History Grade 12 P1 Eastern Cape June 2024 Addendum (Eng)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 JUNE 2024 HISTORY P1 ADDENDUM This addendum consists of 14 pages. Hosted by https://www.ecexams.co.za

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 2 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2024) QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MARSHALL PLAN ADDRESS THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN EUROPE IN THE 1940s? SOURCE 1A The following source explains the destruction left by Second World War in Europe. By the end of Second World War, much of Europe and Asia, and parts of Africa, lay in ruins (destroyed). Combat and bombing had flattened cities and towns, destroyed bridges and railroads, and scorched the countryside. The war had also taken a staggering toll in both military and civilian life. Shortages of food, fuel, and all kinds of consumer products persisted, and in many cases worsened after peace was declared. War-ravaged Europe and Japan could not produce enough goods for their own people, much less for export iron ore. … In addition to the toll in human lives and suffering, countries spent more money on Second World War than in all previous wars put together. By 1945, exhausted countries faced severe economic problems that frustrated reconstruction efforts: inflation, debt (mostly owed to the United States), trade deficits (shortfalls), balance of payments deficits and depleted (low) gold and dollar supplies. The devastated countries needed gold or U.S. dollars (the only currency considered to be “as good as gold”) to pay for imports and make debt payments. However, both dollars and gold were alarmingly scarce in the war-scarred countries. Many countries retreated from the market. Communist Eastern Europe abandoned it altogether. The world’s multilateral financial and trading system faced a serious threat. [From International Monetary Fund: Money matters] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2024) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 3 SOURCE 1B The source below is part of a speech made by American President Harry Truman in 1948 explaining the reasons why the Marshall Plan needed to be implemented. Our deepest concern with European recovery, however, is that it is essential to the maintenance of the civilisation in which the American way of life is rooted. It is the only assurance of the continued independence and integrity of a group of nations who constitute a bulwark (protection) for the principles of freedom, justice and the dignity of the individual. The economic plight (difficult) in which Europe now finds itself has intensified a political struggle between those who wish to remain free men living under the rule of law and those who would use economic distress as a pretext (excuse) for the establishment of a totalitarian state. The next few years can determine whether the free countries of Europe will be able to preserve their heritage of freedom. If Europe fails to recover, the peoples of these countries might be driven to the philosophy of despair – the philosophy which contends that their basic wants can be met only by the surrender of their basic rights to totalitarian control. Such a turn of events would constitute a shattering blow to peace and stability in the world. It might well compel us to modify our own economic system and to forego (sacrifice), for the sake of our own security, the enjoyment of many of our freedoms and privileges. It is for these reasons that the United States has so vital an interest in strengthening the belief of the people of Europe that freedom from fear and want will be achieved under free and democratic governments. [From https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu /. Accessed on 7 January 2024.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 4 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2024) SOURCE 1C This source shows how the Marshall Plan was implemented in Europe from 1945. The Marshall Plan had several purposes. First, the American economy needed outlets for export, and second, the entire European and Japanese economies were in ruins and debt from the war. The Marshall Plan provided much-needed trading dollars. The plan was also intended to counter the attractions of Soviet Communism and probably saved Western Europe from following a socialist path. … The Marshall Plan 1948 to 1952 was well thought through by George Kennan. It was a clean break. It provided the Europeans with currency to buy US goods; it allowed rapid recovery and it provided a bulwark against the Communist parties of western Europe. The plan provided the conditions for rapid recovery, for both winners like Britain, and losers: Germany, Italy and Japan. It made certain there was no repeat of the chaos that ensued after the 1919 Versailles Agreement. American motivation for all of this was entirely self-centred – before this looks too altruistic (humane). They feared the attraction of Soviet Communism and argued that the best way to combat socialism was to grow their former adversary’s (enemy) economy. US-German and Japanese development policy were determined in the main by the threat of socialism. It is worth mentioning here that the USA has never again used the support of the kind she used in the Marshall Plan. Despite the many countries that were ‘laid waste’ in wars such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria and Libya. None received a Marshall Plan or anything similar. [From Controlling the peace: The re-establishment of world power 1945–1955 by Roger van Zwanenberg.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2024) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 5 SOURCE 1D This poster named “We build a new Europe”, depicting the Marshall plan (ERP) was created by Austrian Kurt Krapeik. It shows Europe’s wartime destruction with a burned tree and the promise of recovery with the growing leaves. [From https://www.wealthandpower.org/Blog. Accessed on 7 January 2024.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 6 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2024) QUESTION 2: WHY DID THE FOREIGN POWERS GET INVOLVED IN THE ANGOLAN CIVIL WAR IN 1975? SOURCE 2A The following source about the Angolan peace talks was written by a United Nations consultant, Dr Fernando A. Guimarᾶes. It focuses on how different liberation movements in Angola were supported by foreign countries. When the end of the anti-colonial war came, the MPLA, the FNLA and UNITA did not have sophisticated fighting machines. As they emerged from exile and the hinterland (surrounding areas) in the latter half of 1974, they were little more than a collection of small guerrilla units that had rarely seen their comrades let alone fought alongside them … barely one year later, however, columns of motorised armoured carriers, large mortars, rocket launchers, tanks and jet fighters were all in action as the MPLA faced the combined forces of the FNLA and UNITA in a short but furious war for power in Angola. In that short time, a rapid arms race took the rivals from anti-colonial movements to civil war adversaries (enemies). Foreign intervention in the Angolan Civil War is revealed to be the cause of that arms race … The strength of the FNLA was further enhanced when the US began a covert (secret) programme of support in January 1975. Earlier in 1974, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had secretly begun making payments to the FNLA and felt that that movement best represented the interest of the USA in Angola … a CIA proposal to endow (give) the FNLA with 300 000 US dollars … was approved by the Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger … By March 1975, the MPLA began to receive major arms shipments from the Soviet Union. According to official US estimates, between April and October 1975, 27 shiploads arrived and 30 to 40 air missions were flown to deliver war equipment … According to one source quoting Luanda Radio, the first Cuban military advisors began to arrive in Angola around 7 May 1975. The primary task of this contingent (group) was to set up and run training camps for the MPLA's military arm, FAPLA … The intervention of South Africa marked a new phase in the escalation (increase) of the conflict … both UNITA and the FNLA had established contact with Pretoria, and South Africa was providing weapons to the hitherto (previously) poorly armed UNITA. By late August (1975), South Africa had set up training camps for both movements … [From The origins of the Angolan Civil War by Fernando Andresen Guimaraes] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2024) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 7 SOURCE 2B This is an extract from a speech delivered by Fidel Castro on 19 April 1976. It focuses on the reasons for Cuba's involvement in the Cold War in Angola. Instigated (started) by the United States, regular troops from Zaire entered Angolan territory in the summer of that same year (1975), while South African military forces occupied the Cunene area in the month of August and sent arms and instructors to UNITA bands. At that time there wasn’t a single Cuban instructor in Angola. The first material aid and the first Cuban instructors reached Angola at the beginning of October, at the request of the MPLA, when Angola was openly invaded by foreign forces. However, no Cuban military unit was sent to Angola to participate directly in the fight, nor was that projected. On 23 October 1975, also instigated (started) by the United States, South African regular army troops, supported by tanks and artillery, invaded Angolan territory across the Namibian border and penetrated deeply into the country, advancing between sixty and seventy kilometres a day. On 3 November they had penetrated more than five hundred kilometres into Angola ... On 5 November 1975, at the request of the MPLA, the leadership of our party decided to send with great urgency a battalion of regular troops with anti-tank weapons to help the Angolan patriots (loyalists) resist the invasion of the South African racists. This was the first Cuban troop unit sent to Angola. [From Cuba and Angola – Fighting for Africa’s Freedom and Our Own by MA Waters (ed.)] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 8 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2024) SOURCE 2C The picture shows Cuban soldiers displaying a poster of Fidel Castro on January 9, 1989, during a ceremony held at the Cuban training camp of Punda, near Luanda, Angola. [From Pascal Guyot / AFP via Getty Images] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2024) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 9 SOURCE 2D This source focuses on a speech that was delivered by the South African Prime Minister, BJ Vorster, in the House of Assembly in 1976. Vorster outlined the reasons for South Africa’s intervention in the Cold War in Angola. In the House of Assembly in January 1976, Vorster (South Africa’s Prime Minister) placed the blame for South Africa's intervention in Angola squarely on the shoulders of the Russians and Cubans: “Our involvement was the effect of Russian and Cuban intervention. If they did not enter Angola, if they did not take part in this affair, if they did not try to subvert (undermine) the whole of Angola and to suppress (contain) its people, South Africa would never have entered Angola at all ... We went in to chase Cuba and the MPLA away from the dams (Ruacana and Calueque).” It can hardly be doubted that the support which the Russians and the Cubans gave to the MPLA in the form of arms and training contributed in some measure to motivating South Africa’s intervention, but it is unlikely that it was as crucial a reason as Vorster implied. It was Swapo, not the Cubans and the MPLA, who threatened the two dams between Ruacana and Calueque. The main reason for South Africa's intervention in Angola was not the presence of Russians and Cubans, but the desire (longing) to prevent a hostile MPLA government from taking control. When South African troops began to invade Angola early in October, there were hardly any Russians and very few Cubans in the country. There is also evidence that President Kaunda of Zambia and President Mobutu of Zaire, neither of whom favoured the MPLA, welcomed South Africa's support for the FNLA and UNITA. ... South Africa's actions drew her progressively (more and more) deeper into the Angolan war ... General Hendrik van den Bergh was sent to France to purchase weapons to the value of R20 million for the FNLA and UNITA ... South African instructors began to train FNLA and UNITA soldiers in southern Angola. [From South Africa in the 20th Century by BJ Liebenberg and SB Spies (editors)] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2024) QUESTION 3: HOW DID THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT ACHIEVE VOTING RIGHTS FOR BLACKS IN THE USA IN THE 1960s? SOURCE 3A The source below highlights the challenges encountered by Black voters when trying to exercise the right to vote. Even after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbade discrimination in voting on the basis of race, efforts by civil rights organisations such as the Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC) and the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to register Black voters met with fierce resistance in southern states such as Alabama. But the Civil Rights Movement was not easily deterred (discouraged). In early 1965, Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC decided to make Selma, located in Dallas County, Alabama, the focus of a Black voter registration campaign. Alabama Governor George Wallace, was a notorious opponent of desegregation, and the local county sheriff in Dallas County had led a steadfast opposition to Black voter registration drives. As a result, only 2 percent of Selma’s eligible Black voters (about 300 out of 15 000) had managed to register to vote on communist doctrines.” [From https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/selma-montgomery-march. Accessed on 10 January 2024.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2024) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 11 SOURCE 3B The source below explains how the SNCC volunteers participated in voter registration campaigns to show black interest in voting in the 1960s. SNCC (the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), an organisation of young people that emerged from the 1960 sit-in movement, developed an approach to grassroots community organising that has influenced every subsequent progressive movement. Their voter registration work in the Deep South was built around canvassing – going door-to-door, talking to people – and relied on patience, education and building relationships. The work could be slow and tedious. It took place out of the spotlight, with few big or quick victories. Influenced by Ella Baker and community leaders, the young people in SNCC made decisions by consensus, helped develop leadership skills in others, and challenged hierarchies that privileged wealth and education. In the summer of 1961, a group of about 16 young people put school and jobs on hold to become SNCC’s first field staff and commit to full-time movement work. Though SNCC was not acting alone, their organising was at the heart of the movement that moved people to insist that our country eliminate the legal basis of white supremacy. SNCC’s organising led directly to the Voting Rights Act, expanding the electorate and ending the undemocratic stranglehold of the southern Dixiecrats. Their work made the national Democratic Party more explicitly representative (in race and gender). [Article by Emilye Crosby and Judy Richardson, 2015] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 12 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2024) SOURCE 3C This photograph depicts the state troopers charging on the marchers with billy clubs during the Bloody Sunday in Selma, Alabama in 1965. [From Stephen Kasher gallery. New York.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2024) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 13 SOURCE 3D The extract below from an article in National Geographic, February 2000, by C Stone, illustrates how the marches eventually culminated in the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. On Sunday 7 March, hundreds of demonstrators led by John Lewis and Hosea Williams of the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) set out on a 54-mile (86-kilometre) trek. At the Edmund Pettus Bridge they confronted Alabama State troopers sent by Governor George Wallace, along with Sheriff Jim Clark and his ‘posse’ (sheriff's assistants). Ordered to disperse (break up), the marchers stood fast … Clark’s men, some on horseback, charged in. A chaos of tear-gassing, whipping and clubbing left several demonstrators unconscious … Televised images of flailing (swinging) clubs spilled into living rooms across the country. Americans were horrified. Ironically, a non-violent march ended violently in ‘Bloody Sunday’. Momentum began building for another march. On Tuesday 9 March, Martin Luther King Jr led 2 000 people across the Pettus Bridge. Once again state troopers blocked the way. King turned the marchers around, and no one was injured. The following week President Lyndon Johnson went on television to call for legislation banning restrictions that denied blacks the right to vote. For five days, from March 21 to 25, the road between Selma and Montgomery was lined with marchers. Led by King, more than 3 000 people set out from Selma. At the march’s end the crowd that King addressed live on national television from the foot of the state capital’s steps had swelled beyond 25 000. Another speaker was Rosa Parks, whose refusal to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus had helped set off the modern Civil Rights Movement. ‘The march was a turning point in the movement,’ said John Lewis. That August, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act. [From National Geographic, Selma-to-Montgomery marches.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 14 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2024) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Visual sources and other historical evidence were taken from the following: International Monetary Fund: Money matters https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu /. Accessed on 7 January 2024 Controlling the peace: The re-establishment of world power 1945–1955 by Roger van Zwanenberg https://www.wealthandpower.org/Blog. Accessed on 7 January 2024. The origins of the Angolan Civil War by Fernando Andresen Guimaraes Cuba and Angola – Fighting for Africa’s Freedom and Our Own by MA Waters (ed.) Pascal Guyot / AFP via Getty Images South Africa in the 20th Century by BJ Liebenberg and SB Spies (editors) https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/selma-montgomery-march. Accessed on 10 January 2024. Article by Emilye Crosby and Judy Richardson, 2015 Stephen Kasher gallery. New York National Geographic, Selma-to-Montgomery marches Copyright reserved Please turn over