History Grade 12 IEB Paper 1 2019 Memo

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2019 HISTORY: PAPER I MARKING GUIDELINES Time: 2 hours 100 marks These marking guidelines are prepared for use by examiners and sub-examiners, all of whom are required to attend a standardisation meeting to ensure that the guidelines are consistently interpreted and applied in the marking of candidates' scripts. The IEB will not enter into any discussions or correspondence about any marking guidelines. It is acknowledged that there may be different views about some matters of emphasis or detail in the guidelines. It is also recognised that, without the benefit of attendance at a standardisation meeting, there may be different interpretations of the application of the marking guidelines. IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER I – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 2 of 10 SECTION A DISCURSIVE ESSAY Answer any ONE question from this section. Write a discursive essay showing evidence of analysis, interpretation, explanation and argumentation. It should be approximately 800 to 900 words long. THEME THE COLD WAR QUESTION 1 To what extent did Communist China create a ‘third sphere’ of influence in the Cold War by 1976? Markers must consider, and credit, ALL arguments presented by candidates where the evidence provided is significant and valid. Context: • Civil war broke out in China between Mao's Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang (KMT) in 1927. • Some cooperation between CCP and KMT during the Japanese occupation (1937– 1945). • Civil war resumed in 1945 – CCP strengthened – KMT defeated in 1949 and retreated to Taiwan – creation of Republic of China. • Mao and CCP entered Beijing in October 1949 – declaration of the People's Republic of China – not recognised by the West but welcomed by Stalin and USSR. Context should ideally be integrated into the essay to create a framework for argumentation. Relationship between People's Republic of China and USSR: • "Treaty of Friendship" signed in 1950: – Soviet aid to China – advisors, technicians and industrial and military equipment – relations strengthened when both supported North Korea in Korean War – bound by a common enemy: the United States of America • Fundamental differences became evident: – ideological interpretation of Marxist ideas: o Mao focused on peasants and countryside as the key to a successful revolution compared to the Russian Revolution's focus on industrial workers o Mao saw revolution as continuous as opposed to the Soviets who saw it as a "once-off" – Khrushchev denounced Stalin and his policies and proposed policy of peaceful co- existence with the West – Mao supported Stalin's ideas – the idea of world revolution. – Mao denounced the Soviets as revisionists • 19th Century border disputes flared up in 1960s. • USSR did not share nuclear technology with China. • Competing rivalries and spheres of influence – supported opposing sides in the India-Pakistan Wars in 1960s. • Soviet advisors withdrew from China in 1960. • Personal antagonism between Mao and Khrushchev increased the growing breach between USSR and China. • Led to the Sino-Soviet Split by the late 1960s. IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER I – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 3 of 10 Relationship between China and USA: • Tension between China and USA from 1949 – USA seen as enemy of People's Republic of China (PRC): – Korean War worsened relations. – China supported North Vietnamese; USA supported South Vietnamese. • USA policy aimed at preventing the domino effect by which communism could spread to Asia. • Sino-Soviet Split led to change in policy between China and USA: – USA no longer a threat owing to setbacks during Vietnam War. – After internal upheavals in China, a relationship with the USA became a possibility. • Development of closer links between China and USA: – 1971 USA table tennis team visited China – "ping pong diplomacy". – USA withdrew opposition to China's membership of UN – replaced Taiwan on Security Council – recognition as a world power. – Nixon (1972) and Ford (1976) visited China, formal recognition of PRC in 1979. China as a third force by 1976: • China developed foreign policy independent of USSR viz. invasion of Tibet • China exported Maoism: – led to competition between PRC and USSR – competing spheres of influence – increased investment in and aid to African countries – countered Soviet influence – supported liberation movements in Africa • China achieved nuclear capability in 1964. • Economic stability attained by early 1970s but not comparable to USA or USSR: – self-sufficient in oil and other major industries – less reliant on other countries. OR THEME INDEPENDENT AFRICA QUESTION 2 To what extent can the Angolan War between 1974 and 1989 be considered a purely ‘regional conflict’? Markers must consider, and credit, ALL arguments presented by candidates where the evidence provided is significant and valid. Context: • spheres of influence characterised the Cold War – USA and Western democracies against USSR and communist allies • USA foreign policy in Africa to counteract Soviet influence – led to intervention and conflict • USSR and China also supported emerging African nations and liberation movements • 1975 Angola independent from Portugal – movements agreed to cooperate • foreign involvement by USA and USSR, however, undermined cooperation of the liberation movements – led to civil war • South Africa became involved with an invasion in October 1974 • Cuban involvement on the side on MPLA • Note: candidates may interpret 'regional conflict' in any reasoned manner – must be sustained though Context should ideally be integrated into the essay to create a framework for argumentation. IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER I – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 4 of 10 Content: Belligerents: • Three rival liberation movements: – Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) o led by Neto, founded in 1958 o supported the creation of a communist state – Marxist agenda – sought to overcome ethnic loyalties o supported by USSR, Cuba and Algeria o support based in Luanda and other towns – urbanised intellectuals – National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) o led by Holden, founded in 1954 o nationalist agenda o links with China (and USA initially) – used FNLA to counter Soviet support for MPLA o supported by Mobutu of Zaire o support largely in the north – National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) o led by Savimbi, founded in 1966 o sought to enforce ethnic loyalties o supported by USA and South Africa o main support in central highlands and south • Liberation movements supported by foreign powers – supply of financial aid and military support. • Angolan economy devastated by war – MPLA controlled oil manufacturing and UNITA controlled diamond trade. • Angolan civilian casualties high – communities and farms destroyed in fighting – use of landmines. Consequences: • Angolan economy devastated – infrastructure destroyed • contributed to regional instability – South Africa involved owing to control over South West Africa/Namibia • Soviet and Cuban involvement extended: brought in other belligerents • foreign involvement prolonged the Angolan War • elephants poached for ivory – used to fund the war • white minorities in South Africa and Rhodesia under pressure – ANC used Angola for bases for armed struggle against South Africa • Cuban involvement contributed to a settlement over Namibia • conflict led to Angolan refugee problems in neighbouring countries OR IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER I – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 5 of 10 THEME THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND A NEW WORLD ORDER: 1989 TO THE PRESENT QUESTION 3 To what extent were the actions of the United States of America the only factor that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union by 1991? Markers must consider, and credit, ALL arguments presented by candidates where the evidence provided is significant and valid. Context and long-term causes: • Gorbachev came into power in 1985 • USSR faced a leadership crisis • ongoing military conflicts • economic crisis in USSR • growth of nationalism in Soviet republics and in Eastern Europe • United States as the other superpower: economic and military domination/stable leadership Context should ideally be integrated into the essay to create a framework for argumentation. Content: United States events: Reagan doctrine: • USA provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to counter Soviet-backed pro-communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. – USSR forced to increase aid in retaliation to USA involvement – pressure on Soviet economy to sustain these proxy wars. • The doctrine was designed to diminish Soviet influence in these regions as part of the American administration's overall strategy to win the Cold War. – USA provided support to the Mujahedeen in Afghanistan against the forces of the USSR – continuation of the conflict increased pressure on the Soviet economy. Military: • United States began to openly confront Soviet-supported governments through support of rebel movements in African, Asian, and Latin American countries. • USA able to sustain the financial burden of nuclear programme – USSR under increasing economic strain to maintain and build weapons in ongoing arms race. • Strategic Defence Initiative launched as protection against Soviet nuclear threat. Economic dominance: • United States exerted increasing control on the global economy – Soviet command- economy unable to adapt. • Increased technological advantages – USSR unable to match growth. Soviet events: Glasnost (openness): • allowed people to speak out – able to freely criticise the government with no repercussions IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER I – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 6 of 10 • censorship unbanned – freedom of expression in art, literature, theatre and the media – debate encouraged – intellectual stimulation • reform – communist system not undermined • history of USSR questioned – opening of archives • free elections held in Soviet republics • use of force for coercion lessened … but … – more freedom led to greater criticism – against and for the reforms – nation-wide protests against reforms increased – nationalist and religious groups demanded more freedoms – increased opposition to reforms as well … so … – loss of control by Communist Party – elections led to rise of nationalists – increased demands for autonomy – rise of popular movements led to resistance – Baltic States declared independence by March 1990 – break-up of the USSR began – states of Eastern Europe challenged Soviet control – communist government overthrown with little Soviet resistance – Berlin Wall brought down in November 1990 – loss of satellite states – Warsaw Pact unravelled Perestroika (restructuring): • aimed to rebuild Soviet economy • aimed to reform – not replace – communist system • moved the economy from state-controlled or centrally planned to a market economy • private business allowed to exist – own decisions about prices and production • newly created bank to finance private businesses • state subsidies withdrawn – realistic pricing – growth of profits • foreign investment encouraged … but … – without state support and control: systems collapsed – prices and cost of living increased – Soviet GDP declined – food and housing shortages continued – inflation and foreign debt increased sharply … so … – increased public dissatisfaction – shortcoming of the reforms contributed to the economic decline – increased criticism of Gorbachev – little economic growth – people critical of glasnost – attempted coup by conservatives in August 1991 – failed owing to opposition from people and leadership of Yeltsin – announcement of dissolution of USSR on 26 December 1991 Democratiya (democratisation): • Attempted to revive Soviet politics • Democratic election of candidates to the Communist Party of USSR … but … – led to further calls for democratic processes – undermined Marxist principles of the USSR IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER I – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 7 of 10 SECTION B EXTENDED WRITING Answer any ONE question from this section. Extended writing should be approximately 350 to 400 words long. You should use your own knowledge and you may also refer to the stimulus to answer the questions. THEME THE COLD WAR QUESTION 4 Explain the impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis on the Cold War by answering the following questions: (a) What led to the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962? (b) How did the USA react to the discovery of missiles in Cuba? (c) How did the Cuban Missile Crisis change East–West relations after 1962? Increased tensions in 1950s: • proxy wars extended across the globe in late 1950s • establishment of spheres of influence • continued brinkmanship between USSR and USA • USSR achieved nuclear capability in mid-1950s – growth of ideas of Mutually Assured Destruction Events in Cuba to 1961: • control of Cuban government by USA puppets • USA maintained large naval base at Guantanamo Bay • USA companies controlled economy – USA bought bulk of main export, namely sugar • few wealthy Cuban families dominated – oligarchy • majority of Cubans poor and illiterate/acute shortage of education and social services • Fulgencio Batista in power from 1962 – abolished the constitution and suppressed opposition – supported by army/landowners and wealthy • Fidel Castro led a revolution of workers and peasants – overthrew Batista and entered Havana in January 1959 • Castro implemented socialist policies: social policies/nationalisation of industries/ collectivisation of farms – requested aid from USA • USA companies pressured government to act – USA banned import of sugar and broke off diplomatic ties – migration of wealthy Cubans to USA • Castro started trade negotiations with USSR – arrival of Soviet technicians and advisers – USA fearful of a communist Cuba – encouraged by Cuban émigrés • Eisenhower administration planned overthrow of Castro – use of USA military forces and Cuban exiles • go-ahead for invasion given by Kennedy in January 1961 – Bay of Pigs – USA forces easily defeated by Cuban forces • USA actions caused Castro to move closer to the Soviet Union – diplomatically and economically IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER I – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 8 of 10 Events to October 1962: • Soviet Union began building missile bases in Cuba – in retaliation to USA bases in Turkey • October 1962 – USA spy plane photographs revealed the missile bases for medium-range ballistic missiles – being transported from USSR – ability to reach major USA cities from Cuba • Kennedy set up EXCOM – advised on a number of possible responses: invasion/air strike/diplomacy/withdrawal/blockade • Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba • Khrushchev not willing to risk war – Soviet ships ordered to turn back Consequences after October 1962: • Kennedy and Khrushchev reached an agreement: – USSR to dismantle Cuban bases in exchange for USA removing Turkish bases – "hotline" between White House and Kremlin set up – Test Ban Treaty of 1963 – attempted to curb nuclear weapons • USSR and USA moved into a period of détente – thawing of relations between East and West – stabilisation of relations • Kennedy hailed as a hero – Khrushchev forced to step down “Missile Man” OR THEME INDEPENDENT AFRICA QUESTION 5 Explain the impact of Julius Nyerere's policies on Tanzania by answering the following questions: (a) What social and economic challenges did Julius Nyerere face in Tanzania in the period after independence? (b) How did Julius Nyerere attempt to solve the social and economic challenges facing Tanzania in the period after independence? (c) How successful was Julius Nyerere in overcoming the social and economic challenges facing Tanzania in the period after independence? Challenges facing Nyerere after independence: • limited political reform in Tanganyika in the 1950s • some administrative experience by Africans by 1961 • Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) won elections in 1960 – Tanganyika became independent in 1961 – union with Zanzibar in 1964 – creation of Tanzania • Tanzanian economy originally based on sisal – price of sisal collapsed in 1930 – replaced by groundnuts as a cash crop – soils unsuitable and farmers unable to produce enough for profit – economy therefore least developed • largely subsistence agriculture in 1960s • people of Tanzania divided into a number of tribes/religions – little conflict however • very little education or social services – population largely illiterate • reliant on aid IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER I – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 9 of 10 Nyerere's solution to economic and social issues: • Ujamaa implemented to improve economy: – creation of collective villages – attempt to increase agricultural production through consolidated ownership of land and tools • African socialism: – attempt to create self-reliance – establishment of small-scale industry under state control – nationalisation of foreign business – state buys shares in large privately owned industries • Arusha Declaration, 1967: – attempt to create an egalitarian society • implementation of basic education for all – focus on rural schooling and basic literacy – creation of national service for professional graduates • African culture and identity celebrated Nyerere's successes and failures: • some success in education: – by 1981 97% of all Tanzanians attending free primary schools, adult illiteracy reduced from 80% in 1961 to 20% in 1981, but … o fewer resources given to secondary schools which led to a teacher shortage o standard of education dropped from 1980s • celebration of African culture and identity successful: – Swahili the national language – bound people socially – music and arts highlighted, i.e. Tinga Tinga and Makonde – international recognition • collectivisation of farms not successful: – resistance from farmers – government had to use force – no money invested in the villages – agricultural production dropped – increasingly reliant on foreign aid by 1980s • Tanzania unable to achieve self-reliance – forced to borrow money from IMF • Some success in the textile industry • Health care improved through access to clinics OR THEME THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND A NEW WORLD ORDER: 1989 TO THE PRESENT QUESTION 6 Explain the impact of the growth of the Solidarity movement on Poland and the Eastern Bloc in the 1980s by answering the following questions: (a) What led to the formation of the Solidarity movement in Poland in the 1980s? (b) How did the Solidarity movement challenge communist control in Poland in the 1980s? (c) What impact did the Solidarity movement have on Poland and the Eastern Bloc in the 1980s? IEB Copyright © 2019 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER I – MARKING GUIDELINES Page 10 of 10 Situation in Eastern Europe in late 1970s: • under Brezhnev, USSR started losing control over Eastern European states – ongoing effect of war in Afghanistan, economic crisis developing in Soviet Union • resistance to communist government started in 1950s • Roman Catholic Church – despite attempts at suppression – remained strong in Poland • 1979 visit of the Polish-born Pope inspired Poles to demand greater freedoms • Poland also facing an economic crisis: rising prices and declining living standards • USSR unable to assist owing to internal issues Events in Poland from early 1980s: • August 1980 at Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk workers set up independent trade union – Solidarity – led a strike which spread throughout Poland • Solidarity – led by Lech Walesa – sent list of 21 demands such as end to censorship, free trade unions and right of religious freedom to government • Polish government agreed to all Solidarity's demands – saw growth in membership from 3 million to 9 million • Solidarity viewed by Poles as a political alternative – Polish government threatened but did not act, but … – Soviet Union threatened by actions of Solidarity – sent in Red Army for military manoeuvres in December 1981 on Polish border – Polish government introduced martial law – Solidarity banned and 10 000 leaders imprisoned • Lech Walesa awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1983 – International support gave Solidarity credibility • Solidarity continued to exert influence and from 1986 began to operate openly – cooperated with Roman Catholic Church and set up Radio Solidarity – open defiance of Soviet Union and communist government of Poland Impact of Solidarity in late 1980s: • USSR underwent major reforms of perestroika and glasnost – increased tolerance of nationalist movements in Eastern Bloc. • Eastern Bloc aware of Solidarity's defiance of Soviet Union and of communist government in Poland. • March 1989 Gorbachev announced communist governments can no longer rely on Red Army to maintain power – Jaruzelski unable to act. • Solidarity became stronger – defiance of the communists inspired other states of Eastern Bloc. • Economic situation in Poland worsened in late 1980s – – Polish Round Table Talks set up in February 1989. • June 1989 Polish government announced free elections – Solidarity won most of the votes and Lech Walesa became first non-communist leader in Eastern Bloc. • Protests increased in Eastern Bloc in 1989 – opening of borders between East and West – collapse of the Berlin Wall • Most communist governments collapsed by end of 1989. Total: 100 marks IEB Copyright © 2019