Physical Sciences Grade 12 P2 Gauteng Mock 2015 QP

Downloaded from hlayiso.com — , GAUTENG PROVINCE REPUGLUIG OF SQL 7 SPRICA GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PREPARATORY EXAMINATION | 2015 40842 PHYSICAL SCIENCES SECOND PAPER MARKS: 4690 TIME: S$ hours Pages 18 and 4 formula sheets PHYSICAL SCIENCES: Paper 2 i 10842E X1@ wn PTO.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES 2 (Second Paper) 10842/15 GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PREPARATORY EXAMINATION PHYSICAL SCIENCES (Second Paper). TIME: 3 hours MARKS: 150 a INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. 2. 10. tt. 12. Write your name in the appropriate space on the ANSWER BOOK. This question paper consists of TEN questions. Answer ALL the questions in the ANSWER BOOK. Start EACH question on a NEW page in the ‘ANSWER BOOK. Number the answers correctly according to tha numbering system used in this question paper. Leave ONE line between two subquestions, for example between QUESTION 2.1 - and QUESTION 2.2. Non-programmable calculators may be used, Appropriate mathematical instruments may be used. Data sheets and a periodic table are attached for your use. Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL caiculations. Round off your final numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places. Give brief motivations, discussions, et cetera where required. —_ Write neatly and legibly. P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES 3 (Second Paper) 108425 QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHGICE QUESTIONS Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions, Each question has | only ONE correct answer. Write only the letter (A ~ Q) of the mast correct answer next to the question number (1.1 - 1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 1.110 14 Which CINE of the following compounds is a ketone? A CriaCOOH B GH CH(OH)CH, c CH3 COCH3 D GHgCH2CHO (2) 1.2 A chemical reaction reaches equilibrium. Which ONE of the following statements regarding this equilibrium is TRUE? A The concentrations of the individual reactants and products are equal. B The concentrations of ithe individual reactants and producis are constant. C The concentrations of the incivicual reactants are zero. D The concentrations of the individual products increase until the reaction stops. (2) 1.3 Which ONE of the following is a primary nutrient needed by plants? A Ca B Cc G Mg D N (2) P.T.O,

1.4 16 Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES 4 (Second Paper) 10842/15 The condensed structural formula of an organic compound is shown below: cl Ct I Br H H CH3 — aos ys Which ONE of the following is the correct IUPAC name for this compound? A 2,3-dichioro-4-bromo-1-methylbutane B 4-bromo-2,3-dichloropentane c 2-bromo-3,4-dichloropentane D : 2-bromo-3,4-dichloro-1 -methylbutane (2) Consider the following esterification reaction: CH3OH +.X — CHsCOOCH; +H,0 The IUPAC name of the reactant most likely represented by X is: A Methanoic acid B Ethanoic acid Cc Methanol D . Ethanol (2) P.T.O.

17 Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES 5 (Second Paper) 1084215 Consider the chemical reaction represented by the following balanced equation: 2Mg(s) + SOo(g) 2 2@MgO(s) + Sis) Which ONE of the following statemenis is CORRECT? A SOx is an oxidising agent. B SO. is an acid. C SOo is a base. D SOy is a reducing agent. (2) The reaction represented by the balanced equation below reaches equilibrium in a closed container at a certain temperature. 3H2(g) + No(g) = 2NHa(g) The pressure of this system is increased by decreasing the volume while maintaining a constant temperature. The percentage of NH3(q)in the reaction mixture is recorded and graphed. The results are incicated belaw. | Line A ’ oe Percentage \ NHa(g) in : Line B reaction mixture ra ine & v4 / reece § LIne G Pressure The line that shows the correct relationship between the percentage of NHs(g) in the reaction mixture, and the increasing pressure, is: A Line A B Line B Cc Line D None of the above (2) PTO.

1.8 1.9 Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES 6 (Second Paper) 10842/15 Which ONE of the following solutions has the HIGHEST pH value? A 0,1 mol-dm® Mg(OH)s B 0,1 mol-dm? NH c 0,1 mol-dm’® HCE D 0,1 mol-dm* HeSO, ; (2) Which ONE of the following represents the products formed during the hydrolysis of calcium carbonate? A H3O*(aq) and CO3"(aq) B OH (aq) and HCO; (aq) c Ga”*(aq) and CO; (aq) D- Ca**(aq) and OH‘(aq) (2) Which ONE- of the following solutions can be stored in an aluminium container? A CuSO,(aq) B ZnSO,(aq) Cc NaCf(aq) D Pb(NOs)2(aq) , 2 P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES 7 (Second Paper) 1042S QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page.) Consider the organic compounds represented by the letters A to F in the table below A | CH CH GHCHO B | 2~- meihylbut-2-ene H H Oo H ee HOH 4 H | ° Oo H-G—H E F | ] i i —O—CHle- CHe--O-—C— CHo—C—~I ery Tes H ? HH H 2.1 Write down the LETTER that represents the following: 2.1.4 An addition polymer 2.1.2 Write down the IUPAC name of the following: 2.2.1 Compound A 22.2 Compound Ee A compound that is a functional isomer of compound D PTO.

2.3 2.4 Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES 8 (Second Paper) 10842/15 Compound B is one of the reactants needed to produce compound E. Write down the ... 2.3.1 NAME or FORMULA for the other reactant needed for this reaction. (1) 2.3.2 structural formula of compound B. (3) 2.3.3 type of reaction that takes place. (1) The table contains a compound that occurs as a result of condensation polymerisation. 2.4.1 Define the term condensation polymerisation. (2) 2.4.2 ° Write down the LETTER that represents the compound that is a condensation polymer. (1) [13] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES 9 (Second Paper) ss 108425 QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.) 3.1 An organic compound with a molecular formula of Cats has two positional isomers. 344 Define the term positional isomer. (2) 3.1.2 White dewn the structural formulae of TWO positional isomers of CaHe and also give their IUPAC names. 4) 3.2 Heplane can undergo cracking fo form an alkene with three carbon ators and a branched four-carbon alkane. 3.2.1 Write down a balanced equation using structural formulae. (3) 3.2.2 Write down the IUPAC names of the products formed in this reaction. (2) 3.3 An invesiigation is conducted to determine the boiling points of different types of homologeus series. The table below shows the boiling points of compounds from different homologous series. Organic compound Boiling point (°C) Propane ad Propan-t-ol 87 Propanoic acid 4144 | 3.3.1 Define the term boiling point. (2) 3.3.2 Explain the difference in boiling points of propan-1-ol and propanoic acid by referring to the TYPE of INTERMOLECULAR FORCES present in the compounds. (3) [18] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES 10 (Second Paper) 10842/15 QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.) The flow diagram below shows various chemical reactions of haloalkanes. P, Q and R represent reaction types. Alcohol ¢ : mewweesy) 1,2-dibromopropane propene 4.1 Write down the type of reaction represented by: 41.1 Q. : (1) 412 A an (1) 4.2 For reaction: P, write down the following: 424 The structural formula of the alcohol formed (2) 4.2.2 The IUPAC name of the alcoho! formed (1) 4.3. In reaction S, propene reacts with compound X to form 2-bromopropane. Write down the: 4.3.1 NAME of compound X (1) 4.3.2 Balanced equation using structural formulae (4) [10] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES it (Second Paper) 10842NS QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page.) Leamers pertorm THREE investigations (A, B and ©) to study THREE factors which alfect the rate of a chemical reaction. They use the reaction between solid calcium carbonate (CaCQs) and EXCESS hydrochloric acid (HCQ solution, represented by the balanced equation below, in all three investigations. CatO,(s) + 2HICi (aq) ——> Cath(aq) + H2O(f) + COfg) The calcium carbonate is COMPLETELY COVERED in all the investigations. 5.1 INVESTIGATION A: The leamars conduct two experiments using the conditions as shown in the table below. Mass of State of CaCO, | Concentration | Temperature Calas (g) of HCe of HCE (PC) (mol-dm’) Experiment 1 2 powder 0,2 25 Experiment 2 2 lumps 0,2 25 5.1.1 Which factor influencing reaction rate is being investigated? qd) 5.1.2 The learners now repeat Experiment 1, but use 4 g of calcium carbonate in excess acid, instead of 2 g. They find that the rate of the reaction INCREASES. Use the collision theory to explain why the rate increases. (3) 5.1.3 If the learners do NOT use excess acid in ihe reaction of the 4 g of calcium carbonate, they find that 15% of the mass of the original sample of CaGOQg remains unreacted after completion of the reaction. Calculate the volume of acid (in din?) of the given concentration needed to react with the remaining calcium carbonate. (5) PTO.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES (Second Paper) 10842/15 12 5.2 INVESTIGATION B: The learners conduct two experiments using the conditions in the table below. Mass of State of Concentration | Temperature of © CaCO (g) Caco, of HC2 HCE (°C) ; (mol-dm*) Experiment 3 2 ~ lumps 0,2 25 Experiment 4 2 lumps 1,0 25 5.2.1 Identify the independent variable in this investigation B. 5.2.2 The reactions in both experiments 3 and 4 run to completion. How will the yield of COz produced in experiment 4 compare that of experiment 3? Write down SMALLER THAN, LARGER THAN or EQUAL TO. 5.2.3 Give a'reason for your answer to QUESTION 5.2.2 5.3 INVESTIGATION C: The learners conduct two experiments using the conditions as shown below. Concentration Mass of State of Temperature of CaCO; (g) Caco, of HCe HCE# (°C) (mol-dm*) Experiment 5 4 powder 0,2 25 Experiment 6 4 powder 0,2 35 5.3.1 5.3.2 In which experiment, 5 or 6, will the particles have the highest kinetic energy? On the same set of axes, draw sketch graphs of the number of molecules versus kinetic energy (also known as a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve) for each of experiment 5 and experiment 6. Label both axes Clearly label each graph as experiment 5 and experiment 6 (1) (1) (1) (1) (3) P.T.O.

5.4 Downloaded from hlayiso.com — PHYSICAL SCIENCES 13 (Second Paper) 1084215 The graph below shows changes in poiendal energy for the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acicl. rN = = z far) ca o = © Ss ed ¢ £ & c. Course of reaction . 5.4.1 Is ihis reaction exothermic or endothermic? (1) 5.4.2 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 5.4.1. (4) (18) P.T.O,

Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES 14 (Second Paper) 10842/15 ~— QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.) Acertain amount of nitrogen monoxide gas and oxygen gas react in a 50 cm?® closed container at 230 °C to form nitrogen dioxide gas. The reaction reaches equilibrium according to the following balanced equation: 2NO(g) +02(g) = 2NO(g) | AH=~114kJ-mol" colourless brown At 230 °C, the equilibrium constant for this reaction is 6,44 x 10°. 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Initially, 1 mol of NO(g) and an unknown quantity of O2(g) were placed in the container. At equilibrium, the number of particles of NO(g) present is 3,01 x 107". Calculate the initial number of moles of O2(g) placed in the container. . (9) The above reaction is the second step of the Ostwald process. What would be the significance of such a high K, for the industrial production of NO2 (g)? (1) Will the colour of the mixture of gases become LIGHTER or DARKER as the temperature is decreased to room temperature? (1) Using Le Chatelier’s principle, explain the answer to QUESTION 6.3. (3) How will a change in the pressure of the gases influence the equilibrium constant at room temperature? Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or NO EFFECT. (1) [15} P.T.O.

~ Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES (Second Paper) ss 108425 15 QUESTION 7 (Stari on a new page.) 7A V2. TA 1.5 Define a Branstec-Lowry base. 7.2.4 Galeulate the pH of a 0,12 mol-dar® HCE solution. 7.2.2 Write down the FORMULA for the conjugate base of HCt. 7.3.1 Whyis HSO, regarded as an ampholyte? 7.3.2 Write down an equation for the reaction of HSO, with water io form the hydroniura ion. Bengiwe and Sara plan to do a tilration. Prior to the titration each of them prepares a burette using the method given in the table below. Bongiwe Sam She rinses the burette with the acicl| He rinses the burette with water before fillirig it to the mark with acid. | before filling it to the mark with acid. Explain why Sam used an INCORRECT method. A solution of potassium hydroxide is made by dissolving 8,0 g of potassium hydroxide in 250 om? of distilled water. 7.5.1 Galculate the concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution. 7.5.2 25,0 cm® of this solution prepared as above is titrated and neutralised against 40,0 cm? of a DILUTE sulphuric acid solution. The reaction is as follows: HLSO, (ag)+ 2KOH (ag) oo OKSO.(aq) + 2H,OCL) Calculate the concentration of the DILUTE acid. 7.5.3 The dilute sulphuric acid solution in QUESTION 7.5.2 was prepared by adding 10,0 cm® of concentrated sulphuric acid _ to 490,0 cm? of distilled water. Calculate the concentration of the CONCENTRATED acid. (4) (4) [22] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES 16 (Second Paper) 10842/15 QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.) The simplified diagram below represents an electrolytic cell used to electroplate a medal with a thin layer of silver. : battery — | i—— medal electrode X —— AND (aq) 8.1 Write down the energy conversion that takes place in this cell. (1) 8.2 Which electrode (ANODE or CATHODE) must the medal be? Explain how you arrived at your answer. (3) 8.3 Write down the 8.3.1 NAME or SYMBOL of the element of which electrode X is made. (1) 8.3.2 equation of the half-reaction that takes place at the medal. (2) 8.4 Write down the visible changes that will occur at the following: 8.4.1 Electrode X . . (1) 8.4.2 The medal (1) 8.5 Explain why the concentration of the electrolyte remains constant during electroplating. (2) 1] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES (Second Paper) v7 ioea2ig | QUESTION 9 Start on a new page.) Learners use an elecirochemical cell as shown in the diagram below in an investigation io compare the reducing abilities of different metals. nn + __Salt bridge fe ——S) t | Halt- cell X —» eee Halfoedl ¥ 9.1 Name the type of electrochemical cell depicted in the above diagram. (i) 9.2 What wiil the voltmeter reading be if the salt bridge is removed? (ly : 9.3 Name TWO conditions that will need to be kept constant curing this ' investigation. (2) 9.4 What will be the incepencdent variable in this investigation? (i) In their investigation, they use different combinations of the three half-cells in the table below to compare the reducing abilities of Cu, Zn and Af. The cell potential for each combination of half-cells is recorded in the table. COMBINATION | HALF-CELLX | HALF-CELLY | VOLTMETER READING (V) 1 Cu/Cu* AUAR* -1,8 2 AAR ZnlzZn™* +0,8 3 “Zen Cu/Cu* +1,0 9.5 Write down a 9.5.1 possible reason why the voltmeter reacing for the copper-aluminium cell is negative. (2) 9.5.2 suitable conclusion for this investigation. (2) 9.6 Write down the NAME or SYMBOL of the 9.6.1 metal which is oxidised in cell 2. (1) 9.6.2 fecucing agent in cell 3. q) 9.7 Omitting spectator ions, write down a balanced equation for the net (overall) cell j reaction taking place in cell 2. (3) ‘ {14]

Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES 18 (Second Paper) 10842/15 QUESTION 10 (Start on a new page.) The diagram below illustrates the Haber process for the preparation of ammonia. IN NeandH, —* > ; ~ Ratio 1:3 by Ir } volume converter Poo fe ee me et i + ———4 Beds of finely UnreactedN2 |} | [| divided catalyst and H2 recycled to top of converter aL L, = cooler \ —» OUT liquid ammonia From “O level chemistry” SAP. 10.1. 10.1.1 NAME the catalyst used in this process. (1) 10.1.2 Using the COLLISION THEORY, explain why the FINELY DIVIDED catalyst will be more effective than a LARGE SOLID catalyst of the same mass. (2) 10.1.3. Give ONE reason, other than cost, why the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled. (2) 10.2. A farmer adds calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, and ammonium su!phate,(NH4)2SO4 alternately to the soil. 10.2.1. Explain the USE of EACH substance. (2) 10.2.2 The following reaction can occur when these two substances react: Ca(OH)2(aq) + (NH«)2S0.(aq)* __CaSO.(s) + 2 NH;(g) + 2H20(f) Explain why the farmer should NOT add both substances at the same time. (1) 10.3 In one of the steps of the Ostwald process, the following reaction takes place, 4NO(g) + 2H,O(€) + 302(g) ——> 4HNO,(aq) Calculate the maximum mass of nitric acid which can be made from 720 dm? of nitrogen(II)oxide (NO) at room temperature. Assume that the molar gas volume at room temperature is 24 dm*. (3) 1 [11] TOTAL: 150 P, T.O.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES (Second Paper) _ 1osdars DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE tz PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY) GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 12 VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE) TABLE 7: PHYSICAL COMSTANTS/T4&BEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES NAME/MAAM SYMBOL/SIMBOOL VALUE/ WAARDE Avogadro's consiant 28 an pel Avogadro-konstanie Na | 6,02 x 10" mat Standard pressure 5 8 1 4 ¥ Standaardedruk P 1013 x10" Pa Molar gas volurne at STP - 3, 1 Molére gasvolume by STO Vn 22,4 dm'-mol Standard temperature 7 6 Standaardtemperatuur v 273 K Charge on electron 19 Lading op elektran e 16x 10°C TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES m N ne na M Na n= M c eo or/of ex Vv, 7 MV pH = -logfH30"*] Ky = [HgO* OH] = 1 x 10 at/by 298 K CV Ma CY, ny Eee = ECatade 7 node (ESy =e Katoda E nous or/of Eee = EF Feduoton 7 ES nation Ea = EF recuksio 7 Fo kctiasia or/of =a = Fe ciising agent 7 EF reducingagant (Ee, = Fe csideermidel ~ FP auseormidst PTO.

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Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES 21 (Second Paper) TOB42N5 TABLE 44: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS / TABEL 4A: STANDAARD REDURSIEPOTENSIALE tHalf-reactions/Halfreaksies ee (vy) Fo(g}+2e7 8 2F> + 2,87 i Go +e 2 Cot +184 on : Hale + 2H we" 2 BHO +i? 5 ap MnO7 +8Ht+S5e7 Min 4 4HpO | 44,51 E & Ch(g)+2e = 2Cr + 1,36 2 a C02 4 14H ee = 26. THO | 41,33 2 ; Qo(q) +4Hh+4e7 BHO +123 5 6 MnQe+ 4H" 420° = Mn’ + 2eC) | + 4,23 a 5 Pe a2e = Pt + 1,20 s a Bro) +2e7 = 2B + 1,07 3 = NOZ +4H' 430" = NO) +2H.0 | +0,96 £ = Hg’ +2e" = Hg(e) + 0,85 3s & Ag’+e7 =& Ag +0,80 $ < NOg +2H +e" & NOG) +H.0 | 40,80 5 E Fe* +e Fe 40,77 & Py Oe(g) + 2H" + 20° = HOe + 0,68 S & lt 2e = 2F +0,54 Ld Es) Culte = Cu + 0,52 2 Led 802. +4H+4e° = S + 2HLO +0,45 = Ee 2H,0+02,+48 @ 40-- +0,40 3 = Cu 42e = Cu + 0,34 n © SOF 44H’ 4267 + SOx(g) +2H,0 | + 0,17 5 2 cu*t+e = Cur +0,16 2 o Sn 42e7 = Sn? +0,15 a 3 $+2H'42e7 = HeSig) 40,14 a “Se 2H 120° = Meg) 0,00 ec 9 Fe 43e 2 Fe ~0,06 7 > Pb 4207 = Pb ~0,18 8 ‘e Sn** +207 = Sn 0,14 5 g NP +2e7 = Ni -0,27 £ 5 Co +2e7 = Co ~ 0,28 & Cd* 420 2 Gd — 0,40 = Gye 2 Crt ~0,4t Fe 420° = Fe 0,44 Cr+3e 2 Cr ~0,74 an +227 Zn - 0,76 2H20 +28 = Ha(g) + 20H™ —0,83 Cf +28 = Cr ~0,91 Mn®*+2e7 = Mn ~ 1,18 ABT 430° = AL - 1,66 Mg*+2e = Mg — 2,36 Nat+e = Na ~274 Ca*+2e # Ca -2,87 S426 s Sr 2,89 Ba**+2e° = Ba —2,90 Cs*+e@ = Cs 2,92 Kee a K ~ 2,93 Lite 8 Li — 3,08 PTO.

Increasing oxidising abililty/Toenemende oksiderende vermoé Downloaded from hlayiso.com PHYSICAL SCIENCES (Second Paper) 10842/15 22 TABLE 4B: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS TABEL 48: STANDAARD REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE Haif-reactions/Halfreaksies E® (vy lit¢4e = Li —3,05 Kr+e = K - 2,93 Cs+e = Cs 2,92 Ba“ +20 = Ba ~ 2,90 Sf+2e0 2 Sr = 2,89 Ca*+2e° 2 Ca — 2,87 Na*+e7 = Na —2,71 Mg"*+2e = Mg — 2,36 A 43e = AL -1,86 Mn*+42e = Mn -41,18 Crt42e° = Cr —0,91 2H20 +28 = He(g) + 20H” —0,83 Zn™*+2e = Zn —0,76 Crt+3e = Cr -0,74 Fo +2e° = Fe -0,44 Crt+e = crt -0,44 Cd*+2e7 = Cd —0,40 Co*+2e = Co —0,28 Ni*4+2e° = Ni —0,27 Sn’t42e 2 Sn -0,14 Pb 428 = Pb -0,13 Fe*+3e = Fe — 0,06 2H*+2e = H2{g) - 0,00 S+2H*+2e = HeS(g) + 0,14 Sn“+2e = sni* +0,15 Cu*+e7 = Cur + 0,16 $02 +4H*+2e @ SOx(g)+2H2O| +0,17 ‘cu*+2e = Cu . + 0,94 2HO+O2+4e° = 40H +0,40 S02+4H*+40° = S+2H,O +045 Cu*+e. = Cu + 0,52 lb+2e = al + 0,54 O2(g) +2H*+2e == H2O2 + 0,68 Fe*+e = Fe* +0,77 NO, +2H*+e = NO2(g)+H2O | +0,80 Agi+e = Ag + 0,80 Hg**+2e° = Ha{t} + 0,85 NO} +4H'+3e = NO(g)+2H20 | + 0,96 Br(f)+2e = 2Br + 1,07 PH+2e 2 Pt +1,20 MnO2+ 44422" = Mn®+2H,O +1,23 Oo(g)+4H*+de" 2H +1,23 C02" +14H'+6e @ 2Cr* + 7HZO | + 1,33 Ch(g)+2e = 2Ch + 1,36 MnO; +8H*+5e° = Mn*+4H,O | +1,54 H2Q2+2H*+2e = 2H20 . +1,77 Co*+e° = Co* + 1,81 Fo(g)+2e = 2F + 2,87 END Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoé