History Grade 12 P1 Gauteng Mock 2025 Question Paper (Eng)

PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2025 10791 HISTORY (PAPER 1) TIME: 3 hours MARKS: 150 9 pages + an addendum of 14 pages P.T.O

HISTORY 2 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. This question paper consists of SECTION A and SECTION B based on the prescribed content framework as contained in the CAPS document. SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS QUESTION 1: THE COLD WAR: THE EXTENSION OF THE COLD WAR QUESTION 2: INDEPENDENT AFRICA: CASE STUDY – ANGOLA QUESTION 3: CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS FROM THE 1950s TO THE 1970s: THE US CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT SECTION B: ESSAY QUESTIONS QUESTION 4: THE COLD WAR: CASE STUDY – VIETNAM QUESTION 5: INDEPENDENT AFRICA: CASE STUDY – THE CONGO QUESTION 6: CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS FROM THE 1950s TO THE 1970s: THE BLACK POWER MOVEMENT 2. SECTION A consists of THREE source-based questions. The source material that is required to answer these questions can be found in the ADDENDUM. 3. SECTION B consists of THREE essay questions. 4. Answer THREE questions as follows: 4.1 At least ONE must be a source-based question and at least ONE must be an essay question. 4.2 The THIRD question can be either a source-based question or an essay question. 5. You are advised to spend at least ONE hour per question. 6. When answering the questions, you should apply your knowledge, skills and insight. 7. You will be disadvantaged by merely rewriting the sources as answers. 8. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. 9. Write neatly and legibly. P.T.O.

HISTORY 3 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS Answer at least ONE question but NOT more than TWO questions in this SECTION. Source material that is required to answer these questions is contained in the ADDENDUM. QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE STRUGGLE FOR CONTROL AND INFLUENCE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE SOVIET UNION CONTRIBUTE TO COLD WAR TENSIONS IN EUROPE FROM 1947? Study Sources 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D and answer the questions that follow. 1.1 Read Source 1A. 1.1.1 According to the source, when did Kennan’s ideas, which became the basis of the Truman administration’s foreign policy, first come to public attention? (1 x 1) (1) 1.1.2 Define the concept containment in your own words. (1 x 2) (2) 1.1.3 Explain what is implied by the statement, “he called for countering ‘Soviet pressure against the free institutions of the Western world’” in the context of the United States’ strategy. (2 x 2) (4) 1.1.4 Comment on why you think Soviet expansion was regarded as a threat to the major centres of industrial power in the world. (2 x 2) (4) 1.2 Consult Source 1B. 1.2.1 According to the source, what does the foreign policy of the United States reflect? (1 x 2) (2) 1.2.2 Quote THREE ways from the source that explain how the plans for expansion by the United States were developed and implemented. (3 x 1) (3) 1.2.3 Explain the concept foreign policy in the context of the USSR during the Cold War. (1 x 2) (2) 1.2.4 Comment on the usefulness of this source to a historian researching the expansionist policy of the United States. (2 x 2) (4) P.T.O.

HISTORY 4 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 1.3 Refer to Sources 1A and 1B. Explain how the information in Source 1A differs from the evidence in Source 1B regarding the USSR’s foreign policy. (2 x 2) (4) 1.4 Refer to Source 1C. 1.4.1 According to the source, what were the conditions in Europe like when World War II ended in 1945? (2 x 1) (2) 1.4.2 Name the Act that President Truman passed in 1948. (1 x 2) (2) 1.4.3 Explain why you think President Harry Truman sent a message to Congress to provide economic aid to Europe in December 1947. (1 x 2) (2) 1.4.4 Mention TWO provisions in the source that enabled European recovery. (2 x 1) (2) 1.5 Use Source 1D. 1.5.1 Explain why you would consider the title: "Step on it, Doc?" to be an appropriate caption for the cartoon. (1 x 2) (2) 1.5.2 Why do you think communism is depicted as a vulture in the cartoon? (1 x 2) (2) 1.5.3 Use the information from the source and your own knowledge to explain how the US Congress responded to the danger of communism as shown in the cartoon. (2 x 2) (4) 1.6 Using the information in the relevant sources and your own knowledge, write a paragraph of about EIGHT lines (about 80 words) explaining how the struggle for control and influence between the United States of America and the Soviet Union contributed to Cold War tensions in Europe from 1947. (8) [50] P.T.O.

HISTORY 5 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 QUESTION 2: WHY WAS THE OUTCOME OF THE BATTLE OF CUITO CUANAVALE SIGNIFICANT IN INFLUENCING THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE OF THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN REGION FROM 1987 TO 1990? Study Sources 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D and answer the questions that follow. 2.1 Read Source 2A. 2.1.1 List the THREE colonels involved in the meeting known as "The Night of the Three Colonels". (3 x 1) (3) 2.1.2 What according to the source, did General Rafael Del Pino Diaz regard as the best tactic that needed to be used to stop FAPLA from advancing to Mavinga? (1 x 2) (2) 2.1.3 Using the information in the source and your own knowledge, explain why the CIA decided to assist the South African government at Cuito Cuanavale. (1 x 2) (2) 2.1.4 Quote evidence from the source which suggests that the South African government did not approve the colonel's first plan to stop the Cuban/FAPLA forces from advancing. (1 x 2) (2) 2.1.5 Comment on how the international perception of South Africa’s policies influenced its military decisions during the conflict. (2 x 2) (4) 2.2 Use Source 2B. 2.2.1 Identify the THREE areas that the Cuban/FAPLA front stretched across. (3 x 1) (3) 2.2.2 Provide evidence from the source, explaining why Fidel Castro exercised restraint and avoided marching into Namibia. (1 x 2) (2) 2.2.3 Define the term liberated in the context of the Angolan Civil War. (1 x 2) (2) 2.2.4 Comment on the implication of the statement: “Reading the Cubans is yet another art form. They are prepared for both war and peace.” regarding the Cubans’ approach during the Angolan Civil War. (1 x 2) (2) 2.2.5 Explain why a historian would consider this source reliable regarding the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. (2 x 2) (4) P.T.O.

HISTORY 6 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 2.3 Refer to Source 2C. 2.3.1 Quote evidence from the source that indicates that this battle was the last ideological conflict of the Cold War. (1 x 2) (2) 2.3.2 Using the information from the source and your own knowledge, explain how the outcome at Cuito Cuanavale served as a turning point for the following countries: (a) Angola (1 x 2) (2) (b) South Africa (1 x 2) (2) 2.3.3 Explain how Cuba can be seen as a reliable partner in the developing world through its role in the Angolan Civil War. (1 x 2) (2) 2.4 Study Source 2D. 2.4.1 Define the term solidarity in your own words. (1 x 2) (2) 2.4.2 What message is the leaflet conveying regarding the outcome of the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale? (1 x 2) (2) 2.5 Refer to Sources 2C and 2D. Explain how the information in Source 2C supports the evidence in Source 2D regarding the political objectives of SWAPO for Namibia. (2 x 2) (4) 2.6 Using the information from the relevant sources and your own knowledge, write a paragraph of about EIGHT lines (about 80 words) explaining why the outcome of the battle of Cuito Cuanavale was significant in influencing the political landscape of the Southern African region from 1987 to 1990. (8) [50] P.T.O.

PLEASE DETACH THIS ADDENDUM OF 14 PAGES. PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2025 10791 HISTORY (PAPER 1) ADDENDUM 14 pages P.T.O.

HISTORY ADDENDUM 2 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE STRUGGLE FOR CONTROL AND INFLUENCE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE SOVIET UNION CONTRIBUTE TO COLD WAR TENSIONS IN EUROPE FROM 1947? SOURCE 1A The source below is taken from US Department of State archives. It explains the 8 000-word telegram by George Kennan, an American diplomat living in Moscow, which was sent to President Truman’s State Department. Kennan’s Long Telegram formed the basis of American policy towards the Soviet Union from 1947. George F. Kennan, a career Foreign Service Officer, formulated the policy of “containment,” the basic United States strategy for fighting the Cold War (1947 – 1989) with the Soviet Union. Kennan’s ideas, which became the basis of the Truman administration’s foreign policy, first came to public attention in 1947 in the form of an anonymous contribution to the journal Foreign Affairs, the so-called “X-Article.” “The main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union,” Kennan wrote, “must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.” To that end, he called for countering “Soviet pressure against the free institutions of the Western world” through the “adroit (skilful) and vigilant (watchful) application of counter-force at a series of constantly shifting geographical and political points, corresponding to the shifts and maneuvers (operations) of Soviet policy.” Such a policy, Kennan predicted, would “promote tendencies which must eventually find their outlet in either the break-up or the gradual mellowing of Soviet power.” Kennan’s policy was controversial from the very beginning. Columnist, Walter Lippmann, attacked the X-Article for failing to differentiate between vital and peripheral (outlying) interests. The United States, Kennan’s article implied, should face down the Soviet Union and its Communist allies whenever and wherever they posed a risk of gaining influence. In fact, Kennan advocated defending, above all else, the world’s major centres of industrial power against Soviet expansion: Western Europe, Japan, and the United States … [Source: https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/17601.htm. Accessed on 28 March 2025.] P.T.O.

HISTORY ADDENDUM 3 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 SOURCE 1B The source below is an extract from Nikolai Novikov, the Soviet ambassador to the United States between April 1946 and October 1947. In September 1946 Novikov reported to Moscow in response to George Kennan’s ‘Long Telegram’. The foreign policy of the United States, which reflects the imperialist tendencies of American monopolistic (sole control) capital, is characterised in the post-war period by a striving for world supremacy. This is the real meaning of the many statements by President Truman and other representatives of American ruling circles: that the United States has the right to lead the world. All the forces of American diplomacy – the Army, the Air Force, the Navy, industry and science – are enlisted in the service of this foreign policy. For this purpose, broad plans for expansion have been developed and are being implemented through diplomacy and the establishment of a system of naval and air bases stretching far beyond the boundaries of the United States, through the arms race, and through the creation of ever newer types of weapons … The enormous relative weight of the USSR in international affairs in general, and in European countries in particular, the independence of its foreign policy, and the economic and political assistance that it provides to neighbouring countries, both allies and former enemies, have led to the growth of the political influence of the Soviet Union in these countries and to the further strengthening of democratic tendencies in them. Such a situation [is] regarded by the American imperialists as an obstacle in the path of the expansionist policy of the United States … [Source: https://alphahistory.com/coldwar/novikov-responds-long-telegram-1946/ Accessed on 27 March 2025.] P.T.O.

HISTORY ADDENDUM 4 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 SOURCE 1C The source below is from the general records of the United States government. It outlines how the USA wanted to contain the spread of communism in Europe. … When World War II ended in 1945, Europe lay in ruins: its cities were shattered; its economies were devastated; its people faced famine. In the two years after the war, the Soviet Union’s control of Eastern Europe and the vulnerability of Western European countries to Soviet expansionism heightened the sense of crisis. To meet this emergency, the Secretary of State George Marshall proposed in a speech at Harvard University on June 5, 1947, that European nations create a plan for their economic reconstruction and that the United States provide economic assistance. On December 19, 1947, President Harry Truman sent Congress a message that followed Marshall’s ideas to provide economic aid to Europe. Congress overwhelmingly passed the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948, and on April 3, 1948, President Truman signed the act which became known as the Marshall Plan. Over the next four years, Congress appropriated (allocated) $13,3 billion for European recovery. This aid provided much-needed capital and materials that enabled Europeans to rebuild the continent’s economy. For the United States, the Marshall Plan provided markets for American goods, created reliable trading partners, and supported the development of stable democratic governments in Western Europe. Congress’s approval of the Marshall Plan signalled an extension of the bipartisanship (collaborating parties) of World War II into the post-war years. [Source: https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/marshall-plan. Accessed on 29 March 2025.] P.T.O.

HISTORY ADDENDUM 5 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 SOURCE 1D The cartoon below is titled “STEP ON IT, DOC!” by Roy Justus. It appeared in the Minneapolis Star newspaper on 29 November 1947. It depicts the US strategy of the policy of containment. [Source: https://moorhistory.weebly.com/development--impact-of-the-cold-war-containment.html. Accessed on 28 March 2025.] P.T.O.

HISTORY ADDENDUM 6 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 QUESTION 2: WHY WAS THE OUTCOME OF THE BATTLE OF CUITO CUANAVALE SIGNIFICANT IN INFLUENCING THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE OF THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN REGION FROM 1987 TO 1990? SOURCE 2A The source below is taken from a book by a British foreign correspondent, F Bridgland, titled The War for Africa – Twelve Months That Transformed a Continent. It outlines why the South African government decided to assist UNITA at Cuito Cuanavale, Angola. It was at this stage – late June, early July – that SADF operational commanders submitted proposals to Defence Headquarters, Pretoria to counter the FAPLA/Cuban build-up. The meeting, between Harris, Oelsig and the officer commanding the SADF’s north-west Namibian sector, Colonel Piet Muller, at Harris’ field HQ south of the Lomba River, became known as ‘The Night of the Three Colonels’. It was a long and traumatic night with a lot of heavy arguing. The favoured plan of the ’three colonels’ involved sending a major battle group from Namibia northwards along the western bank of the Cuito River, attacking Cuito Cuanavale from behind, and controlling the narrow road from Menongue along which logistics were being ferried to the brigades. By now the CIA was sending the SADF intelligence assessments on the FAPLA/Cuban build-up, based on the debriefing of General Rafael Del Pino Diaz, in Virginia, after his defection from Cuba which was almost concluded. Del Pino’s advice was that cutting the Menongue-Cuito Cuanavale supply road was the best and most logical way of stopping the offensive. That decision was made at the highest level by the State President P W Botha. His fear, and that of his cabinet, was of the international outcry that would follow if regular South African troops were perceived to be fighting several hundred kilometres inside Angola. South Africa was already under heavy international pressure, in the form of sanctions, disinvestment and boycotts of various kinds, over its domestic race laws and the denial of the vote to the black majority. Few countries would be disposed (willing) to understand the presence of a major South African military force in the territory of a sovereign black African state: instead, it would be used as another stick to beat a country trying desperately to re-establish international respectability. The South African cabinet instead approved the commanders’ secondary plan: a thrust into the area east of the Cuito River to prevent FAPLA from capturing UNITA’s strategic stronghold of Mavinga. [Source: The War for Africa – Twelve Months That Transformed a Continent by F Bridgland] P.T.O.

HISTORY ADDENDUM 7 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 SOURCE 2B This source is an extract from an article from the magazine Monthly Review - An Independent Socialist Magazine. The article is titled – Cuito Cuanavale, Angola 25th Anniversary of a Historic African Battle (1 April 2013). It was written by Ronnie Kasrils, a South African politician, former guerrilla and military commander. He attended the Seventh Congress of the SACP that was held in Cuba in April 1989. On his table-top model, Castro pointed out the amazing feat of a 40 000- strong Cuban, FAPLA, and SWAPO troop deployment, a front that stretched from Namibia on the coast, along a railway line through Lubango and Menongue, and to Cuito Cuanavale in the east. The SADF forces at Cuito were sidelined, like a major piece on a chessboard that has prematurely advanced, as powerful forces (armed with the latest Soviet weaponry and under superior air cover) moved west towards the Namibian border. Angola’s southern Cunene and Mocamedes provinces were liberated after years of SADF control. The Cubans could have marched into Namibia but exercised restraint. All parties, including the United States and the Soviet Union, sought compromise and a way forward in negotiations that had previously been going nowhere. Castro was not looking for a bloody encounter, that would have cost many lives on both sides, and neither were apartheid’s generals and political leaders. They could afford casualties even less than the Cubans, considering the popular mass struggle, escalating armed operations within South Africa by the ANC’s armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), and a growing resistance among young white conscripts against military service. Because of the embargo, Chester Crocker, chief negotiator for the United States, had to be given a special exemption to meet with Jorge Risquet, head of the Cuban delegation. Crocker confided: “Reading the Cubans is yet another art form. They are prepared for both war and peace. We witness considerable tactical finesse (skill) and genuinely creative moves at the table.” His opinion of the South Africans was that “they confused military power with national strategy.” He was dead right. For years a military mindset had become prevalent in South Africa with the SADF generals enjoying strong influence over the politicians. Although the generals strove to cover up the extent of the Angolan setback and bragged about a false victory, confidence in the SADF’s prowess (effectiveness) amongst South Africa’s political and economic elite was ebbing (move away). [Source: https://monthlyreview.org/2013/04/01/cuito-cuanavale-angola/ Accessed on 28 December 2024] P.T.O.

HISTORY ADDENDUM 8 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 SOURCE 2C The source is an extract from Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 37, Nr 2, 2009. The article explains the outcomes of the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale and the impact it had on Angola, South Africa and Namibia. The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale in 1987 and 1988 was one of the final and most significant battles of the Cold War. The battle permanently changed the political and strategic landscape of the Southern African region. The peace negotiations that followed in the wake of this battle led to the withdrawal of the South African military from Angola and Namibia, which resulted in the independence of Namibia and a negotiated settlement in South Africa. The outcomes of the military campaigns in Angola paved the way for a series of events that led to the achievement of the political objectives of liberation movements in South Africa, Angola and Namibia, supported by the international community. These outcomes aligned with the foresight of all the major role-players in the conflict. The apartheid regime foresaw that military involvement in Angola could not continue forever and that Namibia had to become independent. However, peace had to be guaranteed for this to take place. For the liberation movements of South Africa, it was the start of fulfilling a vision of the end of apartheid, a new democratic dispensation in South Africa, and the probability of an end to armed hostilities. For SWAPO and its allies, the outcomes were exactly as foreseen. Maybe some had expected a more radical transformation towards Marxism and retribution, but most people in Namibia were grateful for a peaceful outcome. For the major powers involved in the Cold War, it was also an ideal outcome. Peace in Angola and Namibia contributed to a peaceful end to the Cold War. In addition, Cuba, as a major military role-player, could now withdraw from a situation that required extreme sacrifice from its people, but that allowed Cuba to present itself as a reliable partner in the context of the developing world. [From: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0235/171d674c07cd89de1dc9482b909cc6fee1a2.pdf. Accessed on 5 January 2025.] P.T.O.

HISTORY ADDENDUM 9 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 SOURCE 2D This leaflet was designed and created by the Anti-Apartheid Movement after the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. The Namibia Emergency Campaign was launched by the AAM and the Namibia Solidarity Committee to campaign for free and fair elections in Namibia. [Source: https://www.aamarchives.org/archive/history/namibia/nam33-namibia-on-the-road- to-freedom.html. Accessed on 5 January 2025.] P.T.O.

HISTORY ADDENDUM 10 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 QUESTION 3: HOW DID THE CHILDREN’S MARCH OF BIRMINGHAM GAIN PUBLICITY FOR THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA) IN 1963? SOURCE 3A The source below highlights how the Children’s Crusade changed the course of the Birmingham Campaign of 1963. In 1963, Birmingham, Alabama was “the most segregated city in the South,” which strictly enforced the separation of black people and white people in public spaces. The Civil Rights Movement had lost some momentum and was in need of a victory, so Fred Shuttlesworth’s local Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights invited Dr Martin Luther King Jr. to collaborate in “The Birmingham Campaign” or “Project C”. The “C” stood for confrontation, nonviolent action to demand desegregation and equal employment opportunities for the black residents of Birmingham. The first month saw marches, lunch counter sit-ins, “kneel-ins” at white churches, nightly rallies, and boycotts of downtown businesses. However, the campaign was slow to gain momentum. Police were deliberately low-key in their arrests so the actions generated little media attention. There were also major divisions within the community. Only 10% of black ministers supported the campaign, others actively opposed it. With a lack of widespread involvement, the campaign was fizzling out (failing). This changed with the “Children’s Crusade” when youth began to march by the thousands. Over the course of a week, more than 3 400 young people were arrested. With the jails overflowing, the Commissioner of Public Safety, Bull Connor, ordered the police to use dogs and fire hoses, and shocking images of young people being attacked spread around the world. Suddenly, the floundering (struggling) local campaign was a national crisis, and power shifted to the protesters. Project C and the Children’s Crusade marked a turning point for the American Civil Rights Movement. [Source: https://s7712.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ BirminghamEngFinalFinal2018.pdf. Accessed on 28 December 2024.] P.T.O.

HISTORY ADDENDUM 11 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 SOURCE 3B The source below is an extract from an article written by Alexis Clark entitled “The Children’s Crusade: When the Youth of Birmingham Marched for Justice”. It explains why children joined the Birmingham Campaign. James Bevel, a member of SCLC, came up with the idea to include schoolchildren in protests to help desegregate Birmingham. Janice Kelsey was 15 when she attended her first meeting for the Children’s Crusade. “I knew what segregation and separation was, but I didn’t understand the extent or the level of the inequities in that separation,” recalls Kelsey. Bevel posed questions to the students who discovered that hand-me-down books and football helmets were not what white students used. Nor was there just one typewriter in the entire school, like Black students had, but rooms with typewriters at the white schools, says Kelsey. “Things like that became personal to me and I decided I wanted to do something about it”, she says. Rev Martin Luther King Jr, along with other activists was adamantly opposed to involving children in marches because of the threats of violence from white mobs, as well as from policemen led by Eugene “Bull” Connor, the Commissioner of Public Safety in Birmingham notorious for his racist policies. More than 1 000 students skipped school to participate in the protest. “We were told what to expect”, says Kelsey. “We were told that if you decide to participate that this is a nonviolent movement, so you can’t fight back”. As the children bravely took to the streets, the Birmingham police were waiting to arrest them, putting them in paddy wagons and school buses. Kelsey says she was arrested on her first day of marching and remained in jail for four days. Although the police were mostly restrained on the first day, that did not continue. Law enforcement brought out water hoses and police dogs. More than 2 000 children were reportedly arrested during the days-long protest. “I think we served as a catalyst for change,” says Kelsey. [Source: https://www.history.com/news/childrens-crusade-birmingham-civil-rights. Accessed on 28 December 2024.] P.T.O.

HISTORY ADDENDUM 12 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 SOURCE 3C The article below titled “Brace in Birmingham’’ was taken from the ‘Birmingham News’ which downplays the Civil Rights Protests of 1963. It highlights the police response to the protesters. [Source: https://newseumed.org ‘Birmingham News’ Downplays Civil Rights Protests,1963. Accessed on 04 January 2025.] P.T.O.

HISTORY ADDENDUM 13 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 SOURCE 3D The following extract is an article written by Rebecca Sherman, an American researcher. It discusses President John F. Kennedy’s support for Civil Rights legislation following the Children’s Crusade in June 1963. At a mass meeting, Dr King responded to the Children’s Crusade with a speech stating, “I have been inspired and moved …If they think today is the end of this, they will be badly mistaken”. Bevel became the hero for his idea to use the students, as Birmingham succeeded in showing the world the violence experienced in the South against black men, women and children. Newspapers, magazines and television programmes around the nation were highlighting the Birmingham campaign to the point where “the press had drawn the whole world’s attention to Birmingham”. Immediately after the photos were seen, Congress and the President began discussing legislation that would finally give African Americans equal rights. The images in newspapers and on television embarrassed the federal government, especially President John F. Kennedy, because they were being featured not only in the US but around the world as well. President Kennedy also feared that more conflict would erupt, resulting in him putting pressure on Congress for civil rights legislation starting with a speech on national television. Congress realised “the country couldn’t solve the conflict over civil rights one city at a time. The United States needed a national solution”. So the Birmingham campaign, especially the Children’s Crusade, played a key role in the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. American historian and journalist, David Halberstam found in his research that “historians have long argued that the SCLC’s …’children’s crusade’… [was] decisive in forcing the Kennedy Administration to act in favour of greater civil rights’’. Adults tried to shield their children from the Civil Rights Movement, but the children defied them, showing no fear in making their own change. [Source: Sherman, Rebecca, “The Birmingham Children’s Crusade and the Renewed Civil Rights Movement’’ https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/pell_theses/119. Accessed on 04 January 2025.] P.T.O.

HISTORY ADDENDUM 14 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Visual sources and other historical evidence were taken from the following: Bridgland F. 1990. The War for Africa – Twelve Months that Transformed a Continent (Ashanti Publishing Limited, Gibraltar) https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/17601.htm https://alphahistory.com/coldwar/novikov-responds-long-telegram-1946/ https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/marshall-plan https://moorhistory.weebly.com/development--impact-of-the-cold-war-containment.html https://monthlyreview.org/2013/04/01/cuito-cuanavale-angola/ https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0235/171d674c07cd89de1dc9482b909cc6fee1a2.pdf https://www.aamarchives.org/archive/history/namibia/nam33-namibia-on-the-road-to- freedom.html https://s7712.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/BirminghamEngFinalFinal2018.pdf. Accessed on 28 December2024.] https://www.history.com/news/childrens-crusade-birmingham-civil-rights https://newseumed.org ‘Birmingham News’ Downplays Civil Rights Protests,1963 Sherman, Rebecca, “The Birmingham Children’s Crusade and the Renewed Civil Rights Movement’’ https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/pell_theses/119 END

HISTORY 7 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 QUESTION 3: HOW DID THE CHILDREN’S MARCH OF BIRMINGHAM GAIN PUBLICITY FOR THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA) IN 1963? Study Sources 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D and answer the questions that follow. 3.1 Read Source 3A. 3.1.1 Why, according to the source, was Birmingham the most segregated city in the South? (1 x 2) (2) 3.1.2 List FOUR strategies from the source, that the protesters used in the first month of the Birmingham Campaign (4 x 1) (4) 3.1.3 Define the term non-violent action in your own words. (1 x 2) (2) 3.1.4 Comment on why you think only 10% of black ministers supported the Birmingham campaign. (1 x 2) (2) 3.1.5 Using the information from the source and your own knowledge, explain why the floundering local campaign was a national crisis. (2 x 2) (4) 3.2 Refer to Source 3B. 3.2.1 Who, according to the source, came up with the idea to include school children in the protests? (1 x 2) (2) 3.2.2 Give TWO reasons from the source why Martin Luther King Jr and other activists were opposed to involving children in the marches. (2 x 1) (2) 3.2.3 Quote evidence from the source suggesting how the actions of the children support the philosophy of the Civil Rights Movement. (1 x 2) (2) 3.2.4 Explain what is implied by the statement: “I think we served as a catalyst for change” in the context of the Civil Rights Movement. (1 x 2) (2) P.T.O.

HISTORY 8 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 3.3 Study Source 3C. 3.3.1 Explain the messages conveyed by the article regarding the reaction of the police in the Birmingham campaign. (2 x 2) (4) 3.3.2 Comment on the limitations of this source for a historian researching the Children’s Crusade organised by the Civil Rights Movement. (2 x 2) (4) 3.4 Refer to Source 3A and 3C. Explain how the information in Source 3A supports the evidence in Source 3C regarding the events of the Children’s Crusade in Birmingham in 1963. (2 x 2) (4) 3.5 Consult Source 3D. 3.5.1 Comment on whether one can consider King’s statement: ‘if they think today is the end of this, they will be badly mistaken’ as justified in the context of the Civil Rights Movement. (1 x 2) (2) 3.5.2 Define the concept crusade in the context of the Birmingham Campaign in the USA. (1 x 2) (2) 3.5.3 Using the information in the source and your own knowledge explain how the Children’s Crusade was decisive in forcing the Kennedy administration to act in favour of greater civil rights in the USA. (1 x 2) (2) 3.5.4 Quote TWO pieces of evidence from the source that indicate that adults could not shield their children from the Civil Rights Movement. (2 x 1) (2) 3.6 Using the information from the relevant sources and your own knowledge, write a paragraph of about eight lines (about 80 words) explaining how the children’s march of Birmingham gained publicity for the Civil Rights Movement in the United States of America in 1963. (8) [50] P.T.O.

HISTORY 9 (PAPER 1) 10791/25 SECTION B: ESSAY QUESTIONS Answer at least ONE question, but NOT more than TWO questions in this section. Your essay should be about THREE pages long. QUESTION 4: THE EXTENSION OF THE COLD WAR: CASE STUDY – VIETNAM The United States of America (USA), as a superpower, was able to defeat the Vietcong in the Vietnam War from 1963 to 1975. Do you agree with this statement? Support your line of argument with relevant evidence [50] QUESTION 5: INDEPENDENT AFRICA: CASE STUDY – THE CONGO ‘Mobutu Sese Seko attempted to reduce the Congo's dependence on Western powers through his political and economic policies.’ Critically discuss this statement, using relevant historical evidence to support your line of argument. [50] QUESTION 6: CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS FROM THE 1950s TO THE 1970s: THE BLACK POWER MOVEMENT Explain to what extent the Black Power Movement emerged as a radical form of protest among African Americans in the United States of America during the 1960s. Support your line of argument with relevant evidence. [50] TOTAL: 150 END