History Grade 11 P1 Eastern Cape November 2023 QP (Eng)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 11 NOVEMBER 2023 HISTORY P1 ADDENDUM This addendum consists of 14 pages.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 2 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2023) QUESTION 1: WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF LENIN’S NEW ECONOMIC POLICY ON THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY? SOURCE 1A The source below explains the effects of War Communism on the Russian economy. War communism turned into a disaster, and the economic strength of Russia in all areas fell below the 1914 level. Peasant farmers knew that any excess crops would be seized by the state, so grew only for themselves. People in the countryside refused to cooperate in giving food for the war effort, while bad harvests compounded the hardships that the war caused. Malnutrition and disease were common. The result was that industrial cities were starved of food, and workers started moving to the countryside to grow their own food, which further decreased the possibility of barter (exchange) of industrial goods for food and worsened the plight of the remaining urban population. In all, food requisitioning combined with the effects of seven years of war and a severe drought contributed to a devastating famine that caused a staggering 3–10 million deaths. Worker and peasant strikes and rebellions broke out across the country. The Kronstadt Rebellion of March 1921 particularly surprised Lenin, who regarded the sailors there as the ‘reddest of the Reds’. These uprisings were of further concern since they were led by opportunist leftists, which created competition with the Bolsheviks. The crisis undermined widespread loyalty to the government: Lenin needed to take decisive action. [From https://www.historyhit.com/war-communism-lenins-plan/. Accessed on 20 February 2023.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2023) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 3 SOURCE 1B The following source explains the impact of the NEP on the Russian economy. The requirement of NEP was the introduction of a tax-in-kind, set at levels considerably below those of previous requisition quotas, which permitted peasants to dispose of (place) their food surpluses on the open market. This concession to market forces soon led to the denationalisation of small-scale industry and services; the establishment of trusts for supplying, financing, and marketing the products of large-scale industry; the stabilisation of the currency; and other measures, including the granting of concessions to foreign investors all of which were designed to re-establish the link between town and country. Referring to NEP as a retreat of the state to the “commanding heights of the economy” (large-scale industry, banking, foreign commerce), Lenin insisted that it had to be pursued “seriously and for a long time.” Under the NEP the Soviet economy revived. By 1926–27, most economic pointers were at or near pre-war levels. But recovery via market forces was accompanied by the re-emergence of a “capitalist” class in both the countryside (the kulaks) and the towns (Nepmen), persistent unemployment among workers (some of whom referred to NEP as the “new exploitation of the proletariat”), and anxieties within the party about bourgeois (middleclass) corruption and the loss of revolutionary dynamism. The triumph of Stalin over his political rivals, the adoption of the First Five-Year Plan for industrialisation, and the decision to launch a “Socialist Offensive” against the kulaks effectively marked the abandonment of NEP by 1929. [From https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1921-2/the-new-economic-policy/. Accessed on 20 February 2023.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 4 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2023) SOURCE 1C The source below is an extract from an article written by Walter Duranty an Anglo- American journalist who worked in Moscow for The New York Times during 1922–1936. Moscow had changed during my three weeks’ absence. Everywhere run-down and half- ruined buildings were redecorated and restored. Shops, cafes, and restaurants were being opened in all directions … The city was full of peasants selling fruit, vegetables, and other produce … To the Communists, NEP was no doubt offensive, but to the mass of the workers, it brought jobs that would be paid in money instead of valueless paper or mouldy (rotten) rations, and the certainty that with money they could buy the food and necessities of life … To the traders, the NEP meant an opportunity and the dawn of better days. Until 9 August 1921, it was technically a crime to possess goods of value … and a crime to buy and sell anything. The NEP decree changed all that … At the top of my street, I saw a man selling flour, sugar and rice on a little table … At the end of a week, he was selling fresh eggs and vegetables … By mid-November he had rented a tiny store … By the following May he had four salesmen in a fair-sized store, to which peasants brought fresh produce every morning. After a year’s trading … he made $20 000 to $30 000 clear profit, but the point is that his business encouraged many peasants to fatten chickens or little pigs or plant vegetables. The same thing was being done all over Russia and the effects were amazing. In a single year the supply of food and goods jumped from starvation point to something nearly adequate, and prices fell as a result. [From Russia and the USSR 1905–1941 by T. Fiehn] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2023) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 5 SOURCE 1D The table below illustrates how agriculture and industry recovered under the NEP. [From Making History Grade 11 by R. Deftereos et al.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 6 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2023) QUESTION 2: WHAT MEASURES DID ROOSEVELT IMPLEMENT TO SOLVE THE UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM CAUSED BY THE GREAT DEPRESSION IN THE USA IN THE 1930s? SOURCE 2A The source below describes the reasons why President Roosevelt decided to implement the New Deal. The Great Depression in the United States began on October 29, 1929, a day known forever after as “Black Tuesday”, when the American stock market – which had been roaring steadily upward for almost a decade – crashed, plunging the country into its most severe economic downturn yet. Speculators lost their shares; banks failed; the nation’s money supply diminished (lessened); and companies went bankrupt and began to fire their workers in droves. Meanwhile, President Herbert Hoover urged patience and self-reliance: “He thought the crisis was just ‘a passing incident in our national lives’, and that it wasn’t the federal government’s job to try and resolve.” By 1932, one of the bleakest years of the Great Depression, at least one-quarter of the American workforce was unemployed. When President Franklin Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to try and stabilise the economy and provide jobs and relief to those who were suffering. Over the next eight years, the government instituted a series of experimental projects and programs, known collectively as the New Deal, which aimed to restore some measure of dignity and prosperity to many Americans. More than that, Roosevelt’s New Deal permanently changed the federal government’s relationship with the U.S. public. [From www.history.com/topics/new-deal. Accessed on 12 January 2023.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2023) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 7 SOURCE 2B The source below focuses on the Relief programs of the New Deal. The New Deal programs were known as the three “Rs”; Roosevelt believed that together Relief, Reform, and Recovery could bring economic stability to the nation. Reform programs focused specifically on methods for ensuring that depressions like that in the 1930s would never affect the American public again. The Relief programs were implemented to immediately stop the continued economic freefall. These included the Emergency Banking Act, which ensured that only solvent banks remained open, and bank holidays that would close financial institutions when a wave of financial panic occurred. In addition, the Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA), the Civil Works Administration (CWA), and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) provided immediate support in the form of cash payments and temporary employment. The three goals of the Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) were (1) to be effective, (2) to provide work for employable people on the relief rolls, and (3) to have a diverse variety of relief programs. FERA provided grants from the federal government to state governments for a variety of projects in fields such as agriculture, the arts, construction, and education. Many people who were receiving relief aid were highly trained, skilled workers. The hope was that by providing many different types of jobs and salaries that were similar to workers’ previous jobs the whole country would benefit. The Civil Works Administration (CWA) was started as a subdivision of FERA with the goal of providing a short-term solution to get people back to work. The projects under CWA were more short-term and aimed at unskilled labourers. [From https://dp.la/exhibitions/new-deal/reform-programs. Accessed on 26 February 2023.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 8 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2023) SOURCE 2C This source explains the Works Progress Administration (WPA). President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the WPA with an executive order on May 6, 1935. It was part of his New Deal plan to lift the country out of the Great Depression by reforming the financial system and restoring the economy to pre-Depression levels. The unemployment rate in 1935 was at a staggering 20 percent. The WPA was designed to provide relief for the unemployed by providing jobs and income for millions of Americans. At its height in late 1938, more than 3,3 million Americans worked for the WPA. The WPA – which in 1939 was renamed the Work Projects Administration – employed mostly unskilled men to carry out public works infrastructure projects. They built more than 4 000 new school buildings, erected 130 new hospitals, laid roughly 9 000 miles of storm drains and sewer lines, built 29 000 new bridges, constructed 150 new airfields, paved or repaired 280 000 miles of roads and planted 24 million trees to alleviate (lessen) loss of fertile topsoil during the Dust Bowl. In addition to its well-known building and infrastructure projects, the WPA also oversaw a group of programs collectively known as Federal Project Number One. These programs employed artists, musicians, actors and writers. [From https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/works-progress-administration. Accessed on 23 February 2023.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2023) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 9 SOURCE 2D The source below is a representation of the unemployment and the performance of the American economy during the 1930’s. [From GCSE Modern World History by Ben Walsh] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2023) QUESTION 3: HOW DID THE NAZIS PERSECUTE MINORITY GROUPS IN GERMANY BETWEEN THE 1930s AND 1940s? SOURCE 3A This source below depicts the Nazi’s racial beliefs and policies in 1933. On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler was named chancellor, the most powerful position in the German government, by the aged President Hindenburg, who hoped Hitler could lead the nation out of its grave political and economic crisis. Hitler was the leader of the right-wing Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party (called “the Nazi Party” for short). The Nazi Party was extremely anti-Semitist. It was, by 1933, one of the strongest parties in Germany, even though … the Nazis had won only a number of 33 percent of the votes in the 1932 elections to the German parliament (Reichstag). Once in power, Hitler moved quickly to end German democracy. He convinced his cabinet to invoke emergency clauses of the constitution that permitted the suspension of individual freedoms of the press, speech and assembly ... The Enabling Act of March 23, 1933 … gave Hitler dictatorial powers. Also in 1933, the Nazis began to put into practice their racial ideology. The Nazis believed that the Germans were “racially superior” and that there was a struggle between them and inferior races. They saw the Jews, Roma (Gypsies) and the handicapped as a serious biological threat to the purity of the “German (Aryan) Race,” what they called the master race. Jews, who numbered about 525 000 in Germany were the principal target of Nazi hatred. The Nazis identified Jews as a race and defined this race as “inferior.” They also advocated hate-mongering propaganda that unfairly blamed the Jews for Germany’s economic depression and the country’s defeat in World War I (1914–1918). [From www.myjewishlearning.com/article/1933-1939. Accessed on 1 March 2023.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2023) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 11 SOURCE 3B This source refers to policy of euthanasia used by the Nazis to keep racial purity in Germany. The Euthanasia Program was the systematic murder of institutionalised patients with disabilities in Germany. It predated the genocide of European Jews (the Holocaust) by approximately two years. The program was one of many radical eugenic measures that aimed to restore the racial ‘integrity’ of the German nation. It aimed to eliminate what eugenicists and their supporters considered “life unworthy of life”: those individuals who – they believed – because of severe psychiatric, neurological, or physical disabilities represented both a genetic and a financial burden on German society and the state. In the spring and summer months of 1939, a number of planners began to organise a secret killing operation targeting disabled children. On August 18, 1939, the Reich Ministry of the Interior circulated a decree requiring all physicians, nurses, and midwives to report new-born infants and children under the age of three who showed signs of severe mental or physical disability. Beginning in October 1939, public health authorities began to encourage parents of children with disabilities to admit their young children to one of a number of specially designated paediatric clinics throughout Germany and Austria. The clinics were children’s killing wards. There, specially recruited medical staff murdered their young charges by lethal overdoses of medication or by starvation. ‘Euthanasia’ planners quickly envisioned extending the killing program to adult disabled patients living in institutional settings in the autumn of 1939, Historians estimate that the Euthanasia Program, in all its phases, claimed the lives of 250 000 individuals. [From https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/euthanasia-program. Accessed on 3 March 2023.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 12 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2023) SOURCE 3C This source describes Gypsies were persecuted in NAZI Germany in the 1930s. Members of Romani groups suffered persecution and victimisation all over Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. Known as ‘Gypsies’ – the people who called themselves Roma, Sinti, and Manouches (among others) were declared to be of alien blood under Germany’s Nuremberg Laws and suffered under the same genocidal regime as Europe’s Jews. In late 1938, Himmler ordered that the ‘Gypsy problem’ be ‘dealt with on the basis of their racial character.’ Sinti and Roma were excluded from schools; traditional occupations – peddling, horse trading, fortune telling – were criminalised, and they were subject to forced labour. At the outbreak of the War, they were prohibited from leaving their places of residence, and in separate actions in 1940 and 1941 about 5 000 were deported to labour camps and ghettos in Poland. At the end of 1942, Himmler ordered that all ‘Gypsies’ be sent to Auschwitz. For Sinti and Roma, Auschwitz involved different kinds of trauma. On Himmler’s orders, none were killed on arrival, and they were held as families in a special section of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Before the camp was closed at the beginning of August 1944, with the gassing of some 4 000 remaining prisoners, most had already died of disease, hunger or exhaustion, or been murdered by guards. As a relatively young population, the inmates of the so-called “Gypsy Family Camp” were also preferred subjects for the ‘medical’ experiments of Josef Mengele, whose infirmary was immediately adjacent to their camp. But in other concentration camps, too, “Gypsy” men and women were selected for experiments with new drugs and procedures. These included new (and painful and dangerous) methods of sterilisation, in pursuit of a swifter and more efficient way to carry out a programme of sterilising “racial undesirables” that was already being deployed against “Gypsies” from the mid-1930s. [From https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/romani-holocaust-survivors-1945. Accessed on 1 March 2023.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2023) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 13 SOURCE 3D The poster below shows disabled children who were targeted in the Euthanasia program of the Nazis in the 1940s. [Source https://www.argunners.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Euthanasia-Program.jpg. Accessed on 3 March 2023.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 14 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2023) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Visual sources and other historical evidence were taken from the following: https://www.historyhit.com/war-communism-lenins-plan/ https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1921-2/the-new-economic-policy/Accessed Russia and the USSR 1905–1941 by T. Fiehn Making History Grade 11 by R .Deftereos et al www.history.com/topics/new-deal, https://dp.la/exhibitions/new-deal/reform-programs GCSE Modern World History deur Ben Walsh www.myjewishlearning.com/article/1933-1939. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/euthanasia-program https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/romani-holocaust-survivors-1945 https://www.argunners.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Euthanasia-Program.jpg Copyright reserved Please turn over