History Grade 11 P1 November Mock Exam 2 2026 Addendum (Eng)

Mock hlayiso mock exams Practice Series: Grade 11 Exam Preparation WWW.HLAYISO.COM NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 11 HISTORY P1 ADDENDUM NOVEMBER EXAMINATION 2026 (MOCK) This addendum consists of 12 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 2 Hlayiso/Gr 11 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock QUESTION 1: HOW DID SOVIET ECONOMIC POLICIES CHANGE RUSSIA BETWEEN 1918 AND 1928? SOURCE 1A The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It explains the policy of War Communism and its effects on Soviet Russia. In 1918 the Bolshevik government found itself fighting for survival in a civil war against the Whites, who were supported by several foreign powers. To keep the Red Army supplied with food and weapons, Lenin introduced a set of emergency measures that became known as War Communism. Almost all factories and workshops were nationalised and placed under the control of the state. Private trade was banned, and food and other goods were rationed by the state. Workers were not allowed to strike and could be punished for being late or absent from work. The most hated measure was the forced requisitioning of grain. Armed food detachments were sent into the villages to seize all the ‘surplus’ grain that the peasants produced, often leaving them with too little to feed their families or to sow the next crop. Peasants who hid grain were treated as enemies of the revolution, and the Cheka, the Bolshevik secret police, arrested and shot many of them. War Communism helped the Bolsheviks to win the Civil War, but it ruined the economy. Because any surplus would simply be taken away, peasants planted only enough for their own needs, and the area under crops shrank. Money lost almost all its value, and a black market in food flourished in the cities. Millions of workers left the hungry cities for the countryside. In 1920 and 1921 peasant revolts broke out in many areas; the largest, in Tambov province, was led by Alexander Antonov and was crushed by the Red Army. Drought and requisitioning together caused a terrible famine in the Volga region in 1921 and 1922, in which about five million people died. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] *requisitioning: the forced taking of goods, such as grain, by the state, usually with little or no payment *Whites: the opponents of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War (1918–1921) Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 3 Hlayiso/Gr 11 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 1B The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It describes the Kronstadt Rising and the introduction of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921. In February 1921 workers in Petrograd went on strike over food shortages. At the beginning of March 1921 the sailors of the Kronstadt naval base, on an island near Petrograd, rose against the government. In 1917 the Kronstadt sailors had been among the most loyal supporters of the Bolsheviks and had helped them to seize power. Now they demanded new elections to the soviets by secret ballot, freedom of speech and of the press for workers and peasants, the release of socialist political prisoners and an end to the seizure of the peasants’ grain. The government called them traitors. On 17 and 18 March 1921 Red Army troops under Mikhail Tukhachevsky marched across the frozen sea and stormed the naval base. Thousands were killed in the fighting, and many of the captured sailors were later shot or sent to prison camps. At the same time the Tenth Congress of the Communist Party met in Moscow. Lenin persuaded the Party to adopt a New Economic Policy (NEP). Grain requisitioning was replaced by a tax in kind: peasants handed over a fixed part of their crop to the state and were allowed to sell the rest on the open market for a profit. Small factories and workshops were handed back to private owners, and private trade was allowed again. The state, however, kept control of the ‘commanding heights’ of the economy: heavy industry, the banks, the railways and foreign trade. Foreign companies were invited to invest in Russia. Many Party members were shocked by the return of private profit, but Lenin described the NEP as a temporary retreat that was necessary to save the revolution. The same Congress banned groups (factions) within the Communist Party that opposed the decisions of the leadership. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] *tax in kind: a tax paid in produce, such as grain, instead of in money Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 4 Hlayiso/Gr 11 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 1C The table below was compiled by the examiner. It shows the approximate production of selected goods in Russia in 1913 (before the First World War), in 1921 (at the end of War Communism) and in 1926 (under the NEP). PRODUCT 1913 1921 1926 Grain (million tonnes) 80,1 37,6 76,8 Coal (million tonnes) 29,0 8,9 27,6 Steel (million tonnes) 4,2 0,2 3,1 Electricity (million kWh) 1 945 520 3 508 [Adapted from figures quoted in various economic histories of the Soviet Union. Figures are approximate and rounded; different historians give slightly different figures.] SOURCE 1D The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It explains the problems of the NEP and why it was ended. The NEP brought about a rapid recovery. Peasants grew more grain because they could sell their surplus, and food returned to the markets of the cities. Private traders, known as Nepmen, opened shops, cafés and restaurants, and some became rich. Better-off peasants, called kulaks by the Communists, rented extra land and hired labourers. To many Communists the Nepmen and kulaks were a sign that capitalism was returning, and many workers resented the luxury of the Nepmen while unemployment in the cities rose. In 1923 the economy faced the ‘scissors crisis’. Prices of manufactured goods rose sharply while the prices that peasants received for their grain fell. On a graph the two price lines opened like the blades of a pair of scissors. Because peasants could buy little with the money they earned, many again held back their grain. After Lenin’s death in January 1924 the Party leaders argued about the future of the NEP. Leon Trotsky and the Left wanted to end it and to build up heavy industry rapidly. Nikolai Bukharin and the Right wanted to continue it; in 1925 he even urged the peasants to ‘enrich yourselves’. Joseph Stalin at first supported Bukharin. However, in 1927 a war scare convinced many leaders that the Soviet Union had to industrialise quickly to defend itself, and the state collected far less grain than it needed. In 1928 Stalin ordered officials to seize grain by force again, and he turned against Bukharin. The NEP was abandoned and replaced by the first Five-Year Plan (1928) and the collectivisation of agriculture (1929). [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 5 Hlayiso/Gr 11 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock QUESTION 2: HOW FAR DID ROOSEVELT’S NEW DEAL IMPROVE THE LIVES OF ORDINARY AMERICANS IN THE 1930s? SOURCE 2A The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It describes the impact of the New Deal on African Americans. In November 1932 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the Democratic candidate, promised Americans a ‘New Deal’ and won the presidential election easily, carrying 42 of the 48 states. Most African Americans who were able to vote, however, still supported the Republican Party, the party of Abraham Lincoln. In the Southern states most Black people could not vote at all, and segregation laws kept them apart from white people in schools, transport and public places. Roosevelt needed the votes of white Southern Democrats in Congress to pass his New Deal laws. For this reason he refused to support a federal law against lynching, although many Black Americans were murdered by white mobs in the 1930s. Many New Deal programmes were run by local officials who discriminated against Black people. The codes of the National Recovery Administration (NRA) often allowed lower wages for jobs done mainly by Black workers, and critics said that NRA stood for ‘Negroes Ruined Again’. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) placed most Black recruits in separate camps, and in the South many were turned away. The Social Security Act of 1935 did not cover farm labourers or domestic servants, the jobs in which about two-thirds of Black workers were employed. Many trade unions, which were protected by the Wagner Act of 1935, refused to admit Black workers. Yet the New Deal also brought real help. Hundreds of thousands of African Americans found work in the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the Public Works Administration (PWA) built schools, hospitals and public housing in Black neighbourhoods. Mary McLeod Bethune led the Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration and brought together a group of Black advisers to the government who became known as the ‘Black Cabinet’. Eleanor Roosevelt, the president’s wife, spoke out publicly against racism. In the election of 1936 most African American voters voted for Roosevelt. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] *Congress: the parliament of the USA, which passes the country’s federal laws *lynching: the murder of a person, usually by hanging, by a mob without any trial Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 6 Hlayiso/Gr 11 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 2B The photograph below shows members of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) building a stone wall on a conservation project in about 1935. The name of the photographer is not known. The CCC was set up in March 1933. It employed unmarried, unemployed young men, mostly between the ages of 18 and 25, who lived in camps run by the army. They planted forests, fought soil erosion and forest fires, and built dams, roads, bridges and park facilities. Each man was paid $30 a month, of which $25 was sent home to his family. About three million men served in the CCC between 1933 and 1942. [From: US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), about 1935. Public domain.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 7 Hlayiso/Gr 11 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 2C The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It describes the Second New Deal and some of the criticism of the New Deal. In 1935 Roosevelt launched a second wave of laws, often called the Second New Deal, which focused on reform. The Works Progress Administration (WPA) employed about 8,5 million people during its existence to build roads, bridges, schools, airports and parks; it also paid artists, writers and actors. The Social Security Act (1935) created old-age pensions and unemployment insurance for the first time. The Wagner Act (1935) gave workers the right to join trade unions and to bargain with employers. Not everyone was satisfied. Many business leaders and wealthy Americans, some of whom formed the American Liberty League in 1934, accused Roosevelt of interfering with free enterprise, of raising taxes and of leading the country towards socialism. In 1935 and 1936 the Supreme Court declared the NIRA and the AAA unconstitutional. Other critics said that the New Deal did not go far enough. Senator Huey Long of Louisiana launched a ‘Share Our Wealth’ movement that promised every family a guaranteed income, to be paid for by heavy taxes on the rich. Some New Deal measures had harsh side effects. Under the AAA about six million young pigs were slaughtered and millions of acres of cotton were ploughed under while many Americans went hungry. Payments for reducing crops went to the landowners, and many tenant farmers and sharecroppers, a large number of them African Americans, were evicted from the land they had worked. In 1937 Roosevelt cut government spending in order to balance the budget, and the economy fell back into a sharp recession in 1937–1938. Unemployment remained high until the USA began to rearm for the Second World War. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] *sharecroppers: farmers who worked land owned by someone else and paid the owner with part of the crop Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 8 Hlayiso/Gr 11 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 2D The graph below was drawn by the examiner. It shows the approximate percentage of the American labour force that was unemployed between 1933 and 1941. 30 24,9 25 Unemployed (% of labour force) 21,7 20,1 20 19,0 16,9 17,2 14,3 14,6 15 9,9 10 5 0 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 Year [Graph drawn by the examiner from published estimates of US unemployment; figures are approximate] Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 9 Hlayiso/Gr 11 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock QUESTION 3: HOW DID NAZI RACIAL POLICIES EXCLUDE JEWS FROM GERMAN SOCIETY BETWEEN 1933 AND 1939? SOURCE 3A The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It explains Nazi racial ideology and the first measures taken against the Jews after Hitler came to power. Nazi ideology was based on pseudo-scientific ideas about race. The Nazis borrowed from Social Darwinism the idea that history was a struggle between races in which only the strongest would survive. They taught that the Germans belonged to a superior ‘Aryan’ master race, which had to be kept ‘pure’, and that the Jews were not a religious group but an inferior and dangerous race that was poisoning the German nation. Jews were blamed for Germany’s defeat in the First World War, for the harsh Treaty of Versailles and for the economic crisis. When Hitler became Chancellor on 30 January 1933 there were about 500 000 Jews in Germany, less than one per cent of the population. Most of them regarded themselves as loyal Germans, and many had fought for Germany in the First World War. Within weeks the persecution began. On 1 April 1933 the Nazis organised a national boycott of Jewish shops, businesses, doctors and lawyers; members of the SA stood outside Jewish shops with signs warning Germans not to buy from Jews. On 7 April 1933 a new law dismissed Jews and political opponents from the civil service, although Jewish men who had fought in the First World War were at first allowed to keep their posts. The number of Jewish pupils allowed into German schools and universities was limited, and in May 1933 books by Jewish and other ‘un-German’ authors were burnt in public. Propaganda spread hatred of the Jews. The newspaper Der Stürmer printed crude cartoons of Jews, and from 1933 schoolchildren were taught ‘race science’, in which they learned to measure skulls and to regard the Jews as their enemies. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] *SA: the Nazi Party’s storm troopers, also called the Brownshirts Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 10 Hlayiso/Gr 11 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 3B The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It summarises the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 and the way in which a supplementary decree of 14 November 1935 classified people according to their ancestry. On 15 September 1935, at the annual Nazi Party rally in the city of Nuremberg, two new laws were announced. The Reich Citizenship Law stated that only people of ‘German or related blood’ could be citizens of the Reich. Jews lost their citizenship and became ‘subjects’ of the state, without the right to vote or to hold public office. The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour banned marriages and sexual relationships between Jews and Germans. Jews were also forbidden to employ German women under the age of 45 as servants in their homes or to fly the German flag. The laws did not explain who was a Jew. Because the Nazis had no scientific way to identify a ‘race’, the supplementary decree of November 1935 used the religion of a person’s grandparents: NUMBER OF GRANDPARENTS CLASSIFICATION UNDER THE WHO BELONGED TO THE DECREE JEWISH RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY None ‘German blood’: a citizen of the Reich One ‘Mischling’ of the second degree (a person of ‘mixed blood’) Two ‘Mischling’ of the first degree, but classified as a Jew if the person belonged to the Jewish religious community or was married to a Jew Three or four Jew In this way thousands of Germans who had been baptised as Christians, or who did not practise any religion, were classified as Jews and lost their rights. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] *Mischling: a German word meaning ‘mixed’ or ‘of mixed blood’ Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 11 Hlayiso/Gr 11 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 3C The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It describes the events of Kristallnacht (the Night of Broken Glass) in November 1938 and their consequences. At the end of October 1938 the Nazi government expelled about 17 000 Jews of Polish nationality from Germany and dumped them at the Polish border. On 7 November 1938 Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Jew whose parents had been among those expelled, shot Ernst vom Rath, a German diplomat in Paris. When vom Rath died on 9 November, the Minister of Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, made a fierce speech to Nazi leaders in Munich. That same night Nazi Party officials, SA and SS men, many of them dressed in ordinary clothes, were ordered to attack Jewish property throughout Germany and Austria. The police were told not to interfere, and fire brigades only made sure that the flames did not spread to the buildings of non-Jews. During the night of 9 to 10 November hundreds of synagogues were set alight, and about 7 500 Jewish shops and businesses were destroyed and looted. The streets were covered with broken glass from shop windows, which gave the night its name. At least 91 Jews were murdered, and about 30 000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to the concentration camps of Dachau, Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen. The Nazi government blamed the Jews for the violence. The Jewish community was ordered to pay a fine of one billion Reichsmarks, and the insurance payments for the damage were taken by the state. Within days, Jews were excluded from economic life, Jewish children were expelled from German schools, and Jews were banned from cinemas, theatres and swimming pools. Many of the men in the camps were released only when their families could prove that they would leave Germany. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] *synagogue: a building where Jews meet for religious worship Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 12 Hlayiso/Gr 11 Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 3D The graph below was drawn by the examiner. It shows the approximate number of Jews who emigrated from (left) Germany each year between 1933 and 1939. 90 000 80 000 78 000 Number of Jewish emigrants 70 000 60 000 50 000 40 000 40 000 37 000 30 000 25 000 23 000 21 000 23 000 20 000 10 000 0 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 Year [Graph drawn by the examiner from published estimates; figures are approximate and rounded] Note: Jews who wanted to leave Germany had to pay heavy taxes, such as the ‘Reich Flight Tax’, and were allowed to take very little of their money and property with them. Throughout the 1930s many countries, including the USA and Britain, limited the number of refugees they would accept. At the Évian Conference in July 1938, representatives of 32 countries met to discuss the Jewish refugees from Germany and Austria, but almost none of them agreed to accept more refugees. Copyright reserved