Agricultural sciences learner support assistance booklet (SECOND CHANCE) 2020

SECOND CHANCE MATRIC PROGRAMME Learner Assistance Revision Booklet Grade 12 Agricultural Sciences 2020 Page 1 of 88

ANIMAL NUTRITION CALCULATIONS: A. CO-EFFICIENT OF DIGESTIBILITY Example The moisture content of hay for cattle in a feedlot is 8%. A herd of beef weaners consumes 30 kg of the hay on average and excretes 12 kg dry manure every day. Refer to the information above and calculate the digestibility coefficient of the hay. Show ALL the calculations. 1st step- CONVERSION OF MOISTURE CONTENT ✓ 8%/100X30kg=2.4 kg moisture content 2nd step REMOVAL OF MOISTURE ✓ 30kg consumed -2.4kg moisture = 27.6kg Dry Matter Please note: The manure is already DRY, hence no need to remove moisture Co-efficient of digestibility= Dry matter intake – Dry matter excreted out x 100% Dry matter intake 3rd step Substitution Co efficient of digestibility = 27.6kg – 12kg x 100% 27.6kg = 57% Activity 1 1.1 A total of 2.5 kg of green Lucerne with a moisture content of 60% was given to an animal. The animal excreted 0,255 kg of dry matter in the faeces. 1.1.1 Determine the co-efficient of digestibility of the green Lucerne. (5) Page 2 of 88

B. NUTRITIVE RATIO Nutritive ratio is an indicator of the protein content in feed Example A concentrate ration was formulated and analysed for dairy cows. This ration had a composition as indicated in the table below. Calculate the nutritive ratio of this ration. Show ALL calculations. DIGESTIBLE PROTEIN (DP) TOTAL DIGESTIBLE PROTEIN (TDN) 10% 80% NR 1: TDN – DP DP 1: 80% - 10% 10% 1: 70% 10% 1: 7 (Wide) suitable for maintenance Marking guideline ✓ Correct formula 1 mark ✓ Correct substitution 1 mark ✓ Correct answer 1 mark ✓ Correct ratio 1 mark Activity 2 2.1The table below represents the laboratory results of THREE feeds. FEED TDN (%) DP (%) NR 1 84 12 1:6 2 75 15 3 70 7 1:9 2.1.1 Calculate the nutritive ratio (NR) of feed 2. (3) 2.1.2 Recommend a feed (1, 2 or 3) for milk production in a dairy herd. (1) 2.1.3 Give ONE reason for the answer to QUESTION 3.1.2. (1) 2.1.4 Refer to the table and identify the cheapest feed. (1) 2.1.5 Motivate the answer to QUESTION 3.1.4. (1) Page 3 of 88

C. PEARSON SQUARE The Pearson Square is a method used to balance two rations and formulate simple feeds from two feedstuffs, which can also be used to determine a mixture of three feedstuffs. Example The table below indicates the feeds available to a dairy farmer to compose a ration REQUIREDDIGESTIBLE FEED DIGESTIBLEPROTEIN PROTEINVALUE(DP)% VALUE (DP)% 18% Feed A- Maize 9% Feed B- Oilcake meal 38% Use the Pearson square method to balance the ration 9 20 parts 18 DP 38 9 parts Mix 20 parts of Feed A (Maize) with 9 parts of Feed B (OCM) Or 20:9 Activity 3 3.1 The table below shows feeds ( A, B, C, and D), their respective digestible protein (DP) and their cost. Animals in a feedlot require 16% digestible protein. Type of feed Digestible Protein (DP) Cost per unit (R/kg) (%) FEED A 36 R 2,90 FEED B 42 R 3,50 FEED C 9 R 1,10 FEED D 12 R 1,40 3.1.1 Use the Pearson square method to determine the ratio needed to mix FEED A and FEED C to meet the feeding requirements stated above (4) Page 4 of 88

Activity 4 4.1 ANIMAL NUTRITION TERMINOLOGY 4.1.1 Provide the correct term for each of the definition in the table below: N0 CONCEPT DEFINITION 4.1.1 -true/milk stomach of a ruminant 4.1.2 -is the movement of dissolved food into the cells of the body. 4.1.3 -the building blocks/the monomers of proteins 4.1.4 -the enzyme that converts starch to maltose. 4.1.5 -a yellowish, bitter, alkaline liquid made in the liver and emulsifies fats. 4.1.6 -is an index of the quality of the protein in a feed 4.1.7 -is a ring of muscle which controls the movement of food into the stomach 4.1.8 -this involves chemical reactions by digestive enzymes. 4.1.9 -is a measure of the digestibility of a feed expressed as a percentage in terms of dry matter(DM). 4.1.10 -feeds that have high percentage of TDN (> 60%) in small volume 4.1.11 -the soft bag-like enlargement in the oesophagus of a fowl. 4.1.12 -consists of cellulose and lignin, which are extremely difficult to digest. 4.1.13 -the portion of the feed that is absorbed and not excreted by the body. 4.1.14 -gross energy value of a feed minus energy lost in faeces. 4.1.15 - the mechanical and chemical breaking down of food into smaller components that can be absorbed into a blood stream. 4.1.16 -all the constituents of feed except water. 4.1.17 -fats broken down into small droplets 4.1.18 -enzyme that converts trypsinogen to trypsin. 4.1.19 -the rumen, reticulum and omasum of the ruminants. 4.1.20 -the energy that is released as heat when a feed is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide, water and gases. Page 5 of 88

4.1.21 - Irregular clusters of endocrine cells scattered throughout the tissue of the pancreas that secrete insulin and glucagon. 4.1.22 -the enzyme involved in fat digestion(breaks fats into fatty acids and glycerol). 4.1.23 -amount of feed needed simply to maintain the body mass and composition of an animal (i.e. support life). 4.1.24 -this is a physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces. 4.1.25 -gross energy value of a feed minus energy lost in faeces, urine and gaseous end-products of digestion. 4.1.26 -inorganic elements needed in small quantities in an animal’s body 4.1.27 -gross energy minus energy lost through faeces, urine, digestive gases and lost as heat. 4.1.28 -consists of easily digestible carbohydrates like sugars and starch 4.1.29 -animals that have a simple stomach. 4.1.30 -ratio between digestible protein (DP) and digestible non nitrogen compounds 4.1.31 -is a tube-like structure that leads from the back of the throat (pharynx) to the stomach. 4.1.32 -the leaf shaped third and smallest stomach of the ruminant 4.1.33 -the disease found in fully grown animals when too much calcium has been removed from their skeletons. 4.1.34 -(small intestines)-enzyme that breaks proteins to peptides 4.1.35 -the wave-like contractions that move food along the digestive tract. 4.1.36 -the additional amount of feed an animal needs on top of the maintenance ration in order to do work and for production 4.1.37 -is a ring of muscle which controls the movement of food into the small intestines (duodenum). 4.1.38 -enzyme that changes soluble caseinogen of milk to insoluble casein. 4.1.39 -the honeycomb-shaped second stomach of the ruminant. 4.1.40 -when food from the stomach is moved back to the mouth, can occur during vomiting. / Ejection of contents of stomach through the mouth 4.1.41 - feeds that have small percentage of TDN (< 60%) in small volume 4.1.42 -the largest compartment of the ruminant stomach. Page 6 of 88

4.1.43 -animals that have a complex stomach (divided into four chambers) and chew the cud. 4.1.44 -is a fermented feed resulting from the storage of green forages under anaerobic conditions 4.1.45 -is a cheap NPN source that can be used by ruminants to synthesize proteins. 4.1.46 -the injecting of an agent into an animal to prevent disease. 4.1.47 -are tiny, finger-like projections found on the wall of the small intestines and they increase the surface area. SOLUTIONS Activity 1 1.1 CO-EFFICIENT OF DIGESTIBILITY 1.1.1 DC=Dry matter intake (kg)-Dry matter excreted (kg) x100✓ Dry matter intake (kg) 1 = DM intake 2.5kg x 0.6 =1.5 kg moisture✓ 2.5 kg-1.5 kg =1.0 kg DM✓ OR DM intake 2.5 x 0.4=1.0 kg DM✓ = 1.0 kg – 0.255 kg x 100 1.0 kg 1 =74.5 %✓ [5] Activity 2 2.1 Nutritive ratio 2.1.1 NR = 1: TDN% - DP%✓ DP% = 1: 75%-15% ✓ OR 1: 60 15% 15% NR =1:4✓ (3) 2.1.2 Feed 2✓ (1) 2.1.3 • It has narrow ratio✓ Any 1 (1) • Suggesting a comparatively high protein necessary for milk production. ✓ 2.1.4 Feed 3✓ (1) 2.1.5 • This feed has a lower protein content✓ • Feed with lower protein is cheap. ✓ Any 1 (1) Page 7 of 88

Activity 3 3.1 Pearson Square 3.1.1 Feed A: 36 7parts✓ 16✓ Feed C: 9 20 parts✓ Mix 7 parts of Feed A with 20 parts of Feed C OR 7: 20✓ (4) Activity 4 4.1 ANIMAL NUTRITION TERMINOLOGY 4.1.1 Abomasum 4.1. 27 Nett energy 4.1.2 Absorption 4.1.28 Nitrogen free extract 4.1.3 Amino acids 4.1.29 Non-ruminants 4.1.4 Amylase 4.1.30 Nutritive ratio (NR) 4.1.5 Bile 4.1.31 Oesophagus (gullet) 4.1.6 Biological Value (BV) 4.1.32 Omasum 4.1.7 Cardiac sphincter 4.1.33 Osteomalacia 4.1.8 Chemical digestion 4.1.34 Pepsin (stomach) and Trypsin 4.1.9 Co-efficient of digestibility 4.1.35 Peristalsis 4.1.10 Concentrates 4.1.36 Production ration 4.1.11 Crop 4.1.37 Pyloric sphincter 4.1.12 Crude fibre 4.1 38 Rennin 4.1.13 Digestibility 4.1.39 Reticulum 4.1. 14 Digestible energy 4.1.40Retro-peristalsis(reverse peristalsis) 4.1.15 Digestion 4.1.41 Roughages 4.1.16 Dry matter 4.1.42 Rumen 4.1.17 Emulsification 4.1.43 Ruminants 4.1.18 Enterokinase 4.1.44 Silage 4.1.19 Fore stomachs 4.1.45 Urea 4.1.20 Gross energy 4.1.46 Vaccination 4.1 21 Islets of Langerhans 4.1.47 Villi (singular: villus) 4.1.22 Lipase 4.1.23 Maintenance ration 4.1.24 Mechanical digestion 4.1.25 Metabolic energy 4.1.26 Minerals [47 MARKS] Page 8 of 88

ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND DISEASES Animal production protection and control SKILLS REPRESENTATION OF DATA Agricultural sciences contain a variety of scientific data that is often required by the learners to master and represent in their question papers. E.g. Line graphs, bar graphs, histograms and pie graphs. TABLE A table organizes and represents data clearly. It consists of a heading which gives a clear representation of the data. It may include a dependent and independent variable. What is an independent variable? An independent variable is the variable that you control and often changes during the investigation. A dependent variable is the variable that is affected by the independent variable. If written in columns and rows, the independent variable is usually in the left-hand side/ column, whilst the dependent is usually in the right –hand column. Example of a table Time (months) Milk yield (kg) 1 600 2 650 3 620 4 590 5 560 If a question states that the answer should be in table form, it must be given in table form. LINE GRAPH A line graph consists of both the independent and dependent values. It is a line showing the relationship between the two values. Things to be expected on a line graph: • Heading that has both the dependent and independent variables • X-axis (horizontal part ) represents the independent variables • Used for the quantitative aspects • Y-axis ( vertical part) represents the dependent variable • Values spaced at equal intervals • Should start at zero if there is a coordinate of zero • A correct scale must be used in drawing a graph Example of a line graph Weight gain in calves over time Page 9 of 88

14 12 10 8 Series 3 Series 2 6 Series 1 4 2 0 Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Bar graphs Bar graphs are used where the independent variable is qualitative (non –numerical) eg months, years, types of breeds and etc. it is often used for comparisons. In the bar graph the x- axis is the independent variable and is often qualitative/ non-numerical. The dependent variable (y-axis is quantitative/ numerical) • The x-axis is discontinuous so there are spaces between the blocks/bars • Width of bars must be consistent • Correct scale is to be used at all times Example of a bar graph (a compound bar graph) 6 5 4 Series 1 3 Series 2 Series 3 2 1 0 Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Page 10 of 88

HISTOGRAMS A histogram comprises of numerical data on a continuous scale on the independent x-axis, e.g. groups from 0-5,6-0,11-15 years etc. a histogram consists of: • Heading that includes both variables and the relationship between them. • X- axis represents the independent variable ( numerical values) • Y- axis represents the dependent variable (numerical data) • X-axis is continuous so there are no spaces between the blocks/bars/ columns • Blocks/bars / columns must be equal in width • Correct scale is to be used at all times. Example of a histogram ACTION VERBS Good understanding of the action verbs is essential to a learner in answering the questions provided. Here are the common verbs used together with their explanations. Verb explanation 1. analyse Separate, examine and interpret 2. classify Group things based on common characteristics 3. compare Show both similarities and differences between things or concepts 4. define Give a clear meaning 5. describe State in words( using diagrams where appropriate) the main points of a structure 6. distinguish To use differences to qualify categories 7. explain Make clear ,interpret and spell out 8. identify Name the essential characteristics 9. label Identify on a diagram 10. state Write down the information without discussion ANIMAL PRODUCTION, PROTECTION AND CONTROL TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS TERMS DEFINITIONS 1. Intensive production system e.g. An agricultural production with high inputs feed lot, broiler unit, battery system, of capital, labour and technology dairy cows fish farming and etc 2. Extensive production system e.g. An extensive production system with low Sheep in the Karoo, beef cattle, backyard inputs of capital, minimal human and etc interference and less technology. 3. Subsistence farming( small scale) A farming system where one family will produce only enough products to support a family Page 11 of 88

4. Commercial farming ( large scale) Is where a farm produces products that can be sold for profit 5. brooder A heated enclosure for rearing young animals 6. shelter e.g.( holding pens, holding A structure that provides some form of sheds, furrowing pen, feeding shed protection for animals and maintain and milking parlour and etc) constant body temperature 7. Conduction Loss of heat when a body is in contact with a colder surface e.g. wet soil 8. radiation Loss of heat from a warm body to a colder surrounding atmosphere 9. convection The upward movement of warm air and downward movement of cold air 10. bedding Material used in intensive/ semi intensive systems that form a comfortable layer in adverse conditions for resting/ standing animals. It provides support, insulation, less pressure, absorption of waste and a dryer environment. E.g. straws, seed shells, wood shavings etc. 11. homeothermic Animals that maintains a constant body temperature despite changes in the environmental temperature 12. courtship The species- specific behaviour by which animals select partners for mating 13. Flight zone A circle of space around a cow that that measures the safe area in which the cow feels comfortable. 14. Blind spot The area behind a cow where there is no vision and sudden movements that cause stress and anxiety 15. Pulse rate The number of heartbeats in one minute t determine the state of health of an animal 16. Respiratory rate Number of breaths in one minute used to determine the taste of health of an animal 17. Zoonotic diseases An infectious disease that is transmitted between humans and animals 18. notifiable disease An infectious disease that spreads very rapidly, is not easily controlled and by law it must be reported to the authorities immediately and animals quarantined 19. pathogen A disease causing agent. 20. vector A carrier organism responsible for the transfer of an infectious agent that cause diseases.eg mosquito, tick, flee Page 12 of 88

Activities 1. The picture below indicate TWO different pig systems. PICTURE A PICTURE B 1.1.1 Identify the TWO production systems shown in PICTURES A and B. (2) 1.1.2 Compare the TWO production systems based on the following: (a) Method of feeding (2) (b) Space per production output (2) 2.1 Below is a list of structures or practices that are used in the handling and management of farm animals in an animal production system. • A dairy parlour • A rope with a halter to tie animals to a pole • A single strand of movable electrical wire • A separate crush • Ostriches/Geese and donkeys Indicate which of the items above are the most suitable for each of the following situations: 2.1.1 A temporary structure for dairy cattle to utilise (1) planted pastures 2.1.2 To contain animals in a small area (1) 2.1.3To inseminate Holstein cows (1) 2.1.4To protect sheep against small predators, stray dogs and intruders (1) 3.1 Solar radiation is a major cause of heat stress and it increases the body Page 13 of 88

Temperature of farm animals. When farm animals are stressed their production also decreases. 3.1.1 Suggest THREE measures that a farmer can take to reduce heat stress in cattle under intensive production conditions. (3) 3.1.2 Describe the correlation between high environmental temperature and feed intake in animals not adapted to hot environmental conditions. (2) 3.2 During an experiment a group of heifers was injected with a growth stimulant to test the effectiveness of the newly-developed stimulant. The results of the growth response in the heifers in the experiment were tabulated in the table below. GROWTH STIMULANT GROWTH RESPONSE (VOLUME IN ml) (kg) 0 120 5 250 10 340 15 395 20 410 25 415 30 420 3.2.1. Draw a line graph to illustrate the volume of growth stimulant and the growth response of these heifers. (6) 3.2.2 Name TWO growth stimulants used in animal production systems. (2) 3.2.3 Determine the growth response of the heifers at a growth stimulant application of 15 ml. (1) Page 14 of 88

3.3 The schematic representation below shows the life cycle of a parasite. Metacercaria Egg Egg Cercaria containing miracidium Stages in snail Redia Miracidium penetrating snail shell 3.3.1 Identify the type of parasite in the above schematic representation. (1) 3.3.2 State TWO negative impacts that the parasite in the schematic representation has on animal production. (2) 3.3.3 Explain the way in which the animal in the schematic representation is infected by this parasite. (2) 3.3.4 Name the intermediate host in the schematic representation above. (1) 3.3.5 Suggest THREE measures how pasture management can be used to control this type of parasite. (3) Page 15 of 88

4.1 Refer to the diagram below and answer questions that follow. A B D C F E G H 4.1.1 Identify the organisms labelled as A, D, F and G. (4) 4.1.2 Classify these organisms. (1) 4.1.3 What disease does the organism indicated by A cause? (1) Page 16 of 88

5. Animal diseases are caused by pathogens. Some diseases can be transmitted on contact; others need a disease-carrying organism. All diseases have a negative impact on farmers, labourers and the economy of the country. 5.1 Give a scientific term used in animal health to describe EACH of the following conditions: (a) Diseases that can be transmitted from animal to animal (1) (b) Disease-carrying organism (1) 5.2 Name ONE bacterial disease that can be transmitted from one animal to the other.(1) 5.3 State ONE role of the farmer to control the occurrence of the diseases in QUESTION 5.2 5.4 Suggest TWO ways in which farm workers can be exposed to animal diseases. (2) 5.5 Indicate TWO roles of the state in controlling the spread of infectious diseases. (2) Memorandum 1.1 production systems 1.1.1. Identification of the TWO production systems by A and B A- Intensive production system✓ (1) B- Extensive production system✓ (1) 1.1.2. Comparison of the TWO production systems (a). Method of feeding • Intensive production system- feed is provided to animals✓ (1) • Extensive production system- animals graze/ look for food✓ (1) (b). Space per production output • Intensive production system- more production per area✓ (1) • Extensive production system- less production per area. ✓ (1) 2.1. Structures/practices for handling animals 2.1.1 A single strand of movable electrical wire (1) 2.1.2 A rope with a halter to tie animals to a pole (1) 2.1.3 A separate crush (1) 2.1.4 Single strand of movable electric wire (1) Page 17 of 88

3.1 Scenario on solar radiation 3.1.1 THREE measures to reduce heat stress under intensive conditions • Spray/Forger with water • Insulation • Fans/conditioners/ventilators • Housing systems/orientation (Any 3) (3) 3.1.2 Correlation between high environmental temperature and feed consumption • The higher the temperature • the less the feed intake (2) 3.2 Data on average body temperature and pulse rate in dairy cows 3.2.1 Line graph on the volume of stimulant and the growth response Volume of growth stimulant against the growth response 450 Growth response (kg) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Volume of growth stimulant (ml) Line graph of growth stimulants against growth response Criteria/marking guidelines • Correct heading✓ • Y-axis – correct labelling (growth response)✓ • X-axis – correct labelling (volume of growth stimulants)✓ • Correct units✓ • Accuracy/correct plotting✓ • Line graph✓ (6) 3.2.2 TWO growth stimulants used in animal production systems • Thyroid regulators✓ • Hormones✓ • Antibiotics✓ • Tranquilisers✓ (Any 2) (2) 3.2.3 Growth response of the heifers at a volume of 15 ml Page 18 of 88

• 395 kg✓ (1) 3.3 Internal parasites 3.3.1 Identification of the type of a parasite • Internal parasite✓ (1) 3.3.2 • Depriving host of nutrients✓ • Sucks host’s blood/causes anaemia✓ • Lesions/cysts inside host✓ • Decreases host’s productivity✓ • Progressive weakness✓ • Death✓ (Any 2) (2) Page 19 of 88

3.3.3 How the animal is infected • The animal will ingest ✓ • Metacercaria through grazing√ (2) 3.3.4 Intermediate host • Snail√ (1) 3.5.5 THREE pasture management measures of controlling internal parasite • Rotational grazing√ • Resting of infected pastures√ • Allowing animals that are resistant to specific internal parasites √ • Avoid wet places√ • Use of zero grazing √ • Removal of manure/hygienic measures√ (Any 3) (3) 4.1 4.1.1 A Tick√ D Fly√ F Mosquito√ G Flea√ 4.1.2 External Parasite√ 4.1.3 Redwater , Heart water, Anaplasmosis √ (Any1) 5.1 Animal diseases scientific term for animal health conditions • (a) Contagious/infectious diseases ✓ • (b) Vector ✓ 5.2 ONE bacterial disease that can be transmitted to the next animal • Tuberculosis ✓ • Anthrax ✓ (Any 1) 5.3 Role of the farmer • Quarantine/isolation of sick animals • Regular inspections/monitoring for the presence of disease • Vaccination/inoculation • Treatment of sick animals • Burning/burying carcass of infected animals✓ • Report to the authorities ✓ (Any 1) 5.4 TWO measures how farm workers can be exposed to animal diseases Page 20 of 88

• Exposure to/contact with infected animals ✓ • Use of unsterilized equipment ✓ (2) 5.5 TWO roles of the state in controlling the spread of infectious diseases • Production of vaccines ✓ • Setting up quarantine areas/zones ✓ • Research ✓ • Publications ✓ • Import/export bans/control measures/movement permits ✓ • Veterinary services ✓ (Any 2) Page 21 of 88

ANIMAL REPRODUCTION Question words to help you answer questions It is important to look for the question words (the words that tell you what to do) to correctly understand what the examiner is asking. Use the words in the following table as a guide when answering questions. Page 22 of 88

N0 CONCEPT DEFINITION 1. Abortion • Termination of pregnancy before the normal pregnancy period has elapsed 2. AI • The process whereby sperm is placed into a female’s uterus/ cervix by artificial means rather than natural mating 3. Ampulla • Site for fertilisation 4. Anoestrus • A sexually mature, non-pregnant cow shows no signs of oestrus 5. Calving • Ejection of a calf at the end of pregnancy period 6. Cervix • A firm tube-like structure found between the uterus and the vagina 7. Clitoris • Small elongated erectile organ at the anterior part of the vulva 8. Colostrum • Yellow milk secreted during the first 3 days after calving 9. Cryptorchidism • A condition whereby the testes remain in the abdominal cavity and do not move down to the scrotum 10. Dry period • Period from the end of lactation until the mother has another offspring 11. Dystocia • Condition of prolonged & difficult parturition 12. Ejaculation • Release of semen into the vagina during copulation 13. Embryonic • Removal of a fertilised ovum from the uterus of a transfer/transplant superior cow & transferring it to the uterus of the inferior cow 14. Embryo • A developing animal formed from a fertilised ovum 15. Epididymis • A single, narrow, coiled tube that transports sperm from testes to the vas deferens 16. Fallopian tubes/ oviducts • A pair of coiled tubes that extend from the ovaries to the uterus Page 23 of 88

N0 CONCEPT DEFINITION 17. Fertilisation • Fusion of an ovum and a sperm cell to form a zygote 18. Fertility • Ability to produce offspring ▪ Infertility • Inability to produce offspring ▪ Sterility • Permanent loss of fertility 19. Foetus • An unborn animal in the later stages of development 20. Freemartin • A heifer(female calf) born as a twin with a bull calf 21. FSH • A female hormone produced by the pituitary gland which stimulate the development of follicles in the ovaries 22. Gametogenesis • Formation of gametes ▪ Oogenesis/ovigenesis • Formation of a mature ovum from a primary oocyte ▪ Spermatogenesis • Formation of spermatozoa in the testes 23. Hypoplasia • Incomplete development of the reproductive organs 24. Implantation • Attachment of the embryo onto the uterus 25. Impotence • Inability to copulate in male animals 26. Lactation • Secretion of milk from the mammary glands 27. LH • A female hormone responsible for the rapture of the Graafian follicle to release a mature ovum 28. Libido • Lack of sex urge 29. Maceration • A condition where a foetus dies and its tissues soften & decay due to excessive moisture 30. Mating • A physical act whereby a male and a female animal come together and copulate for breeding purpose 31. Multiple births • More than one offspring is born from a single gestation 32. Mummification • A condition where a foetus dries up and becomes hardened 33. Nuclear transfer/ cloning • A process that produces an identical copy of biological material Page 24 of 88

N0 CONCEPT DEFINITION 34. Oestrogen • A female hormone responsible for onset of behavioural oestrus 35. Oestrus • A period when a female is receptive of a male & allows mating 36. Oestrus cycle • A 21 day period which a follicle develops into a mature ovum 37. Oocyte • An immature ovum that into a follicle 38. Ovary • Primary sex organ of a female 39. Ovulation • A release of a ripe ovum from an ovary 40. Ovum • Female gamete 41. Oxytocin • A female hormone responsible for the release of milk • A female hormone responsible for muscular contractions during ejection of a foetus 42. Parturition • Normal ending of pregnancy • Process of ejection of a foetus & placenta at the end of gestation period 43. Penis • A male organ of copulation 44. Placenta • An organ that attaches an embryo to the uterine wall 45. Pregnancy/ gestation • A period that begins with fertilised ovum and ends with birth 46. Progesterone • A female hormone secreted by the corpus luteum to maintain pregnancy 47. Prolactin • A female hormone responsible for production of milk 48. Prostate gland • A gland that lies in the form of a ring around the urethra in males 49. Reproduction • Production of offspring 50. Scrotum • A sac that houses and protects the testes 51. Semen • A mixture of sperm & fluids from the seminal vesicle, prostate gland & Cowper’s gland Page 25 of 88

N0 CONCEPT DEFINITION 52. Sperm • Male gamete 53. Superovulation • Treating a female with hormones in order to produce many ova at the same time 54. Synchronisation of • A treatment of a large number of animals with oestrus hormones so that they all reach oestrus at the same period 55. Testis • Primary sex organ of a male animal 56. Testosterone • A male hormone responsible for male characteristics 57. Umbilical cord • A tube-like structure that connects an embryo to the placenta of a mother 58. Uterus • An organ where a developing embryo is implanted 59. Vagina • A female mating organ/ a birth canal 60. Vulva • External opening of the vagina Page 26 of 88

ANIMAL REPRODUCTION Animal reproduction is about the increase in number of organisms. TASK 1 1.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question number (1.1.1–1.1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 1.1.17 A. 1.1.1 The average length of the oestrus period of a cow is ... hours. A 24 B 8 C 12 D 18 1.1.2 A process where superior cows are treated with hormones to produce many more ova during a single oestrus cycle: A Superovulation B Synchronisation C Flushing D Steaming up 1.1.3 Twins developing from two different ova and fertilised by two different spermatozoa: A Freemartin B Monozygotic C Dizygotic D Maceration Page 27 of 88

1.1.4 The hormone responsible for the development of secondary masculine sexual characteristics is secreted by part ... A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 1.1.5 … refers to the attachment of the embryo to the endometrium of a sow. A Gestation B Synchronisation C Implantation D Copulation 1.1.6 The new-born calf or lamb is given colostrum to increase … A resistance to diseases. B milk production. C contraction of voluntary muscles. D hormonal function. Page 28 of 88

1.1.7 Part ... provides the energy for the sperm cell in the diagram below. A 4 B 1 C 3 D 2 1.1.8 The head is the only part of the sperm cell (spermatozoon) that needs to enter the ovum for fertilisation, because... A it is the first part of the spermatozoon. B it contains mitochondria. C it contains genetic material. D it penetrates with ease 1.1.9 The characteristic that is observed during the microscopic evaluation of quality semen: A Volume B Colour C Abnormalities D Density 1.1.10 The function of testis as a primary sex organ is to … A produce spermatozoa and testosterone B produce carrier fluid of spermatozoa C is the largest reproductive organ D secrets all reproductive fluids Page 29 of 88

TASK 2 2.1 Indicate whether each of the descriptions in COLUMN A applies to A ONLY, B ONLY, BOTH A AND B or NONE of the items in COLUMN B. Write A only, B only, both A and B or NONE next to the question number (2.1.1–2.1.5) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 2.1.21B only. COLUMN A COLUMN B 2.1.1.The period that starts after parturition A. dystocia and normally continues for an average of 305 days in producing B. lactation dairy 2.1.2. A bull does not have an interest in a A. lack of libido cow on heat B. impotence 2.1.3.Release of female reproductive cell A. ovulation for fertilisation B. Gestation 2.1.4.Controlled by progesterone A. oestrus B. Luteinizing hormone 2.1.5.Formation of female sex cells A. oogenesis B. spermatogenesis TASK 3 3.1 Give ONE word/term/phrase for each of the following descriptions. Write only the word/term/phrase next to the question number (3.1.1–3.1.10) on the answer sheet 3.1.1 The hormone released when the udder is washed prior to milking a cow. 3.1.2 The process whereby eggs are produced by the ovary. 3.1.3 The condition where female animals experience problems during the birth process and need a veterinarian's or the farmer's assistance. 3.1.4 The inability of a bull to service cows that are in oestrus even though it has interest. Page 30 of 88

3.1.5 The part that controls temperature of testis in bulls 3.1.6 The process that results in sperm cells being formed. 3.1.7 The structure that develops on the ovary after ovulation at the position of the burst follicle. 3.1.8 The process through which a Graafian follicle of an ovary bursts to release the ovum. 3.1.9 The instrument used to inject the semen into the uterus of the female animal during artificial insemination. 3.1.10 The instrument used to collect semen from the bull. 3.1.11 The common duct which is used to transport both urine and semen. [22] TASK 4 1.4 Change the UNDERLINED WORD in each of the following statements to make them TRUE. Write only the answer next to the question number (4.1.1–4.1.8) in the ANSWER BOOK. 4.1.1 Twin lambs developing from a single zygote, are referred to as freemartin twins. 4.1.2 The part of the sperm cell that facilitates penetration into the ovum is called the mid-piece. 4.1.3 Flushing is the implantation of an already fertilised egg cell from a superior animal into a recipient animal. 4.1.4 Transplantation is a technique used on female animals to make them come into heat approximately at the same time. 4.1.5 The milk produced during the first few days after calving contains pathogens for immunisation against diseases. 4.1.6 The part of the male reproductive organ that is responsible for regulating testicular temperature is the epididymis. 4.1.7 The condition where the testicles remain behind in the abdominal Page 31 of 88

cavity of the animal is called hypoplasia 4.1.8 Castration is the period that starts with the fertilisation of the ovum and ends with parturition (birth). 4.1.9 A spermatozoon is the end product of the process of oogenesis 4.1.10 A vitamin A supplement is injected into ewes before mating to ensure a higher rate of copulation that results in more ova being released. Page 32 of 88

TASK 5 5.1 . The diagram below represent a reproductive system of a farm animal 5.1.1 Indicate the process that takes place in part D. (1) 5.1.2 Identify parts A, B and E. (3) 5.1.3 Name and explain TWO congenital defects of part D that lead to infertility. (4) 5.1.4 State TWO functions of part C. (2) [10] Page 33 of 88

5.2 The diagram below represents the female reproductive system. 5.2.1 Write down the letter (A–G) of the structure where semen will be deposited: (a) Under natural mating conditions (1) (b) With artificial insemination (AI) (1) 5.2.2 Write down the letter (A–G) and the name of the structure that: (a) Captures the ripe follicle after ovulation (2) (b) Serves as a site for fertilization (2) 5.2.3 Explain the term ovulation. (2) [8] Page 34 of 88

5.3 The diagram below represents the process of spermatogenesis. 5.3.1 Refer to the above diagram and identify the type of cell division that occurs when cell A divides into the cells at B. Motivate the answer. (2) 5.3.2 State the stages of spermatogenesis represented by C and D respectively. (2) 5.3.3 Name the part of the testes where the process of spermatogenesis takes place. (1) 5.3.4 Name the part of the reproductive organ where the spermatozoa achieve mobility. (1) 5.3.5 What is the similarity between spermatogenesis and oogenesis? (1) [7] Page 35 of 88

5.4 Usually, after detecting signs of oestrus in the cow, the farmer takes a bull to the cows for mating to take place. 5.4.1 Apart from visible and behavioural signs that a cow may show, name THREE devices a farmer may use to detect oestrus in a cow. (3) 5.4.2 Give FOUR reproductive hormones, in sequential order, that are produced by a cow from gestation to parturition. (4) [7] 5.5.The initial stages of embryo transfer (ET) involve the treatment of genetically superior cows to super ovulate. These cows are then artificially inseminated with semen from proven bulls. 5.5.1 Define the term super ovulate. (2) 5.5.2 Name THREE advantages of the process of embryo transfer (ET). (3) 5.5.3 Give a reason for using proven bulls. (1) [6] Page 36 of 88

MEMO TASK 1 1.1.1 D√√ 1.1.2 A√√ 1.1.3 C√√ 1.1.4 D√√ 1.1.5 C√√ 1.1.6 A√√ 1.1.7 C√√ 1.1.8 C√√ 1.1.9 C√√ 1.1.10 A√√ [20] TASK 2 2.1.1 B√√ 2.1.2 A√√ 2.1.3 A√√ 2.1.4.NONE√√ 2.1.5 A√√ [10] TASK 3 3.1.1 oxytocin√√ 3.1.2 oogenesis/ovigenesis√√ 3.1.3 dystocia√√ 3.1.4 impotence√√ 3.1.5 scrotum√√ 3.1.6 spermatogenesis√√ 3.1.7 Corpus luteum√√ 3.1.8 ovulation√√ 3.1.9 pistollete√√ 3.1.10 artificial vagina√√ 3.1.11 urethra√√ [22] Page 37 of 88

TASK 4 4.1.1 Monozygotic√ 4.1.2 Acrosome√ 4.1.3 Embryo transplant/transfer√ 4.1.4 Synchronisation√ 4.1.5 colostrum√/beestings√ 4.1.6 Scrotum√ 4.1.7 Cryptorchidism√ 4.1.8 Gestation /pregnancy√ 4.1.9 egg cell/ovum/female sex cell√ 4.1.10 superovulation√ [10] TASK 5 5.1 The diagram below represents the reproductive canal of a farm animal 5.1.1 Process in part D • Spermatogenesis√ (1) 5.1.2 Identify parts A, B and E • Label A – Seminal vesicles/vesicular glands√ • Label B – Vas deferens/sperm duct√ • Label E – Scrotum/scrotal sac√ (3) Page 38 of 88

5.1.3 TWO congenital defects of part D • Cryptorchidism√ – the condition whereby the testes remain in the abdominal cavity and do not descend into the scrotum√ • Hypoplasia√– the condition whereby the testes are underdeveloped√ (4) 5.1.4 TWO functions of the part C • Storage of semen√ • Maturation of sperms√ • Secretion of buffer√ • Transportation of semen√ • Concentration of semen√ (Any 2) (2) 5.2 The female reproductive tract 5.2.1 Deposition of semen: (a) G √ (1) (b) F/E √ (1) 5.2.2 Identification of the structure collecting the ripe follicle: (a) A Infundibulum √ (2) (b) B Ampulla √ (2) 5.2.3 Concept of ovulation • Process whereby the membrane containing the ripe follicle bursts with the help of LH and√ • the ripe ovum is released into the infundibulum √ (2) Page 39 of 88

5.3 The process of spermatogenesis 5.3.1 Deduction on the type of cell division: Meiosis√ Reason - genetic material is reduced into half/diploid(2n) changed into haploid (n)/reduction division √ (2) 5.3.2 The stages of spermatogenesis: C – Formation of the spermatids √ D – Formation of sperm cells/spermatozoa √ (2) 5.3.3 Part of the testes where spermatogenesis takes place • Tubules seminiferous √ (1) 5.3.4 The organ where the spermatozoa achieve mobility • Epididymis √ (1) 5.3.5 Similarity between spermatogenesis and oogenesis • Both occur through meiosis to produce haploid cells √ • Both produce gametes/sex cells √ (Any 1) (1) 5.4 Mating during oestrus 5.4.1 Devices to detect oestrus in the cow • Pedometer √ • Chin-ball marker √ • Tail-chalking√ • Kamar heat mount detector √ (Any 3) (3) Page 40 of 88

5.4.2 Sequential order of FOUR reproductive hormones that are produced by a cow • Progesterone √ • Luteotropic hormone/LTH/prolactin√ • Relaxin√ • Oxytocin√ (Any 4) (4) 5.5 Embryo transfer (ET) and superovulation 5.5.1 Definition of superovulation • The production of a larger number of ova√ • at one ovulation √ (2) 5.5.2 THREE advantages of embryo transfer (ET) • More progeny can be produced √ • Higher profits due to increase in sales √ • Productive lives of cows are increased√ • Genetics of the herd is conserved √ • Superior genes are introduced into the herd √ (Any 3) (3) 5.5.3 Reason for using proven bulls • To introduce superior/desirable genes into the herd rapidly and economically √ (1) TOTAL : 100 Page 41 of 88

B83 pathos 3.4 PAPER 2 Topic 1: Basic Genetics Did you know? A mind map is a diagram in which information is represented visually, usually with a central idea placed in the middle and associated ideas arranged around it. One can draw mind maps on every topic or sub-topic in Agricultural Sciences. See the Mind map of Basic Genetics on page » k Terminology In Basic Genetics it is very important to know the genetics terms in order to be able to do most of the questions. The following is a list of terms and their definitions in Basic Genetics: Allele -__variations of the same gene Atavism - reappearance of a characteristic in an organism after a period of absence Biometrics -__the use of statistics in biology Biotechnology the use of organisms to produce useful substances Breeding - process of producing plants or animals by sexual reproduction Cloning - aresearch activity that creates a copy of some biological entity (a gene/cell/organism) Dihybrid cross a genetic cross which involves 2 pairs of contrasting characteristics Dominant *« Co-dominance * Incomplete an allele that masks the effect of another & is expressed in the appearance of an individual type of inheritance where both alleles are dominant and fully expressed in the phenotype type of inheritance where both alleles are dominance partially expressed, often producing an intermediate characteristic. Epistasis - masking of the phenotypic effect of alleles at one gene by alleles of another gene Page 42 of 88

——-_ —§-_—> wy Gametes a reproductive cell having haploid number of chromosomes Gene unit of heredity that carries information for each characteristic of an organism Genetics study of inheritance/ genes Genotype genetic makeup of an organism GMO an organism whose genetic characteristics have been changed by inserting gene/s of another organism into its DNA Heredity transfer of genetic factors from one individual to the next Heritability a degree to which genetics determines a characteristic Heterozygous having different alleles of a gene e.g. Tt Homologous pair chromosomes of the same shape & size from each parent Homozygous having identical alleles for a particular gene e.g. TT or tt Hybrid an organism resulting from a cross between geneticallydifferent individuals of the same or different species Meiosis reduction division of sex cells that gives rise to 4 haploid daughter cells Monohybrid cross genetic cross which involves 1 characteristic with 2 alleles Mutation sudden/random change in the structure of DNA Phenotype physical appearance of an individual due to genetic makeup Polygenic trait controlled by many genes Polyploid an organism with more than 2 sets of chromosomes Prepotency ability of one parent to transmit more characteristics to its offspring than the other parent Pure breed an organism that is homozygous for a genetic trait and therefore continually gives rise to offspring with the same trait Page 43 of 88 — ©

en Recessive an allele that is masked by the presence of a dominant allele and only appears in the phenotype if the organism is homozygous Selection Mass selection Pedigree selection i ¢ Family selection the choice of individuals to be used for breeding type of selection that is based on the individual animal's performance on the field type of selection that is based on the quality of the animal's ancestor type of selection that is based on the quality of the animal's relatives of its generation (full/half e Continuous variation ¢ Discontinuous variation * Progeny siblings) selection 2 - type of selection that is based on the quality of the animal's offspring Variation - differences between individuals of the same species type of variation in which the characteristc can take on a complete range of forms from one extreme to the other type of variation that has a few clear cut forms with no forms in between Page 44 of 88

SECTION A QUESTION 1 1.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer and write and answer only the letter (A-D) NEXT TO THE QUESTION NUMBER (1.11- 1.1.10) IN THE ANSWER BOOK FOR EXAMPLE 1.1.11 D 1.1.1 The allele that overshadows the characteristics of another allele. A Recessive B Polygenic C Multiple D Dominant 1.1.2 A heterozygous Brahman bull is mated with heterozygous cow. The expected phenotypic ratio will be …. A 3: 1 B 1:3: 1 C 1:1 D 1:2:1 1.1.3 The following represents a heterozygous genotype in sheep : A Aa B AA C aa D BB 1.1.4 The visible characteristics of an individual : A Dominant allele B Recessive allele C Genotype D Phenotype 1.1.5 The ability of the parents to pass genetic characteristics to the offspring A Dominance B Prepotency C Atavism D Progeny inheritance Page 45 of 88

1.1.6 A heterozygous Brahman bull is mated with a heterozygous cow. What will the expected genotypic ratio in F1-generation be? A 1: 3: 1 B 3: 1 C 1: 2: 1 D 1: 1 1.1.7 The structure that is changed by genetic modification: A Cell B Gene C Nucleus D Antigen 1.1.8 A single-comb cock with a genotype represented by Dd is crossed with a pea- comb hen with a genotype represented by dd. Their offspring will have the following phenotypic ratio: A 50% single-comb and 50% pea-comb B All single-comb C All pea-comb D 75% single comb 1.1.9 One of the following is an example of related breeding systems: A Upgrading B Line breeding C Species crossing D Cross breeding 1.1.10 The phenotype of an animal could be described as the … A length and depth of the animal body. B environmental conditions. C genetic variation. D total gene count. 1.1.11 The structure that carries hereditary characteristics in plants and animals is the… A Mitochondrion B Golgi apparatus C Chloroplast D Chromosome 1.1.12 An example of inbreeding: A Father and daughter B Mule and horse C Horse and donkey D Donkey and donkey Page 46 of 88

(2x12) Choose the term/phrase from COLUMN B That matches a description in COLUMN A .Write only the letter (A-J) next to the question number (1.2.5 – 1.2.5) in the ANSWER BOOK , for example 1.2.6 COLUMN A COLUMN B 1.1.13 The transfer of characteristics from A. DNA parents to offspring. 1.1.14 The action of one gene is modified or B. XY Chromosome controlled by one or several other genes 1.1.15 It determine the gender of heifers. C. Genetics 1.1.16 Chromosome number changes from diploid to haploid D. Epistasis 1.1.17 An electric current passed through incubated recipient plant cells with E. Dominant characteristics desired genes 1.1.18 it is found in the nucleus and provides genetic information F. Selection 1.1.19 Choosing an animal with favourable characteristics to produce an offspring G. XX Chromosome 1.1.20 Characteristic that overshadows another characteristic H. Gene I. Heredity J. Electroporation K. Phenotype L. Atavism M. Meiosis (2x8) Page 47 of 88

1.2 Give ONE word/ term /phrase for each of the following descriptions. Write only the word/term/phrase next to the question number (1.3.1 -1.3.5) in the ANSWER BOOK 1.2.1 The expression whereby one gene is controlled by another gene. 1.2.2 An individual with two alleles of a pair of genes that are the same for a characteristic. 1.2.3 The transfer of a specific gene of one organism into the cell of another organism in order to obtain a desired characteristic 1.2.4 The type of breeding used to improve the quality of a herd over time. 1.2.5 The sudden change in the genetic material of a cell. 1.2.6 When one gene is completely masked by another gene. 1.2.7 An instrument that fires bullets into a piece of plant tissue. 1.2.8 The study of heredity 1.2.9 Any organism that contains a new or altered gene 1.2.10 Animals selected on the basis of their ancestors 1.2.11 Genetic make-up of an individual 1.2.12 The reappearance of an ancestral characteristic in an organism after it has been absent for many generations 1.2.13 The use of statistics in biology to analyse genetic data of an individual 1.2.14 Physical appearance of an individual 1.2.15 A pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed fully in the heterozygous individuals (2x15) 1.3 Change the UNDERLINED WORD in each of the following statements to make them TRUE. Write only the answer next to the question number (1.4.1 – 1.4.5). 1.3.1 Prepotency is the use of statistics to analyse the genetic data of an individual. 1.3.2 Gene slicing is the turning off the activities of certain genes contained in the chromosomes of an organism. 1.3.3 The ability to modify the genetic make- up of an organism is called allele. 1.3.4 A single hereditary factor is called dihybrid inheritance. 1.3.5 An allele represented by a capital letter is always recessive. 1.3.6 The type of variation where there is a complete range of characteristics from one extreme to another is called discontinuous variation. 1.3.7 Complete dominance means that both allele are equally dominant and viable in the phenotype of the offspring. (1x7) Page 48 of 88

QUESTION 2 BREEDING SYSTEMS 2.1 The crossings A and B below represent different breeding systems applied in cattle farming A B Sussex bull Afrikaner bull X Sussex cow X (bull's daughter) Shorthorn cows 2.1.1 Identify the breeding systems represented by A and B. (2) 2.1.2 Indicate the breeding system that promotes hybrid vigour. (1) Page 49 of 88

2.2 A plant with yellow flowers (Y) is crossed with a plant with white (y) flowers. The crossing of F1 and the F2 generations is shown below. P1 ♂ ♀ Yellow flower (YY) x White flower (yy) Gametes: Y Y y y F1 generation: Phenotype: 100% are yellow flowers Genotype: (a) … F2 ♂ ♀ Phenotype: (b) … flowers x Yellow flowers Genotype: Yy (c) … F2 generation: Phenotypic ratio: (d) … Genotypic ratio: (e) … 2.2.1 Identify (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e). (5) 2.2.2 Indicate the type of dominance in the crossings above. (1) 2.3 A farmer is farming with goats. He crossed a black fur with a white fur goat. All the offspring were black. He then crossed the black offspring as shown in the punnet squire below. A a A (1) Aa a (2) aa 2.3.1 State the genotype of the following: (a) Number 1 (1) (b) Number 2 (1) 2.3.2 Determine the phenotype of: (a) Number 1 (1) (b) Number 2 (1) Page 50 of 88

2.4 If red flowers (R) are crossed with white flowers (r), the offspring in the F 1 generation will be red . 2.4.1 Use the Punnet square method to show the offspring of the F 1 generation. (4) 2.4.2 Determine which one is heterozygous between parents and offspring (1) 2.5 Variation is a phenomenon used for selection and breeding 2.5.1 Name TWO internal causes of variation. (2) 2.5.2 Suggest the TWO type of graphs used to represent continuous variation (2) 2.6 The DNA of a tomato plant was changed through an advanced modification process. 2.6.1 Indicate TWO methods which could be used in this modification process. (2) 2.6.2 Name TWO characteristics of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) (2) 2.7 The genotype aabbcc renders 4000 litres of milk and every dominant gene adds another 400 litres. Genotype Phenotype aabbcc 4000 litres Aabbcc 4000+400=4400 litres AAbbcc (a) AABbcc (b) 2.7.1 Calculate the value of (a) and (b) (4) Page 51 of 88

MARKING GUIDELINE SECTION 1 1.1.1 D√√ 1.1.2 A√√ 1.1.3 A√√ 1.1.4 D√√ 1.1.5 B√√ 1.1.6 C√√ 1.1.7 B√√ 1.1.8 A√√ 1.1.9 B√√ 1.1.10 A√√ 1.1.11 D√√ 1.1.12 A√√ 1.2 1.2.1 I√√ 1.2.1 D√√ 1.2.3 G√√ 1.2.4 M√√ 1.2.5 J√√ 1.2.6 A√√ 1.2.7 F√√ 1.2.8 E√√ 1.3.1 Epistasis√√ 1.3.2 Homozygous√√ 1.3. 3 Genetic modification/engineering√√ 1.3.4 Upgrading√√ 1.3.5 Mutation√√ 1.3.6 Recessive√√ 1.3.7 Gene gun/Biolistic√√ 1.3.8 Genetics√√ Page 52 of 88

1.3.9 GMO√√ 1.3.10 Pedigree√√ 1.3.11 Genotype√√ 1.3.12 Atavism√√ 1.3.13 Biometrics√√ 1.3.14 Phenotype√√ 1.3.15 Co-dominance√√ 1.4.1 Biometrics√ 1.4.2 Silencing√ 1.4.3 Genetic modification√ 1.4.4 Monohybrid√ 1.4.5 Dominant√ 1.4.6 Continuous√ 1.4.7 Co-dominance√ (61) QUESTION 2 2.1.1 A- Inbreeding√ B- Cross breeding√ 2.1.2 Cross breeding√ 2.2 2.2.1 (a) Yy√ (b)Yellow√ (c) Yy√ (d) 3 yellow : 1 white√ (e) 1YY: 2Yy :1 yy√ 2.2.2 Complete dominance√ 2.3 2.3.1 (a) AA√ Page 53 of 88

(b) Aa√ 2.3.2 (a) Black fur√ (b) Black fur√ 2.4 .1 √ √ R R r Rr Rr √ r Rr √ Rr 2.4.2 Offspring√ 2.5.1 -Meiosis√ -Fertilization√ -Variation√ (ANY 2) 2.5.2 Line graph √ Histogram √ 2.6 2.6.1 -Gene gun/Biolistics √ -Electroporation √ -Lipofection √ -Micro-injection √ Bacterial infection √ (ANY2) 2.6.2 –They are resistant to diseases √ -They are resistant to herbicides √ _They tolerate harsh environmental conditions √ _Improved nutritional content √ _They are resistant to insects √ - Longer shelf –life √ - Higher yield √ (ANY2) Page 54 of 88

2.7 .1 (a) 4000+400+400 √ =4 800l √ OR 4000+ 2(400)=4 800l (b) 4000 +400 +400+400 √=5 200l √ OR 4000+3(400) =5 200l (30) PRODUCTION FACTORS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION FACTORS Are land, labour, capital and management 1. LAND LAND: All natural resources available to the farmer are classified as land. Therefore, land includes the land itself, but also other resources such as water, climate and vegetation ❖ THE FUNCTIONS OF LAND • It enables the production of food/ provides food/ provides space for food production • It provides physical space for industry/settlement/ recreation/ transport/ provide space • Provides raw materials • Provides nutrients • Source of minerals/ source of raw minerals • Source of wealth ❖ THE ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTIC OF LAND AS A PRODUCTIO FACTOR • Agricultural land is limited/ urban development affect availability of land/ its availability is very limited • Land is subject to the law of diminishing return • Land is durable (last over a long period)/ Land is indestructible/ land is of permanent nature Page 55 of 88

• Land is in a specific environment (land cannot be moved) • Production potential of land varies/ Production capacity varies / Production potential differs / production varies from area to area • Appreciates (its value increases overtime) • Value depends on location • Unlimited life expectancy • Can be bought and sold • It is collateral- (A valuable asset that is pledged to a lender to secure a loan. If the borrower defaults, ownership of the collateral transfers to the lender). ❖ THE TECHNIQUES/ METHODS OF INCREASING LAND PRODUCTIVITY • Improve water management/ water provision/ irrigation • Improve soil fertility • Education/ training • Changing farming practices • Adapt scientific methods of farming/ use of scientific methods/ used of technology • Consolidate small uneconomical land units/ consolidation of small units • Restoring land potential • Increase the size of gardens • Infrastructure • Diversification ❖ THE LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS o Yield/ production/ output will increase with an increase in input until optimum production is reached. o When the optimum production is reached the yield/ production/ output stabilise or remain constant o A further increase in input result in a decreasing in output/ production/ yield Page 56 of 88

❖ ADVANTAGES/ BENEFITS OF HAVING MACHINERY (or tractor) • Able to work on a large area faster • Use of machinery is more effective • More cost effective to produce ❖ PROBLEMS RELATED TO SOIL AS A PRODUCTION FACTOR • Law of diminishing returns • Physical condition of the soil • Soil limits the number of farming practices. 2. LABOUR: LABOUR: defined as physical and mental efforts/ skills provided in return for compensation ❖ BROAD CATEGORIES OF LABOUR • Skilled labour • Semi-skilled labour • Unskilled labour ❖ TYPES OF LABOUR/EMPLOYMENT • Permanent labour/ Fixed worker (Full-time): work 48 hour a week/ work ordinary hours set for the farming sector, -Sign a contract -Live permanently with their families on the farm -Employed on a permanent basis. -Enjoy certain privileges, e.g. permission to cultivate their own piece of land -Usually more proficient -A stable type of labour Page 57 of 88

-They do routine work on farm e.g. Skilled labour Example a foreman, Cultivate a field with a tractor Task: ➢ Feeding of stud rams ➢ Dosing of sheep ➢ Dipping ➢ Herding ➢ Inspection of watering points ➢ Counting of sheep and records • Part-time labour: work 2 days a week/ less than 48 hours per week/ work less than ordinary hours for the sector e.g. morning only • Temporal labour: Stand in for permanent/ they are employed for a specific task as the need arises. ➢ Shearing of sheep ➢ Upgrading of dams and watering troughs • Seasonal labour: work during peak periods such as during harvesting. -live elsewhere, employed seasonally during peak periods for repetitive tasks, such as; ➢ Harvesting/ harvesting period ➢ Planting/ planting period ➢ sheep shearing team • Casual labour: work less than 24 hours per month/ a week -live elsewhere, employed on a temporary basis for non-repetitive work such as; ➢ Building ➢ Erecting of a fence ➢ Construction of tunnels ❖ PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH LABOUR IN AGRICULTURE THAT AFFECT LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY • Lack of skills/ limited education/ lack of training or education • Labour shortages/ scarcity/Shortage/ scarcity of labour • Industrial competition • Poor labour management Page 58 of 88

• HIV and AIDS/ Social • Theft / safety • Damage to expensive equipment/ damage infrastructure • High cost of labour • Irresponsible workers • Workers arriving late for work • Abuse of property • Competition from industries/ economic migrants • Poor working conditions ❖ LABOUR CHALLENGES/ CHALLENGES CAUSING LABOURS TO LEAVE THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR • Law wages/ search for better wages/ opportunities • Lack of training/ unskilled labour • Low productivity • Long working hours • Competition • Unfavourable working conditions/ ill-health/ non-conducive working environment ❖ THE METHODS OF INCREASING LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY/ ADDRESSING CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH LABOURS • Managing labour/ labour management/ Good management • Improve economic conditions of labourers or workers (by providing incentives for work, higher salaries, paying bonuses, providing insurance and pensions and give them farm products ) • Adequate living conditions/ improved living conditions/ improving work and living (adequate food, water and leave) • Addressing HIV and AIDS (organize AIDS awareness campaigns. Provide access to condoms. Supply vitamins and anti-retroviral medium) • Improving educational conditions (sending workers to trainings. Provide in-service training) • Ensure that labourers are trained/ skills development/ provide training/ education • Adherence to basic conditions of service • Provision of health education • Giving praise and recognition to labourers/ motivation • Provision of appropriate tools/ equipment/ cloths for the job • Improve on labour utilisation Page 59 of 88

• Rewards for good work • Improve working conditions • Remuneration • Proper planning must be done • Supervision must be done ❖ LABOUR LEGISLATION ACTS AFFECTING FARM WORKERS IN SOUTH AFRICA A. The labour relations Act-1995 ➢ Regulates the relationship between employer and employees and trade unions. Dismissal and labour disputes are dealt with. B. The basic conditions of employment Act-1997 ➢ Regulates working hours, overtime, night shift and payments of wages ➢ Intended to ensure that fair labour practices exist C. The occupational health and safety Act-1993 ➢ It deals with the safety in the workplace ➢ Aims to provide and regulate health/ safety in the work place ➢ Ensure that protective clothing is provided, gloves, footwear/gumboots, goggles/eye protection, dust masks, noise/ear protection D. The compensation for occupational injuries and diseases Act- 1993 ➢ It makes provision for payment of compensation for injuries or diseases contacted while employees are on duty ➢ Applies to employer/ employees who are injured, disabled or killed at work E. Skills Development Act-1998 ➢ Makes provision for training of workers and for learning programmes F. Employment Equity Act-1998 ➢ Requires employment equity ➢ No discrimination based on social standing, ethnicity or gender G. Unemployment Insurance Act-2001 ➢ Requires the employers to register their employees and pay a fee to the UIF H. Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment Act-2003 ➢ Sectors should subject black employees to transformational activities Page 60 of 88

➢ Increase participation of black people in the economy/ increase participation of the majority(blacks) of South Africans in the economy ❖ VARIOUS/ DIFFERENT SKILLS UTILIZED IN THE FARMING OPERATION a) Practical skills/ hand working skills b) Technical skills/ mechanical skills/ engineering skills c) Cognitive skills/ thinking skills/ Science skills/ investigative skills ❖ LABOUR CONTRACTS Must comply with basic conditions of employment Act of Employment Act and Sectoral (Farm worker sector South Africa) determination 13 The contents of the contract must include the following: • Employer and employee details • Place of work, job title and duties • Conditions for termination • Wages • Allowances • Hours of work and meal intervals • Leave benefits • Other benefits • Signatures 3. CAPITAL CAPITAL: It is the money or equipment saved or accumulated by the farmer to use in the production process. OR it is the money or equipment employed in the production process. OR Is the wealth/money and goods accumulated through savings and is employed to start a business and in the production process. EXAMPLES: buildings, machinery, implements and money used in the agricultural production process. Assets: are the things the farmer owns that are of the financial value EXAMPLE: Land, machinery, buildings and livestock Categories of assets/ Types of assets 1. Tangible Assets (are any assets that have a physical presence. Examples include cash, stocks, bonds, property, buildings, equipment, inventory, precious metals and art) Page 61 of 88

2. Intangible Assets (are assets that have no physical presence. Examples include patents, copyrights, goodwill and trademarks. It is usually difficult to determine the value of intangible assets) 3. Financial Assets (is an asset that has a value that’s based on a contract. Examples include cash, stocks, bonds and derivatives) 4. Fixed assets (are long-lived assets that cannot be easily converted into cash. Examples include property, buildings, equipment and furniture) 5. Current Assets (include cash and assets that are expected to be converted into cash, consumed or expended in the next year or current operating period. Example fertilizers and seeds) ❖ TYPES OF CAPITAL I. FIXED CAPITAL: Involves fixed assets/ is the capital that is invested on things of permanent nature. EXAMPLES: o Land o Building o Fences o Dams o Pumps o Boreholes o Orchard II. MOVABLE CAPITAL: capital goods that can be moved from one place to another. OR is invested on medium term things EXAMPLES: o Tractors o Machinery o Equipment o Livestock o Implements III. PRODUCTION CAPITAL (working capital, floating capital): involves goods used in the production process. OR is short term capital. OR Capital used in the everyday operations of running the farming venture EXAMPLES: o Fuel o Spare parts o Seeds o Fertiliser Page 62 of 88

o Feed o Dip/ sprays o Wages o Salaries o Transport costs o Repairs o Contract work ❖ METHODS OF CREATING CAPITAL/ SOURCES OF CAPITAL / SOURCES OF FINANCE • Savings/ Own capital/ Individual’s own savings o Not paid with interest o Capital can be created though savings and investments • Production/ production and local market sales o Profit o The famer can increase production to accelerate the accumulation of capital • Credit/ loans/ loan capital o Require collateral (paid with interest) o Allow farmers to get goods or services before they pay for them. o Farmers can use credit to borrow money from financial institution but they must pay interest on the borrowed money • Grant o It is free ❖ SOURCES CREDIT / SOURCES OF CAPITAL WHERE THE FARMER CAN GET A LOAN OR SOURCES OF FINANCE WHERE THE FARMER CAN GET A LOAN • Commercial bank • Land bank/ Ithala bank • Trust company • Agricultural co-operatives • Business partner ❖ Normally fixed asset and movable assets act as collateral (The bank will only give credit when there is security, hence farm assets will act as security) ❖ THREE CLASSES OF CREDIT ✓ Long-term credit: -the interest rate is very low Page 63 of 88

-takes a long time to repay -have repayment periods of 10 to 35 years -the source for long-term credit is the LAND BANK -It is used for big capital goods such as: LAND, BUILDINGS, FENCES, PUMPS, BOREHOLES, and DAMS ✓ Medium-term credit: -the interest rate is relatively high -Have repayment period of 2 to 10 years -the source for medium-term credit is the AGRICULTURAL CO- OPERATIVES, NGO, AND COMMERCIAL BANK -UMOTHOMBO is an NGO that provides loans to sugar cane producers -it is used to buy movable capital: TRACTORS, MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, and LIVESTOCK ✓ Short-term credit: -the interest rate is very high -have repayment period less than 2 years -the loans must be repaid within two years -the source for short-term credit is COMMERCIAL BANKS -It is used as working capital to buy goods for production process such as: SEEDS, PESTICIDES, FERTILISERS, SALARIES, WAGES, AND FUEL ❖ THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CAPITAL AS A PRODUCTION FACTOR • Scarcity of capital/ capital is scarce ➢ It is not easy to get capital ➢ Some capital goods cannot be manufactured in the country and must be imported ➢ Many financial institutions are reluctant to finance beginner farmers as they doubt their ability to repay the loan • Cost of capital ➢ The high cost of capital puts additional pressure on management to increase profits • High interest rate / High rate of interest ➢ The cost of acquiring and servicing borrowed capital is high and may increase at a rapid rate • Depreciation of capital/ Depreciation and loss Page 64 of 88

➢ Capital goods such as machinery, equipment and vehicles are subject to depreciation (reduction in value over time) and will have to be replaced. ➢ Machinery, equipment and vehicles can also be easily stolen • Over-capitalisation ➢ This situation prevails when the farmer spends too much money on capital goods than is necessary e.g. buying many types of ploughs when he only uses one at a time. The other ploughs lie idle and depreciate in value • Under-capitalisation ➢ This situation may prevail when the farmer does not have sufficient capital to produce the intended quantity of goods and may lead to losses and eventual failure of the business • Risk factor/ uncertainty ➢ Drastic changes in the climate resulted in a drop in the expected yield ❖ FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (Financial records, farm asset records, and farm budget) INCLUDES: o Keeping an inventory o Keeping cash analysis book o Preparing key financial statements () o Preparing budgets o Analysing financial results ➢ INVENTORY -Is the record of assets ➢ CASH ANALYSIS BOOK -used to record receipts and payments -Daily records summarised at the end of the month ➢ FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: Includes: 1. Income statement: (summary of all INCOME and EXPENDITURE for financial year) -Received from sales: revenue- costs= net income/profit 2. Balance sheet: [summarising the ASSETS (all property owned) and LIABILITIES (depts & loans) ] Page 65 of 88

-at the end of financial year -Net worth = Assets – liabilities - Net worth/Owners equity 3. Classifying cost: -Overheads/ expenditures: general or not related to agricultural businesses -Fixed costs: do not vary with level of production -Variable cost: financial statements ➢ BUDGETS -A document that shows the amount you think you will spend -Three types of budgets: -Enterprise budget -Whole farm budget -Partial Budget ➢ FINANCIAL RESULT Include: 1 Cash flow statement: (is the movement of funds) -Components of cash flow statement:-income/ Receipts -Expenditure/ Payments -Profit/loss -Opening balance -Cash -Closing balance ❖ THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AN ENTERPRISE BUDGET AND THE WHOLE FARM BUDGET 1 Enterprise budget • Is a plan or record of the money spent on and earned by only one enterprise on the farm OR • Refers to the budget of a single farming or production unit in the farming business 2 Whole farm budget • Is a combination of the budgets of all the farming operations on one farm OR • Incorporates all of the budgets for the different farming enterprises or units • ❖ THE IMPORTANCE OF KEEPING FINANCIAL RECORDS • To manage the capital of a farm Page 66 of 88

• To analyse past and current performance • To plan for the future of the farm 4. MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT: is the art of getting other people to do work in a co-ordinated effort. OR Involves planning how production will be organised and co-ordinated to achieve the set outcomes in the production process. Farm management: application of basic business principles and scientific principles of agriculture to the farm business Strategic management: management that allows the business to anticipate and adapt to changes in the future. /OR The process of developing strategies that allows a business to achieve its vision, mission, and objectives and adapt to changing conditions. Strategic farm risk management: involves developing objectives, a vision and mission, and developing business strategies. OR is a process designed to keep both the risks associated with the farm and the costs of running the farm to a minimum. NO RISK RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 1 Storm or hail damage Insurance against such damage 2 Animal diseases Animals should be adequately inoculated against any diseases 3 Crop diseases Care should be taken in choosing a cultivar that is disease resistant or alternatively ensure that plants get adequate protection against disease. 4 Damage to Motor Vehicles; a) Insurance may be taken Machinery and equipment b) Employees should be properly trained in the use of all machinery & equipment. 5 Injury to workers a) Workers should be properly trained and made aware of the various risks b) Insurance (workmen’s compensation) c) Medical Aid benefits 6 Strikes a) Management must be aware of all government regulations pertaining to the employment of farm workers. These regulations must be strictly adhered to Page 67 of 88

b) Management must attempt to comply with all reasonable union demands and be prepared to negotiate timeously on other issues. 7 ❖ THE PRINCIPLES/ COMPONENTS/ FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT • Planning (setting goals and planning how to achieve them/ decide who is going to do what and when) • Organising (put all resources where they are needed) • Co-ordination (who will do what) • Leading and direction () • Motivation (The farmer/ manager must encourage or appreciate workers to do more ) • Monitoring/ Control/ Supervision (checking that desired results are achieved) • Decision making (choose the best solution as an alternative) • Communication (make sure that each farmer knows what to do) • Implementation (how to implement it) ❖ THE GENERAL MANAGEMNT SKILLS NEEDED TO MANAGE A FARM BUSINESS • Analytic skills • Conceptual skills • Supervision skills • Financial management skills/ Financial skills • Leadership skills • Communication and interpersonal skills • Problem- solving skills • Decision- making skills • Planning skills/ interpretation skills • Entrepreneurial skills • Management skills • Organising skills/ Co-ordination • Crisis management skills • Risk management skills • Knowledge of production/ farming activities Page 68 of 88

❖ QUALITIES OF A GOOD MANAGER • Knowledge • Experience • Ability to plan ahead • Good businessman • Adaptability to changing conditions • Good human relations • Skilled labour • Innovative ❖ THE MAIN FUNCTIONAL STRATEGIES FOR A FARMING BUSINESS DAY TO DAY FARM MANAGEMENT • Monitoring • Record keeping ❖ THE STEPS IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 1 Developing business strategy/ Planning ➢ (example: promotes the business’s competitiveness to meet global demands) 2 Mission ➢ (It outlines the purpose of the business in specific terms) ➢ (example: promotes ethical values and interests of the community) 3 Vision ➢ (example: promotes the care of the environment and promotes an honest) 4 Goals and objectives ➢ (example: in 5 years the business will expand its operations by 35%) ➢ (They should be SMART) ❖ REASON FOR DEVELOPING A BUSINESS STRATEGY • To make business more profitable/ more competitive • To enable the manager to adapt to changes/ challenges that might occur in future. Page 69 of 88

❖ THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCES WHICH AFFECT/ INFLUENCE FARMING BUSINESS INTERNAL FORCES: - (From within the business; a farmer has control over these forces; also known as the micro environment) • Financial resources • Experience and skills of work force • Business image and reputation • Management and administration systems EXTERNAL FORCES:- (From outside the business; a farmer has no or limited control over these forces; also known as the market and macro environment) • Competition/competitive forces • Environmental conditions/ Environment/ Environmental forces • Industrial action by worker unions/ Unions • Technology/ Technological forces • The economy/ Economic forces/ Economics/ Marketing environment • Political forces • Law/ Laws and regulations governing the sale of certain produce • Legal forces/ Legislation • Suppliers • Ethical forces (relating to beliefs about right and wrong) • Socio-cultural forces • Intermediaries • Regulators • Strategic allies • Society • Capital/ funding ❖ THE PRIMARY SOURCES OF RISK IN FARMING BUSINESS/ TYPES OF RISK USUALLY ENCOUNTERED BY THE MANAGERS/ FARMERS a) Market/ Price/ Financial risk (Product prices) b) Climate risk (Flooding, droughts, veld fires) c) Biological risk (Risk of pests and outbreak of diseases) d) Policy or political risk (political conflicts often disrupts markets) e) Labour or health risk (Illness or death of key workers) f) Technical g) Production h) Legal i) Human resources Page 70 of 88

❖ THE MAIN RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES/ TECHNIQUES (diversification strategies, risk sharing strategies) • Future contract/ hedging • Value adding/ processing • Flexibility • Insurance • Good understanding of pest price trends • Diversification/ specialisation (Diversification: number of enterprise in one farm) • Effective control. . ❖ EXAMPLES OF PRODUCTION RISKS • Unpredictable weather and climatic conditions • Drought and flooding • Disease outbreak in crops and live stock • Insect infection • Theft/ predation. PRODUCTION FACTORS LAND ACTIVITY 1 1.1 The pictures below show the functions of land as a production factor. PICTURE A PICTURE B 1.1.1 State the economic functions of land associated with PICTURE A and PICTURE B. (2) 1.1.2 Name ONE method that could be applied in PICTURE A that farmers could use to benefit the human population in PICTURE B. (1) 1.1.3 State an economic benefit of land for a farmer trying to source finances from a financial institution. (1) Page 71 of 88

1.2 Name the economic characteristics of land represented by EACH of the statements below: 1.2.1 Land is needed to build more houses due to an increase in the human population in the last few years. (1) 1.2.2 The farmer has lived and produced on this farm for 50 years. (1) 1.2.3 In 1952 the farmer's parent bought a 500 ha farm for R700 and now the value of the farm is R8 350 000. (1) [07] ACTIVITY 2 LAND 1.1 Water supply is important for farmers to sustain production. With the recent drought, production has been hit hard and forecasters have warned farmers not to underestimate the impact of the drought. It has been estimated that areas hit by the drought received far less rain than in previous years. Furthermore, it has been observed that areas that practise no-till and have low water surface movement, obtained fair yields despite the drought. [Adapted from Farmer's Weekly, 2 September 2016] 1.1.1 Identify the method of increasing land productivity in the scenario above. (1) 1.1.2 Identify ONE adaptation measure used to increase the land productivity. (1) 1.1.3 Suggest ONE other method plant breeders may use to improve yields in the future. (1) 1.2 Land is a production factor which is subjected to the law of diminishing returns. 1.2.1 Explain the law of diminishing returns as an economic characteristic of land. (3) 1.2.2 Name TWO functions of land. (2) [08] Page 72 of 88

ACTIVITY 3 LAND 1.1.The flow chart below represents the characteristics of land as a production factor. A B Potash and gypsum mines Maize, meat and wool production D C Houses, schools and Cropping fields, cattle factories ranching pastures 1.1.1 Name FOUR functions of land represented by A, B, C and D. (4) 1.1.2 State TWO measures a farmer can take to improve the productivity of land. (2) [06] Page 73 of 88

ACTIVITY 1 LABOUR 1.1 The picture below represents a production factor. 1.1.1 Identify the production factor represented by A in the picture above. (1) 1.1.2 Differentiate between a casual farm worker and a seasonal farm worker. (2) 1.1.3 Give THREE problems associated with farm workers. (3) [06] ACTIVITY 2 LABOUR 2.1 It is important to have an ethical and highly efficient work force with an understanding that the business is not about the employer only, but for their benefit too. Sleeping on duty is misconduct if committed deliberately, as it does not only affect productivity, but could endanger lives especially where dangerous equipment is being used. The necessary steps need to be taken to caution, and even charge, the employee who commits such an act. 2.1.1Name the type of permanent labourer who operates an advanced tractor equipped with an advanced computer and pilot steering. (1) 2.1.2 Indicate the expertise needed by the employee in QUESTION 1.1.1. (1) 2.1.3Identify a type of misconduct by employees that would warrant the employer to take disciplinary steps. (1) Page 74 of 88

2.1.4Name the specific legislation that the employer would use to justify the disciplinary steps. (1) 2.1.5State TWO problems related to labour on farms. (2) 2.1.6Recommend TWO actions an employer should consider to encourage workers to improve their productivity. (2) [08] ACTIVITY 3 LABOUR 1.1 Legislation, especially labour legislation such as the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act 85 of 1993), plays a very important role in any farming enterprise. 1.1.1 Briefly explain the purpose of this Act. (2) 1.1.2 State THREE guidelines that the farmer has to comply with, as stipulated by the legislation above. (3) 1.2 The table below shows conditions of employment in a farming business for two employees (A and B). CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYEE A EMPLOYEE B Daily rate R120 R120 Hours of work per day 8 12 Payment for four Sundays/public holidays R960 R800 Leave credits per three-year cycle 30 days 10 days 1.2.1 Identify the employee whose conditions of service are unfair. (1) 1.2.2 Give TWO reasons for the answer to QUESTION 3.2.1 by referring to the information in the table above. (2) 1.2.3 Give TWO examples of labour legislation that the employee in QUESTION 3.2.1 could use to challenge the employer. (2) [10] Page 75 of 88

ACTIVITY 1 CAPITAL 1.1. The table below indicates a cash flow budget of broilers and eggs on a poultry farm. ITEM SALES PER WEEK MONTHLY COSTS Eggs R8 000 Broilers R12 500 R39 000 Total 1.1.1 Explain the way in which a cash flow budget assists a farmer to run a poultry farm business. (2) 1.1.2 Determine the total monthly income the farmer can budget for to run this business successfully. (Show ALL calculations.) (3) 1.1.3 Indicate whether or not the farmer should continue with this business. (1) 1.1.4 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 3.2.3 based on the calculation. (2) 1.1.5 Refer to the table and identify TWO forms of capital on the farm. (2) [10] ACTIVITY 2 CAPITAL 1.1 A farmer took out a loan of R195 000 for production purposes payable at an interest rate of 11.5% per annum over a period of one year. At the end of the financial year the farmer generated R240 000. 1.1.1 From the scenario above, deduce the type of credit obtained by the farmer. (1) 1.1.2 Calculate the interest the farmer will pay back to the financial institution. Show ALL calculations. (2) Page 76 of 88

1.1.3 Calculate the net income to determine the profitability of this farming enterprise. Show ALL calculations. (3) 1.1.4 State whether this farming enterprise is sustainable or not. (1) 1.1.5 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 3.3.4. (1) [08] ACTIVITY 3 CAPITAL 1.1 The table below indicates a list of capital items and costs for a livestock enterprise. ITEM COST (IN RAND) Cattle sales 110 500 Marketing levy 42 350 Telephone bill 22 500 Sheep sales 80 900 Electricity 20 000 Grain feed 12 500 Classify the items in the table above under the following headings: a) Income` (2) b) Variable costs (2) c) Overhead costs (2) 1.1.1 Use a formula to calculate the net income of this enterprise. (4) [10] Page 77 of 88

ACTIVITY 1 MANAGEMENT 1.1. The table below shows the different farming enterprises on a farm. ENTERPRISE FARM PRODUCT MARKETS Cash crop production Vegetables Contract with a supermarket Livestock production Pork and eggs Butcheries and hostels Fodder crop production Hay Race-horse industry 1.1.1 Name TWO risk management strategies in the table above. (2) 1.1.2 Refer to the strategies identified in QUESTION 3.6.1 and justify EACH strategy. (2) 1.2 The farming business is influenced by both internal and external forces. 1.2.1 Name the external force represented by EACH of the statements below: a) The increase of VAT on commodities. (1) b) The outbreak of listeriosis that led to food contamination. (1) c) New emerging markets for the same product. (1) d) Today's youth believe in fast foods, whilst parents are part of the staple diet group. (1) 1.2.2 Give the sources of risk linked to QUESTION 1.2.1 (a) and QUESTION 1.2.1(b). (2) [10] Page 78 of 88

ACTIVITY 2 MANAGEMENT A group of individuals was accepted for a land reform programme after going through a screening process. Their application for this project was successful because of their ability to set up a budget, organise and make decisions. These individuals commented on it when they realised that legislation governs the production and marketing environment in agriculture. This impacts directly on the profit and available capital of a farming business. 1.1.1 State TWO managerial principles that the group of individuals above need to follow to succeed in a farming business. (2) 1.1.2 Refer to the passage above and indicate TWO external forces that may impact on a farming business. (2) [04] ACTIVITY 3 MANAGEMENT 1.1 The picture below shows a farm with different operations that are managed successfully. 1.1.1 Identify the risk management strategy shown in the picture above. (1) 1.1.2 Justify the answer to QUESTION 3.5.1. (1) 1.1.3 Name the management skill that has enabled the manager to decide on the strategy in QUESTION 3.5.1 in advance. (1) 1.1.4 Give TWO examples of production risks that can directly affect the operations of the farming enterprise above. (2) [05] Page 79 of 88

PRODUCTION FACTORS ACTIVITY 1 LAND 1.1 Land as production factor 1.1.1 Economic function of land in Picture A: provision of food/raw materials ✓ Picture B: provision of physical space/area ✓ (2) 1.1.2 Method to increase the production in PICTURE A The use of technology/scientific methods ✓ (1) 1.1.3 Economic benefit of land to the farmer Serves as a collateral/security ✓ (1) 1.2 Association of the statements to the economic characteristics of land 1.2.1 Land for agriculture is limited/availability of land is limited ✓ (1) 1.2.2 Land is durable/indestructible/lifespan of land is unlimited ✓ (1) 1.2.3 Land appreciates in value ✓ (1) ACTIVITY 2 LAND 1.1 Scenario on land as a production factor 1.1.1 Method of increasing land productivity Zero till /Water management ✓ (1) 1.1.2 ONE adaptation measure used to increase the land productivity No/zero till ✓ (1) 1.1.3 A method to improve yields in the future Breeding of drought resistant cultivars/GM/developing hybrids ✓ (1) 1.2 1.2.1 Law of diminishing return • Yield/ production/ output will increase with an increase in input until optimum production is reached.✓ • When the optimum production is reached the yield/ production/ output stabilise or remain constant ✓ • A further increase in input result in a decreasing in output/ production/ yield ✓ Page 80 of 88

(3) 1.2.2 Functions of land • It enables the production of food/ provides food/ provides space for food production ✓ • It provides physical space for industry/settlement/ recreation/ transport/ provide space ✓ • Provides raw materials ✓ • Provides nutrients ✓ • Source of minerals/ source of raw minerals ✓ • Source of wealth✓ ( Any 2) Activity 3 Land 1.1. A flow diagram illustrating properties of land as a production factor 1.1.1 Functions of land represented by A - Provision of mineral resources ✓ (1) B - Food production/raw materials ✓ (1) C - Space/area for production ✓ (1) D - Space/area for capital wealth/human settlement/industry ✓ (1) Page 81 of 88

1.1.2 Provisions a farmer can employ to improve land productivity • The use of scientific methods/technology/precision farming ✓ • Provision of water ✓ • Consolidating uneconomical farming units ✓ • Suitable crops/use for the land ✓ (Any 2) (2) ACTIVITY 1 LABOUR 1.1 1.1.1 Labour 1.1.2 Seasonal labour • work during peak periods such as during harvesting. ✓ • live elsewhere, employed seasonally during peak periods for repetitive tasks ✓ Casual labour: • work less than 24 hours per month/ a week -live elsewhere, ✓ • employed on a temporary basis for non-repetitive work ✓ (Any 2) 1.1.3 Problem associated with farm workers • Lack of skills/ limited education/ lack of training or education ✓ • Labour shortages/ scarcity/Shortage/ scarcity of labour ✓ • Industrial competition ✓ • Poor labour management ✓ • HIV and AIDS/ Social ✓ • Theft / safety ✓ • Damage to expensive equipment/ damage infrastructure ✓ • High cost of labour ✓ • Irresponsible workers ✓ • Workers arriving late for work ✓ • Abuse of property ✓ • Competition from industries/ economic migrants ✓ • Poor working conditions ✓ Page 82 of 88

(Any 3) ACTIVITY 2 LABOUR 1.1 Highly ethical and efficient work force 1.1.1 The type of permanent labour who operates an advanced tractor. Skilled labour ✓ (1) 1.1.2 Indication of the expertise needed by the employee. Technical/operational ✓ (1) 1.1.3 Act of misconduct. Sleeping on duty ✓ (1) 1.1.4 Legislation that the employer would use to justify disciplinary steps. Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997 ✓ (1) 1.1.5 TWO problems related to farm labour. • Social/HIV and AIDS ✓ • Scarcity ✓ • Employers' concerns ✓ • Competition from industries/economic migrants ✓ • Lack of training/ education ✓ • Poor labour management ✓ • Safety ✓ • Poor working conditions ✓ (Any 2) (2) 1.1.6 TWO actions an employer should take. • Provide incentives ✓ • Rewards for good work ✓ • Provide training/education ✓ • Improve working conditions ✓ • Improved living conditions ✓ • Mechanisation ✓ • Labour management ✓ (Any 2) (2) Page 83 of 88

ACTIVITY 3 LABOUR 1.1 The Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act 85 of 1993) 1.1.1 Brief explanation of the intention of this Act • Aims to provide and regulate ✓ • Health/safety in the work place ✓ (2) 1.1.2 THREE guidelines for the farmer to comply with this legislation • Protective clothing ✓ • Gloves ✓ • Footwear/gumboots ✓ • Goggles/eye protection ✓ • Dust masks ✓ • Training on operating equipment/handling chemicals/apparatus✓ • Noise/ear protection ✓ (Any 3) (3) 1.2 Labour contract 1.2.1 Employee with unfair conditions of service Employee B ✓ (1) 1.2.2 Justification • Long working hours/12 hours of work per day ✓ • Insufficient payment for work on Sunday/public holiday/R200 per day instead of R240 ✓ • Leave days not according to stipulation of legislation/10 days leave in 3 years ✓ (Any 2) (2) 1.2.3 TWO labour legislation that could be used by employee • Labour Relations Act ✓ • Basic Conditions of Employment Act ✓ (2) ACTIVITY 1 CAPITAL 1.1 Capital as a production factor 1.1.1 Explanation of the assistance of using a cash flow budget • It shows the flow of cash into and out of the farming operation✓ Page 84 of 88

• To determine the profit and loss ✓ (2) 1.1.2 Monthly income • Sale of eggs = R8 000 per week x 4 = R32 000 ✓ • Sale of broilers = R12 500 per week x 4 = R50 000 ✓ • = R32 000 + R50 000 = R82 000 ✓ (3) 1.1.3 Decision to continue with the business • Farmer must continue with the business ✓ (1) 1.1.4 Reason • Income is more than the expenditure ✓ • The business is run at a profit. (Profit is R43 000) ✓ (2) 1.1.5 TWO forms of capital • Floating/working capital ✓ • Movable capital ✓ (2) ACTIVITY 2 CAPITAL 1.1 1.1.1 Type of credit obtained by the farmer • Short-term credit ✓ (1) 1.1.2 (R195 000/100) *11.5%✓ = R22 425 ✓ OR (11.5/100) * R195 000✓ =R22 425✓ (2) Profit = income- expenditure ✓ =R240 000 – (R195 000+ R22 425) ✓ =R22 575 ✓ (3) 1.1.3 Sustainable ✓ (1) 1.1.4 Reasons for the answer • Because the farmer would be able to make the profit of R22 575. ✓ (1) [08] Page 85 of 88

ACTIVITY 3 CAPITAL 1.1 Capital items and costs 1.1.1 Classification of items a) Income - Cattle sales , sheep sale  (2) b) Variable costs - Marketing , grain feed , electricity telephone bills  (Any 2) (2) c) Overhead costs - Telephone bills , electricity  (2) 1.1.2 Calculation of net income with the formula Income = R110 500 + R80 900 = R191 400  Expenditure = R42 350 + R22 500 + R20 000 + R12 500 = R97 350  Net income = Income – expenditure  = R191 400 – R 97 350 = R 94 050  OR Net income = Income – expenditure  = R191 400  – R 97 350  = R 94 050  (4) [10] ACTIVITY 1 MANAGEMENT 1.1 Risk management 1.1.1 TWO risk management strategies • Diversification ✓ • Hedging/contract marketing ✓ (2) 1.1.2 Justification of Diversification • The farmer has a number of different enterprises such as crops, livestock and fodder production in order to spread the risk ✓ (1) Hedging/Contract marketing • The farmer made future contracts/agreement with supermarket ✓ (1) Page 86 of 88

1.2 External and internal forces affecting the farming business 1.2.1 External forces affecting the farming business a) Economical/political ✓ (1) b) Socio-cultural/health ✓ (1) c) Competitive ✓ (1) d) Socio-cultural/environmental ✓ (1) 1.2.2 Sources of risk a) Financial/market and price ✓ (1) b) Environmental ✓ (1) [10] ACTIVITY 2 MANAGEMENT 1.1 Passage on managerial principles 1.1.1 TWO managerial principles • Planning ✓ • Organization/co-ordination ✓ • Decision making ✓ • Control ✓ • Motivation ✓ • Communication✓ • Leading and direction✓ • Monitoring✓ • Implementation✓ (Any 2) (2) 1.1.2 TWO external forces • Legal/legislation/politics ✓ • Economic/marketing environment ✓ • Capital /funding ✓ (Any 2) (2) ACTIVITY 2 MANAGEMENT 1.1 Farm with different operations that are managed with success 1.1.1 Identification of the risk management strategy • Diversification ✓ (1) 1.1.2 Justification Page 87 of 88

• It is a means of managing risk/risk is spread amongst many farming enterprises/a means of spreading farm investment over several enterprises. ✓ (1) 1.1.3 The management skill to decide in advance on a strategy • Planning. ✓ (1) 1.1.4 TWO examples of production risks • Unpredictable weather and climatic conditions ✓ • Drought and flooding ✓ • Disease outbreak in crops and live-stock. ✓ • Insect infestation✓ • Theft/predation. ✓ ( Any 2) (2) [05] Page 88 of 88