Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Orientation NQF Level 3

Unit 9.3 Health-related support services Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Orientation NQF Level 3

Support services in South Africa • Aim: to promote, improve, maintain & restore wellbeing. • Government:  Hospitals & clinics  Schools  Social services  Helplines & counselling  Legal services. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Support services in South Africa • Umbrella organisations & networks:  Based locally or overseas  May work with government  Try to create awareness, educate & assist with healthcare. • NGOs & NPOs:  Independently run  Don’t make a profit, but address a social or political issue. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Support services in South Africa • Local community initiatives & religious organisations • Helplines, such as: LifeLine Crisis Hotline (also for rape, HIV & Aids counselling) 0861 322 322 National Aids Helpline in South Africa 0800 012 322 loveLife Youth Line 0800 121 900 loveLife Parent Line 0800 121 100 National HIV & TB Health Care Worker Hotline 0800 212 506 Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Learning activity 9.5 Module 9 Test your knowledge of this unit by completing Learning activity 9.5 in your Student’s Book. Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Orientation NQF Level 3

Summative assessment Module 9 Test your knowledge of this module by completing the Summative assessment of Module 9 in your Student’s Book. Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Orientation NQF Level 3

Mathematics NQF Level 2 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Life Orientation (Life Skills) NQF Level 3