KZN STEP AHEAD LIFE SCIENCES GRADE 11 SOLUTIONS

Downloaded from hlayiso.com STEP AHEAD SOLUTIONS LIFE SCIENCES GRADE 11 JANUARY 2021

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NO. TOPIC PAGE 1. Classification of Micro-organisms 3----6 2. Plant Diversity 6-----10 3. Animal Diversity 11-------15 4. Photosynthesis 16------23 5. Animal nutrition 23-------28 6. Cellular respiration 29-----34 7 Gas exchange 35------40 8. Excretion in man 41------57 9. Population ecology 58------61 10. Human impact on environment 62--------67

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Topic: Diversity and classification of Micro-organisms Activity 1 1.1 1.1.1 A. Protein coat / Capsid  B. Tail.  C. Neck  D. Tail fibres 4 1.1.2 They do not have a cell structure 1 1.1.3 (i) Reproduce/ die  (ii) Do not fear/ do not respire  2 1.1.4 Will not be able to reproduce/multiply,  because they are obligate parasites/ can only reproduce inside a host cell. 2  9 Activity 2 2.1 2.1.1 Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.  1 2.1.2 HIV ( Human Immune Virus)  1 2.1.3 Can only reproduce inside a host cell/ living cell  1 2.1.4 -People may engage in unprotected sex when intoxicated  4 - High rate of prostitution to get money for drugs 2.2 -The virus attaches itself onto the host cell  -Virus injects its genetic material/ DNA/RNA into the cell  -Viral genetic material combines with DNA/ genetic material of host cell -Viral DNA multiplies/ replicates as host DNA multiplies/ replicates 6 - Viral DNA makes protein coats for itself  13 - New viral particles split open the host cell and attack more host cells.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 3 3.1 3.1.1 Able to make/ manufacture their own food  3.1.2 Unable to make or manufacture their own food/ feed on other organisms 3.1.3 No true / definite nucleus/ no nuclear membrane  3 3.2 3.2.1 A only  3.2.2 Both A and B  3.2.3 Both A and B  3.2.4 A only  3.2.5 B only  10 (2x5) 13 Activity 4: Protists (Malaria) 4.1 4.1.1 1 4.1.2 2 4.2 4.2.1 2 4.2.2 2 4.2.3 2 4.2.4 1 4.2.5 1 11

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Home work (Bacteria and Viruses) Differences between bacteria and viruses Viruses Bacteria Have characteristics of both They are living cells living and non-living things Acellular unicellular Do not respire/ feed They respire/ feed Only reproduce in a host Can reproduce on cell their own/ outside a host cell No cell wall Cell wall present No cell membrane Cell membrane present No cell organelles, only Cell organelles genetic material present Rubric: 15 1 mark for table ( with headings ) (2x7 for differences) Activity 5 (Classwork): Summary of Micro-organisms 5 The table below summarises the diversity of micro-organisms. Complete the table under each appropriate column 5.1 Acellular  5.2 Absent  5.3 Monera  5.4 Prokaryote  5.5 Autotrophic and heterotrophic 5.6 Asexual ( Binary fission)/ vegetative and sexual  5.7 Protista  5.8 Eukaryote  5.9 Autotrophic and heterotrophic  5.10 Sexual and asexual  5.11 Fungi  5.12 Eukaryote  5.13 Heterotrophic 5.14 Asexual and sexual 14 14

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 6: (immunity) 6.1 6.1.1 Antibodies 1 6.1.2 Antibodies remain in the body/ are not weakened/last for a long time OR are not destroyed/ body continues to make antibodies/ cause an increase in the number of antibodies/ person as made own antibodies. 1 (any 1x1) 6.1.3 Antibodies are weakened after a short time/ antibodies are made in an animal body/ they are not human antibodies/ person has not made own antibodies. 1 ( any 1x1) 6.1.4 So that more antibodies are made/ to keep antibody count high/ so body keeps making antibodies for a long time. 1 (Any 1x1) 6.1.5 Injection of ready-made antibodies/ does not have to wait for antibody formation/ has large amount of antibody quickly available/ antibody start working straight away. 1 ( Any 1x1) 5 Topic: PLANT DIVERSITY Activity 1 1.1 1.1. (a) -Sporangium (1) 1 (b) -Calyptra (1) (c) -Stalk (1) 1.1. (a) -Sporophyte (1) 2 (b) -Gametophyte (1) 1.1. -B , Gametophyte (1) 3 [6] 1.2 1.2.1 (a) -Gametophyte (4) (b) -Zygote (c) -Sporophyte 1.2.2 (a) -fertilisation (1) (b) -meiosis (1) [6]

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 2 2.1 2.1.1 A- Bryophyte  (2) B- Pteridophyte 2.1.2 -Spores (1) 2.1.3 -Haploid (1) 2.1.4 -A (1) 2.1.5 - it does not have true roots, stems and leaves (1) [6] Activity 3 3.1 3.1.1 I-Pteridophytes (2) II-Bryophytes 3.1.2 -plant I produce spores whilst plant IV produces cones (4) -plant I depends on water for reproduction and plant IV does not depend on water for reproduction 3.1.3 - II (1) 3.1.4 - II , I, IV ,III  (2) [9] Activity 4 4.1 4.1. -Algae (1) 1 4.1. -Angiosperms (1) 2 4.1. -Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (2) 3 [4] 4.2 4.2.1 A-Bryophytes B-Pteridophytes C-Gymnosperms D-Angiosperms (4) 4.2.2 (a) Presence of vascular tissue (1) (b) Ability to produce flowers/Seed enclosed by fruit (1) 4.2.3 -Spermatophytes /Spermatophyta (1) [7]

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 5 5.1 5.1.1 - Wind (1) 5.1.2 Produces large amount of pollen to increase the chances of pollination. - Pollen grains are light, smooth and dry to allow them to float. - Anthers are attached to their filaments in such a way that they are easily moveable with wind.  - Stigma is large, feathery and sticky to trap as much pollen as possible.  - Large anther - Small flowers without colourful petals. (3) - Absence of petals / calyx for better exposure of pollen to wind. - Reduced scent and nectar.  (Any 3 x 1) [4] 5.2 5.2.1 1 (1) 5.2.2 7 (1) 5.2.3 -the stamens are shorter than the pistil /the gynoecium is (1) longer than the androecium 5.2.4 -Angiosperm have a cuticle whilst Bryophytes do not (2) -this cuticle protects the angiosperm from excessive water loss Or -Angiosperm have true roots whilst bryophytes have rhizoids -true roots allow angiosperms to better obtain water from the ground Or -Angiosperms produce seeds that are better protected from land elements than spores [5]

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 6 6.1 6.1.1 A- style B- anther C- ovule D- petal/corolla (4) 6.1.2 -C (1) 6.1.3 -petals are small, green and not showy -long filaments and anthers (stamens) that hang outside the flower -large amount of pollen produced -small, light pollen granules -stigma may be large and feathery (2) -does not have a scent or nectar  (mark first TWO only) 6.1.4 -Offspring are genetically different from one another and their parents which gives them a better chance to survive/be adapted to new environments -it is a way to leave behind parasites or diseases that parents might have -the zygote is protected by a thick protective coat which increases the chances of survival. -genetic variation may lead to new species developing -it allows for selection of favourable characteristics (mark first (2) TWO only) 6.1.5 -they have vascular tissue/xylem and phloem (2) -they have a cuticle -they do not rely on water for reproduction -they produce seeds instead of spores which are resistant to desiccation  (mark first TWO only) [11] 6.2 6.2.1 Insect pollination (1) 6.2.2 1-Stigma (2) 2-Anther 6.2.3 Perianth  (1) 6.2.4 (a) 5 (1) (b) 4 (1) [6]

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 7 7.1 7.1.1 -a oxygen deficient environment/minimal oxygen (1) -very cold temperature/a temperature of -18OC 7.1.2 -global warming (1) 7.1.3 -provides staple foods (3) -it is used to make beverages -it is used to make spices 7.1.4 -Seed banks may store variations of crops that may be (2) hardier to the disease and can replace those wiped out.  -a seed bank stores unusual or rare varieties of crops that are not commercially farmed to maintain biodiversity -A seed bank keeps cultures of plants that are not usually grown from seed in case they are needed to replace plants that go extinct in the wild -Endemic species need to be preserved as they do not occur elsewhere in the world  -Endangered species may be preserved in case they go extinct in the wild  -Species may have the potential to provide us with substance of medicinal value  -they must be preserved so that they can be studied before they go extinct. (Any 2 x 1) [7] 7.2 7.2.1 -they would sow/plant a predetermined number of (2) seedsof each variety under the same conditions  -they would then count the number of seedlings producedby each batch of seeds planted 7.2.2 -C (1) 7.2.3 -72,5% (2) 7.2.4 No of seedlings = 80/100 X 2100 = 1680  (3) 7.2.5 -the % germination of seeds decreasesas time (2) increases/ the percentage germination of seeds increases as time increases/the amount of time that passes has no influence on the germination of seeds 7.2.6 (a) seed age (1) (b) number of seeds that germinate (1) [12]

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Topic: Animal Diversity Teaching tool 4 Descriptions Terminology 1. Body wall consisting of two germ layers Diploblastic 2. A gut with only one opening, used for both ingestion Blind gut 3. The concentration of sense organs into the anterior part of Cephalisation an organism to form a ‘head’ region 4. The arrangement of body parts such that an organism can Radial symmetry be divided into identical parts vertically along any radius 5. A gut having two openings, one for ingestion and one for Through gut egestion 6. Body wall consisting of three germ layers Triploblastic 7. The arrangement of body parts such that an organism can Bilateral be divided into identical parts in only one way through the symmetry mid-longitudinal line 8. Blood system in which blood flows from the blood vessels Open blood into open spaces system 9. The germ layer giving rise to cells form the muscles and Mesoderm other internal organs in the body Asymmetry 10. Type of symmetry relating to organisms that have an irregular shape and can thus not be divided into two identical parts 11. A true body cavity that is lined on both sides by mesoderm Coelomate 12. Blood system in which the blood is always confined to the Closed blood blood vessels system Endoderm 13. The germ layer that gives rise to cells that line the gut 14. A body cavity that is line by mesoderm on one side only Psuedocoelom ACTIVITY 1 1.1. Porifera (1) 1.2. Radially  (1)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 1.3. Organism A lacks true embryonic layer and organism B is diploblastic (2) 1.4. (i) organism A has no true embryonic tissue layer - as a result these organisms cannot move, they remain sessile in the aquatic environment for rest of their live time  - the lacking of the ectoderm imposes limitation in the organism ability to respond to changes in the environment  (3) (ii) organism B has a radially symmetry and is diploblastic - Sense organ are distributed along the central axis which enables the organism to respond to changes in the environment  - Presence of an ectoderm enable organism B to move to search for food and defend themselves against predators (3) ACTIVITY 2 2.1. (a) A (b) B (2) 2.2. - Annelida - Arthropoda - Chordata Any two (2) 2.3. mesoderm (1) 2.4. bilateral symmetry (1) 2.5 - it protects the animal against mechanical injury -it provides the points of attachment for muscle (2)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 3 3.1. cnidarian (1) 3.2. blind gut (1) 3.3. -it has one opening so ingestion and egestion cannot happen ````````simultaneously -since food move in one direction, therefore the gut cannot become specialize (2) 3.4. - serve as a hydrostatic skeleton - against which muscle act OR - It contains caulomic fluid - Which spread over the body surface to prevent desiccation Any two (2) (6) Activity 4 4.1 X - Gut Y - Coelom (2) 4.2 A (1) 4.3 Triploblastic (1) 4.4 B shows three germ layers/ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm 4.5 Annelida, Arthropoda  and Chordata (2) (Mark first TWO only)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 4.6 - Provides space - for development of organs OR - Contains fluid - which acts as hydrostatic skeleton (Mark first ONE only) (2) (9) Activity 5 5.1 Through gut (1) 5.2. -The food enters the gut through one opening and leaves through ```````````````````the other opening - thus preventing digested food to mix with undigested food OR -Each part of the gut becomes differentiated -for effective digestion and absorption Mark the first ONE only (2) 5.3 Arthropoda Annelida Chordata (2) Mark the first TWO 5.4 -The concentration of sense organs/nerves at the anterior end of the body/to form a head region (2) (7)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 6 6.1 Arthropoda (1) 6.2 Triploblastic (1) 6.3 Exoskeleton (1) 6.4 - It is impermeable, gas exchange can no longer occur throughout the body surface. -It has specialised gas exchange openings. -It cannot stretch to accommodate growth of the body. - This is avoided by moulting at regular intervals. (4) 6.5 - The body wall of the animals are separated from the gut wall/there is increased distance between the gut and other parts of the body making diffusion inadequate for transport of food, gases and excretory wastes. (2) (9)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Topic: photosynthesis B. TERMINOLOGY . Complete the following table by filling in the correct biological terms. NO. Description Term A process whereby green plants manufacture their own food Photosynthesis using radiant energy Organelle in a plant cell where photosynthesis occur Chloroplast Green pigment that trap light for photosynthesis Chlorophyll Occurs in the grana of the chloroplast Light phase Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast Dark phase Energy carrier in the living things used for various activities ATP Used to test for the presence of starch Iodine solution Organisms that use light energy to manufacture its own food Autotrophs A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a Experiment hypothesis or demonstrate a known fact. Sugar that is the product of photosynthesis Glucose Leaf that has more than one colour Variegated Special building that is used for growing plants in an area where Greenhouse they would not normally grow that well. Process of eliminating starch reserves in a plant for experiments Destarch concerning photosynthesis A variable that is not changed throughout an experiment Control Organisms that are unable to manufacture their own food Heterotrophs (consumers &decomposers) A carbohydrate that store energy in plants Starch Factor that limits the rate at which photosynthesis takes place Limiting factor

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 1 1.1 1.1.1 C (2) 1.1.2 B (2) 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 Activity 2 2.1 2.1.1 Glucose (1) 2.1.2 Chloroplast (1) 2.1.3 Photolysis (1) 2.1.4 Stroma (1) 2.1.5 Starch (1) 2.1.6 Chlorophyll (1) 2.1.7 Radiant energy (1) 2.1.8 A only (2) 2.1.9 B only (2) 2.2 2.2.1 (a) C (1) (b) A (1) (c) B (1) 2.2.2 -B (1) 2.2.3 -A and C (2)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 3 3.1 3.1.1 Adenosine diphosphate (1) 3.1.2 ATP or adenosine triphosphate (1) 3.1.3 It is the energy carrier in living systems/cells (1) Or it provides energy for all cellular activities (ANY ONE) (1) Activity 4 4.1 4.1 4.1.1 Sodium hydroxide/Soda lime/Potassium hydroxide (1) 4.1.2 Removes carbon hydroxide from the air in the jar (1) 4.1.3 The leaf turns blue-black (1) 4.1.4 -as the leaf was outside the jar, it was exposed to carbon dioxide (1) -and could undergo photosynthesis/produce starch (1) 4.1.5 Dark phase /light independent phase (1) 4.1.6 Stroma (1) 4.1.7 To ensure that the starch at end of the investigation was produced . during the experiment (2) 4.2 4.2.1 Graph C (1) 4.2.2 Due to carbon dioxide concentration (1) 4.2.3 Temperature (1) 4.2.4 The graph will show a steady increase in the rate up to 40 OC and a further increase in temperature will let it fall dramatically (2) 4.2.5 -At higher temperatures the enzymes become completely denatured/functionless (1) -When the temperature is incfeased to 40OC the temperature is optinum for maximun photosynthesis (1)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 5 5.1 5.1.1 Destarch the plant (1) 5.1.2 (a) Leaf A (1) (b)Leaf B (1) Absorbs carbon dioxide (1) 5.1.3 Iodine solution (1) 5.1.4 5.2 5.2.1 Blue-black (1) 5.2.2 (a) colour of light (1) (b) rate of photosynthesis (1) (c) the light intensity/the pondweed/the time exposed (1) 5.2.3 490/5 = 98s (1) 5.2.4

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 Activity 6 6.1 6.1.1 Increases (1) 6.1.2 Greenhouse (1) 6.1.3 Adenosine Triphosphate (1) 6.1.4 Chemical (1) 6.1.5 Atmosphere (1)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 7 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.1.5 7.2 B (2) Activity 8

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 8.1 8.1.1 D (2) 8.2 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.3

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.3.5 8.3.6 Activity 9 9.1 9.1.1 A (2) ANIMAL NUTRITION Activity 1 1.1 1.1.1 Egestion✓ (1) 1.1.2 Digestion✓ (1) 1.1.3 Assimilation✓ (1) 1.1.4 Absorption✓ (1) (4)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 2 2.1 2.1.1 a) Stomach ✓ (1) b) Colon ✓ / Large intestine (1) c) Anus ✓ (1) d) Small intestine ✓ / Duodenum (1) (4) 2.2.2 a) B ✓ (1) b) A ✓ (1) c) C ✓ (1) (3) 2.2.3 – Storage ✓ Deamination ✓ Detoxification✓ (Any 2) (2) ( 2) Activity 3 3.1 3.1.1 Oesophagus✓ (1) 3.1.2 Peristalsis✓ (1) 3.1.3 P- Liver/ Pancreas✓ (Any order) (1) Q- Pancreas/ Liver ✓ (Any order) (1) 3.1.4 Stomach✓ (1) (5)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 4 4.1 4.1.1 Villus ✓ (1) 4.1.2 Small intestines✓ (1) 4.1.3 Epithelium cells ✓ (1) 4.1.4 connective ✓ (1) 4.1.5 Blood capillaries✓ (1) 4.1.6 Glucose ✓ (1) 4.1.7 Amino acids✓ (1) 4.1.8 Lacteal ✓ (1) 4.1.9 Fatty acids ✓ (1) 4.1.10 Glycerol ✓ (1) (10) Activity 5 5.1 5.1.1 A villus ✓ (1) 5.1.2 Columnar epithelium ✓ (1) Lacteal vessel ✓ (1) 5.1.3 Small intestine ✓ (1) 5.1.4 • It is long, ✓ which means it has a very large surface area for absorption ✓ • It has many folds ✓which enlarges the surface area for maximum absorption of nutrients ✓ • Has millions of villi and micro-villi ✓which enlarge the surface area even further✓ • Has circular and longitudinal muscles ✓ responsible for the movement of food by peristalsis.✓

Downloaded from hlayiso.com • Is a coiled tube which slows down the movement of food✓ (increases transit time) to ensure maximum absorption of nutrients. ✓ • The thin-walled ✓ villi (outer walls of villi are lined by a single layer of columnar epithelium) facilitate easy absorption✓ • Absorptive surface is kept moist✓ by digestive juices and mucus to facilitate diffusion of nutrients. ✓ • Villi are well supplied with blood capillaries and lacteals ✓ to ensure that absorbed nutrients are quickly transported away ✓ (Mark the first TWO only) (Any 2 X2) (4) 5.1.5 C ✓ (1) 5.1.6 - The capillary flows in at D ✓ - Then absorption of nutrients will take place ✓ - From the small intestine into the capillaries in the villus ✓ - When the blood leaves at C, it will be rich with nutrients ✓ - (4) (13) Activity 6 6.1 6.1.1 To create a similar condition to that of the body✓ It is the optimum body temperature✓ (2) 6.1.2 (i) mass/amount of sample✓ (1) (ii) amount of gastric juice released in the stomach ✓ (1) 6.1.3 (i) fried eggs ✓ (1) (ii) scrambled eggs ✓ (1)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 6.1.4 ( Max 4) ( Max 4) (8) (14) Activity 7 7.1 7.1.1 (a) Pancreas✓ (1) (b) Insulin ✓ (1) (c) Glucagon ✓ (1) 7.1.2 Diabetes Mellitus ✓ (1) 7.1.3 Negative Feedback Mechanism ✓ (1) (5) Activity 8 8.1 8.1.1 It is the cellular imbalance between the supply of nutrients and energy✓✓and the body’s demand for them to ensure growth, maintenance, and specific functions. ✓ (2) 8.1.2 Kwashiorkor ✓ (1)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 8.1.3 - Gastric glands in the stomach ✓ - secretes gastric juices✓ which - contain the enzyme proteases. ✓ - that hydrolyse/digest proteins✓ - into polypeptides/peptones ✓ - and eventually into amino acids. ✓ - Protease only function best in an acidic medium. ✓ (5) (8) Activity 9 9.1 9.1. Pure vegetarian✓ (1) - Every level per unit volume in the diet is lowest✓, hence requiring intake of large amounts o✓f food. ✓ -digestion is generally incomplete✓, therefore less absorption of food is absorbed✓ (Mark the first ONE only) (Any 1 x 2) (2) 9.1.2 -very young children grow rapidly✓ and -is difficult for them to consume enough vegetarian/ bulk food✓ -insufficient nutrients/ proteins/carbohydrates/vitamins/mineral✓ - causes malnutrition/kwashiorkor✓ / marasmus ✓ - Any 2) (2) 9.1.3 Plants/ part of plants/ ✓ specific name of plants/ supplements/ tablets✓(1) 9.1.4 10 000/40 000✓ X100✓ =25%✓ (3) (9)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Topic : CELLULAR RESPIRATION CLASSWORK/HOMEWORK ACTIVITY 1 1. 1.1 Cellular respiration – is the breaking down of glucose (organic compounds) ✓ so as to gradually release energy to all cells ✓ 1.2 Aerobic respiration - is the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of O2✓ 1.3 Anaerobic respiration - is the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the absence of O2 ✓ OR Anaerobic respiration – is the biochemical pathway taken by the process of cellular respiration in the absence O2✓ 1.4 Co-enzymes - are the non-protein partner that are carriers of high energy Hydrogen atoms in the oxidative phosphorylation stage of respiration ✓ OR Co-enzymes - are organic compounds that act as Hydrogen acceptors / carriers during cellular respiration✓ 1.5 ATP - is an energy carrier✓ 1.6 Oxygen (O2) - is the gas needed /required for the process of cellular respiration✓ OR Oxygen (O2) - is the final acceptor of Hydrogen atoms✓ 1.7 Glycolysis – is a stage of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm / cytosol ✓ OR Glycolysis – is anaerobic phase of respiration that occurs in the cytosol✓ 1.8 Mitochondrion - is the organelle in a cell at which Kreb’s cycle occurs✓

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 1.9 Kreb’s Cycle - is a cyclic series of reactions that takes place in the mitochondrion✓ OR Kreb’s Cycle - is a phase of cellular respiration in which CO2 is evolved✓ OR Kreb’s Cycle - is a phase of respiration which releases a large amount of energized hydrogen atoms✓ 1.10 Ethanol – is a product, other than CO2 of alcoholic fermentation in plants ✓ OR Ethanol – is an organic product of anaerobic respiration in plants✓ 1.11 Lactic acid – is an organic acid builds up in the muscle cells due to anaerobic respiration✓ 1.12 Carbon dioxide(CO2) - is a gas given off as a by-product during the process `````````of cellular respiration✓ OR Carbon dioxide(CO2) - is a Gas evolved during process of cellular respiration✓ (12) ACTIVITY 2 2.1 - Cellular respiration is the process at which glucose (organic compound) is broken down ✓ - So as to gradually release energy✓ - In a controlled way✓ - Oxygen(O2) is required (needed) ✓ - Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released as a by-product✓ - The released energy✓ - Is stored in ATP (energy carrier) molecules✓ (7) - 2.2 In the cytoplasm✓ (2) Mitochondrion ✓ 2.3 - Aerobic✓ cellular respiration takes place in presence O2✓ - Anaerobic✓ cellular respiration takes place in absence O2✓ (4) 2.4 (a) Glucose✓ Oxygen✓ Enzymes✓ (3) (b) Carbon dioxide✓ (CO2) Water ✓ (H2O) ATP✓ (3)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 2.5 Glucose✓ + Oxygen✓ -----→ Carbon dioxide ✓ + Water ✓ + ATP✓ Enzymes✓ OR C6 H12O6 ✓ + O2✓ -----------→ CO2 ✓ + H2O✓ +ATP✓ Enzymes✓ (6) 2.6 - To constantly supply cells with of energy ✓ in the form of ATP To perform the following processes: ✓ - Synthesis of organic molecules✓within cells - Growth✓ - Cell division ✓ - Contraction of muscle fibres✓ - Movement ✓ - Transport of substances✓ within the body - Active transport of substances ✓(movement of substances against the concentration gradient). (8) (33) ACTIVITY 3 3. 3.1 Aerobic respiration is a process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of O2✓ (2) 3.2 Glucose✓ Oxygen✓ Enzymes✓ (3)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 3.3 Structure of the Mitochondrion✓ Mark allocation Caption 1 Representative of mitochondrion 1 Any 4 correct labels 4 (6) 3.4 - Inner membrane is folded✓ to increase surface area✓ in which chemical reaction occur. - Presence of ribosomes ✓ to make enzymes✓ needed/ required to catalyse the reactions - Permeable membranes ✓ to allow the easy entry and exit of various substances✓ - Presence of enzymes✓ in the matrix to facilitate the Kreb’s cycle✓/ the part of cellular respiration that occurs within the mitochondrion (8) 3.5 Occurs in the cytoplasm✓ of the cell requires oxygen✓ to take place glucose ( 6 Carbon compound) is split into ✓ two (3 Carbon) compounds✓ called pyruvic acids✓ small amount of energy is released✓ that is used to form ATP✓ high energy H-atoms are also released✓ and are transported to the third phase✓ of aerobic cellular respiration (10) 3.6 ATP✓/ Energy CO2✓ H2 O✓ (3)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com ACTIVITY 4 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 To investigate whether carbon dioxide is released during respiration ✓✓ (2) 4.2.2 A - Germinating seeds ✓ B - Damp cotton wood/ porous stopper✓ (2) 4.2.3 - The cotton must not touch the lime water✓ since the lime water will affect the germinating seeds. ✓ - The cotton wool/ porous stopper must be kept moist✓ to allow the seeds to germinate✓ - The test tube must be tightly sealed✓ to prevent CO2 from the atmosphere entering✓/ or - CO2 released by the germinating seeds escaping. (Any 2 x 2) (4) 4.2.4 - It is used to indicate whether CO2 is produced or not✓ - If it is produced the lime water will turn milky✓ --If it not, it will remain clear ✓ (3) 4.2.5 Set up an identical apparatus but use boiled seeds which have been sterilized instead of germinating seeds which are rapidly respiring (2) (13) ACTIVITY 5 5.1 Anaerobic respiration Process of cellular respiration that takes place in the absence of O2 ✓✓ OR Biochemical pathway taken by the process of cellular respiration in the absence O2✓✓ (2) 5.2 - It occurs in the absence of oxygen✓ - Glucose is partially broken down✓ - much less energy is released✓ in the form of ATP and - in animal cells, lactic acid is formed✓ and it is - called lactic acid it is usually fermentation - in yeast cells, alcohol is produced✓ and it is - called alcoholic fermentation (5) 5.3 - Making wine ✓ - In baking✓ - Beer making✓

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (3) - To produce daily products for example yoghurt, cheese, sour milk✓ Mark the first THREE only (Any 3) 5.4 Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration - Large amount of energy is - Small amount of energy released✓– due to the released✓ - due to the complete breakdown of incomplete breakdown of glucose glucose. - End products are carbon - End products are carbon dioxide dioxide and water✓ and ethanol in fungi / plants or lactic in animals✓ (1 for table + 4) (5) (15) ANNEXURE Solutions for Teaching Tool 3 ATP ENERGISED HYDROGEN CO 2 ATP (4)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Topic: GASEOUS EXCHANGE A. TERMINOLOGY Activity 1 1.1 1.1.1 A - Trachea✓ / cartilage ring D – Intercostal muscles✓ (2) 1.1.2 - Has (C-shaped) cartilaginous rings✓ which keep the trachea open✓ at all times to allow free flow of air Has cilia✓ which constantly move to push out dust particles and germs Contains mucus✓ which traps dust particles and (2) germs✓ (Mark first ONE only) (Any 1 x 2) 1.1.3 (a) B - lung✓ C - diaphragm✓ (2) (b) - Lung inflates✓ / enlarges/ volume increases/ pressure decreases -Diaphragm flattens✓ becomes less convex/ (2) contracts

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (8) Activity 2 1. 1 1.1.1 A – larynx ✓ B – trachea ✓ C – bronchioles ✓ (3) 1.1.2 Process 1✓ (1) 1.1.3 - Ribs are lifted/ chest expands/ moves outwards✓ - Thoracic cavity enlarges/ lungs are larger ✓ (2) - Diaphragm contracts/ flattens/moves downwards✓ (Mark first TWO only) (Any 2 x 1) 1.1.4 D ✓ - intercostal muscle ✓ E ✓ - diaphragm ✓ (4) 1.1.5 Marks: Diagram 1 Oxygen diffusion into blood 1 Carbon dioxide diffusion out of blood 1 Any other 2 labels 2 (5) 1.1.6 - Increases the amount of moisture in the air ✓ - because water evaporates ✓ - prevents drying out of inner surface of the lung ✓ - which would prevent gaseous exchange ✓ / gases can only diffuse in a solution. (4) 1.1.7 - Cannot breathe/ inhale/exhale/lungs collapse ✓ - No pressure difference between exterior and thoracic (2) cavity ✓ [21]

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 3 1.1 1.1.1 Inhalation✓ (1) 1.1.2 -The diaphragm relaxes✓ -The external intercostal muscles relax✓ -Internal intercostal muscles contract✓ -Rib-cage moves inward✓ -Volume of thoracic cavity decreases✓ -Pressure on the lungs increases✓ -Air is forced out of the lungs✓ (5) (Any 5) 1.1.3 -As bicarbonate ions✓ -As carbhaemoglobin✓ (2) -Dissolved in the plasma✓ (Any 2) (8) Activity 4 1.1 (1) 1.1.1 A – Bronchus/ bronchioles✓ 1.1.2 Gaseous Exchange/diffusion✓ (1) 1.1.3 (a) Carbon dioxide✓ (b) Oxygen✓ (2) 1.1.4 -numerous alveoli/ large surface area✓ for exchange of gases -thin epithelium made of single layer of cells✓ for rapid (2) diffusion -presence of blood capillaries✓ for transport of gases. (Any 2) (6) Activity 5 1.1 1.1.1 Squamous✓ epithelium (1) 1.1.2 - Epithelium is thin✓ / flat/ has a single layer of cells to enable gases to diffuse through it quickly✓ -Epithelium is moist✓ to enable gases to diffuse through (2) it quickly✓ 1.1.3 Red blood corpuscle✓ / Red blood cell/ Erythrocyte (1) 1.1.4 (a) Deoxygenated ✓ blood (1) (b) Oxygenated ✓ blood (1) 1.1.5 High✓ (1) 1.1.6 Gaseous Exchange✓ / diffusion (1) 1.1.7 - As bicarbonate ions✓ / carbonic acid - In solution in blood plasma✓

Downloaded from hlayiso.com - As carbaminohaemoglobin✓/ carbhaemoglobin (3) (11) Activity 6 1.1 1.1.1 To determine the effect of different concentrations of carbon dioxide✓ on the rate and depth of breathing✓ on volume of air (2) breathed in 1.1.2 (a) -With a low carbon dioxide concentration there is a gradual increase of the rate✓ then it becomes constant ✓ -With a further increase in the carbon dioxide (3) concentration it increases sharply✓ (b) - Initially there is a gradual increase in volume✓ and as the concentration of carbon dioxide increases, the (2) volume increases✓ sharply 1.1.3 Less carbon dioxide is being removed✓ since the depth of breathing is not increasing✓ (2) 1.1.4 -During the strenuous exercise the carbon dioxide level in the -blood increases✓ sensory cells in the carotid arteries and aortic -arches ✓ in the medulla oblongata✓are stimulated ✓ causing it to -stimulate the heart to beat faster✓ thus carbon dioxide is -transported faster✓ to the lungs from the tissues -The medulla also sends impulses to intercostal muscles, (5) -diaphragm and abdominal muscles✓ -Contraction of the abdominal muscles pushes the diaphragm with - more force✓ causing the breathing movements to speed up✓ -Carbon dioxide is thus removed quickly and oxygen is taken up -more rapidly✓ (Any 5) (14)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 1.1 1.1.1 Mortality tare per 100 000 ✓ (1) 1.1.2 Graph showing the effect of smoking on prevalence of various diseases mortality rate 250 Mortality rate per 100 000 200 150 100 50 0 Lung cancer Cancer of Other Resp. Heart Other med Suicide,hom mouth or cancers disease diseases conditions & accident lary Diseases Bar graph drawn (T) 1 Type of graph shows relationship 1 between the two variables (V) Correct label for X-axis and Y- 1 axis(L) Correct scale for X-axis (equal width 1 and spacing of bars) (S) Drawing of bars (B) 1 (1 to 3 bars correct) (6) 2 (4 to 7 bars correct) 1.1.3 220 ✓ (1) 1.1.4 5 active smokers: 4,6 passive smokers: 1 non-smoker ✓✓ (2) 1.1.5 - same age of participants✓ - same gender of participants ✓ - same socio-economic group ✓ - people from same area/ environment ✓ (2) (Mark first TWO) (Any 2 x 1) 1.1.6 Both active and passive smokers have high prevalence of lung cancer ✓ 1.1.7 - causes the walls of the alveoli to tear and form holes ✓ - Blood capillaries also disintegrate ✓ - smoke irritates tender tissue of bronchioles ✓ - gaseous exchange becomes difficult ✓ (3)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (1 5) Activity 7 1.1 1.1.1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis✓ (1) 1.1.2 Antibiotics ✓ (1) 1.1.3 - Excessive coughing✓ - Tiredness✓ - Weakness ✓ - Loss of appetite and weight✓ (Mark first THREE) (Any 3 (3) x 1) 1.1.4 AIDS ✓ (1) [6]

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Topic: Human excretion Activity 1 ORGAN WASTE ORIGIN PRODUCT PRODUCT/S EXCRETED 1. Lungs CO2 and water Cellular CO2 and water in Respiration exhaled air 2. Skin (sweat Mineral salts, Extracted from Perspiration glands) traces of urea and blood (sweat) water 3. Liver Urea Deamination of faeces excess amino acids Bile pigments Breakdown of faeces Haemoglobin 4. Colon Bile pigments Breakdown of faeces Excess mineral Haemoglobin in salts the liver 5. kidney Urea Deamination of Urine excess amino acids Mineral salts Excess taken in Urine with food Water Excess water Urine consumed and taken in with food

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 2 2. 2.1 A - renal artery✓ B - renal vein✓ G - urinary bladder✓ I – Adrenal gland✓ (4) 2.2 C - cortex✓ D - medulla✓ (2) 2.3 E - protects the internal parts of the kidney✓ F - carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder✓ H – carries urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior✓ (3) 2.4 - By blood as bicarbonate ions✓ - In solution by blood plasma and erythrocytes✓ - By erythrocytes in the form of (3) 2.5 carb(amino)haemoglobin✓ (4) 2.6 (a) A✓ - renal artery✓ (b) D✓ - medulla✓ The kidney - Excretes waste products e.g. urea, uric acid, (4) creatinine and drugs✓ - Osmoregulation – regulates the water content of body fluids✓ - Maintains osmotic ptessure of body fluids – by excreting excess salts and retaining water and glucose✓ - Regulates the pH of blood plasma – controls the acid-base balance in the blood✓ (20)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 3 3. 3.1 A: Renal capsule✓ E - Pelvis✓ F: Renal calyx✓ (3) 3.2 E✓ - Renal Artery ✓ (2) 3.3 B – contains the Malphigian bodies✓ (blood vessels - red) while region C has the renal tubules✓ (2) 3.4 - Protects the internal parts of the kidney✓ - Prevents friction as the kidney swells and rubs (2) against the ribs✓ 3.5 (a) B✓ (b) C✓ (3) 3.6 (c) H✓ When the body loses too much water✓ - the hypothalamus is stimulated✓ - It secretes more ADH✓ - which makes the kidney tubules more permeable✓ (5) 3.7 - allowing for more water to be re-absorbed into the blood✓ - thus causing less water to be lost in the urine✓ (Any 5) - the flow of urine into the bladder will be blocked✓ (3) - results in an accumulation of urine in the kidney✓

Downloaded from hlayiso.com - can lead to kidney becoming non-functional✓/ accumulation of urea/ prevents osmoregulation/ pH balance will not be maintained (20) Activity 4 4. Second capillary network

Downloaded from hlayiso.com REGION STRUCTURE FUNCTION 1. Malpighian body 1.1 Bowman’s capsule To house the glomerulus 1.2 Glomerulus To allow for filtration to occur and prevent large molecules e.g. proteins from passing 2. Blood vessels 2.1 Renal artery Carries oxygenated blood with lots of nitrogenous wastes 2.2 Afferent arteriole Carries blood at a higher pressure into the glomerulus 2.3 Efferent arteriole Carries blood at a lower pressure out of the glomerulus 2.4 Second capillary To absorb useful substances network from the renal tubule and to remove waste substances from the blood into the renal tubule 2.5 Renal vein Carries deoxygenated blood with no nitrogenous wastes 3 Kidney tubule 3.4 Proximal convoluted To actively re-absorb all tubule glucose molecules from the filtrate in the renal tubule 3.5 Loop of Henle Is the Sodium Pump mechanism to regulate the salt concentration in the blood 3.6 Distal convoluted Regulates salt and water in the tubule blood 3.7 Collecting duct Urine containing all nitrogenous wastes e.g. urea, uric acid, creatinine, salts and

Downloaded from hlayiso.com water, is passed into the duct of Bellini and then into the bladder Activity 5 5.1 5.1.1 A - Afferent arteriole✓ B - Bowman’s capsule✓ C – collecting tubule✓ (3) 5.1.2 1 - Glomerular filtration✓ / ultra-filtration/ filtration 2 - Re-absorption✓ / tubular reabsorption 3 - (tubular) excretion✓/ secretion (3) 5.1.3 - increases cell respiration✓/ to release more energy/ ATP - for the tubule to absorb substances by active (2) 5.1.4 absorption✓/ against the concentration gradient - It allows a high pressure✓ (2) 5.1.5 - in the glomerulus - allowing filtration Any 2 - Under the influence of ADH✓/ Vasopressin - produced in the pituitary gland✓ - when the hypothalamus is stimulated✓ - part C becomes more permeable to water - More water is thus re-absorbed✓/ moves by (6) osmosis / leaves the collecting tubules - back into the medulla✓ - and into the capillary network✓/ blood - The water content of the urine is thus low✓/ urine is concentrated

Downloaded from hlayiso.com - Part G is, therefore, responsible for osmoregulation Any 6 (16) 5.2 5.2.1 Podocytes✓ (1) 5.2.2 (a) Protein✓ (1) (b) Glucose✓ (1) 5.2.3 1,50 – 0,72✓ (3) = 0,78✓ g/100 cm3✓ 5.2.4 - Large amount of water✓ - is reabsorbed from the tubule into the medulla✓ OR (2) - Some urea is added✓ - into the distal convoluted tubule✓/part 5 (8) Activity 6 6.1 6.1.1 (a) D✓ - contains proteins/highest flow rate ✓ (2) (b) B✓ - High concentration of glucose, but no proteins✓ (2) (c) C✓ - No glucose, and sodium ion and urea lower in (2) concentration than D✓ (d) A✓ - has the highest concentration of urea✓ (2) 6.1.2 - High flow rate in D because of heart beat/ arterial blood ✓ - flow rate decreased in glomerulus ✓ - because of smaller diameter of capillaries✓ / flow divided into many capillaries - also flow rate is decreased as the fluid passes through membranes ✓

Downloaded from hlayiso.com - hence low flow rate when fluid enters capsule✓ - where pressure of heart beat is absent ✓ - also large volume comes in and has to squeeze out through smaller volume allowed by efferent arteriole✓therefore slows it down. (Any 5) (5) 6.1.3 - Cells of the glomerular membrane are damaged✓ - proteins can be forced through and will then appear in urine✓ (2) 6.1.4 - Excretion✓ of urea, sodium ions and ammonium ions - Re-absorption/regulation of glucose✓ - Osmoregulation✓ (Mark first TWO only) (Any 2) (2) 6.1.5 No ✓ - all amino acids are re absorbed into the blood✓ (2) (a) Sodium/Na✓ (1) 6.1.6 (b) - to create a hypertonic tissue fluid✓ - so that water can be reabsorbed by osmosis from the (2) collecting ducts✓ 6.1.7 - Cup shaped ✓ - to allow a large surface area✓ available for filtration - podocytes ✓ with slits - to filter ✓ the tissue fluid (4) 6.1.8 - when the sodium ions in the blood increases✓ - less aldosterone is secreted✓ - from the adrenal gland into the blood✓ - more sodium ions are actively pumped from the blood into the medulla✓ - to be excreted into the duct of Bellini✓/ passed out as Urine - Hence, the increase in Sodium ions between part C (Loop of Henle) and part A (Duct of Bellini) (Any 4)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (4) (30) 6.2 6.2.1 Protein✓ - they are too large to pass through the pores✓ (2) - into the nephron✓ / no protein present in the filtrate 6.2.2 (a) glucose is a useful substance✓ - and is thus completely re-absorbed✓ - from the tubule✓/ the capillary network/ blood (3) (b) More salts are added✓ to the tubule/ nephron - from the second capillary network✓/ blood - during tubular excretion✓ 6.2.3 - when they are in excess in the body✓ - Some water from the filtrate is re-absorbed✓ - Increasing the concentration of salts✓ Any 3 (3) 6.2.4 - A shortage✓ of insulin✓ in he body OR - Person suffers from diabetes mellitus✓✓ OR - Re-absorption of glucose does not take place completely✓ (Any 1 x 2)) (2) No✓ Large percentage of water✓ - Was allowed to pass out as urine✓ OR A small percentage of water✓ - Was re-absorbed✓ OR

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Urine produced✓ - Is very dilute✓ (1 + Any 1 x 2) (3) (13) Activity 7 7. 7.1 A - Bowman's capsule✓ B - Proximal convoluted tubule ✓ (2) 7.2 Glucose ✓ (1) 7.3 Urea ✓ (1) 7.4 When it enters it has a high concentration ✓ - when it leaves it has a low concentration ✓ - Active reabsorption took place ✓ - against the concentration gradient ✓ - That is from a low to a high concentration ✓ - This chemical transport mechanism requires energy ✓ - This is provided by the epithelial cells ✓ (5) - Some of the glucose is used along the nephron to provide energy ✓ (any 5) 7.5 The volume of water in the blood decreases ✓ - osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus ✓ are stimulated - and messages sent to the pituitary gland✓ - which secretes more ADH ✓ into the blood - ADH increases the permeability✓ - of the walls of the distal convoluted tubules and the (6) collecting ducts ✓ - This causes more water to leave the tubules by osmosis✓ - The amount of water in the blood increases ✓ and

Downloaded from hlayiso.com concentrated urine is formed - and less water is excreted from the body✓ (any 6) (15) Activity 8 8.1 8.1.1 To create a greater surface area✓ for the movement of substances into the dialysis fluid✓ (2) 8.1.2 It must be selectively permeable/have small holes✓ to allow filtration of substances✓ (2) 8.1.3 It should contain the same amount ✓ of useful substances like mineral salts, glucose, amino acids etc than the blood of the patient✓ It should not contain any✓ excretory wastes such as urea, creatine, uric acid etc✓ Blood needs to be filtered continuously✓ (4) 8.1.4 The kidney machine can only be used from time to time✓ If kidney machine is used continuously✓ it will negatively affects the patient’s life style✓ (any 2) (2) (10)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 8.2 8.2.1 - It allows certain substances (excretory substances) to pass through✓ - And prevents other substances (useful) and blood components from passing through✓ (2) Same amount of useful substances✓ e.g. salt, amino acids, glucose etc.✓ - useful substances will not diffuse 8.2.2 out of the blood✓ - No excretory wastes✓- Allows excretory wastes (4) to diffuse out of the blood into the dialysis fluid✓ (2) 8.2.3 370C✓ - the same as body temperature✓ 8.2.4 Air bubbles could create a blockage in the blood vessels (2) of the patient✓ and lead to the death of the patient✓ - Treatments occur two to three times a week✓ 8.2.5 - Each treatment lasts many hours✓ (2) - Affects the quality of life of the patient✓ - Kidney machines are expensive to run and (3) maintain✓ (Mark first TWO only) (Any 2) R✓ - it’s the blood vessel entering the dialysis machine✓, so has the higher concentration of nitrogenous wastes✓ 8.2.6 ✓ - for the table Point A Point B • More urea, uric acid • Less urea, uric acid (5) 8.2.7 • More water • Less water • More salt • Less salt (Mark first TWO only) Any 2 x 2 (2) 8.2.8 Both have the same amount of::

Downloaded from hlayiso.com - Glucose, amino acids, fat✓ - Oxygen and carbon dioxide✓ (22) Activity 9

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 10 10.1 10.1.1 The efferent vessel is narrower than the afferent vessel ✓ - Allowing a pressure system to develop which is essential for filtration. ✓ The contents of the Glomerulus are separated from the capsular space by a thin barrier✓ - made up of a single layer of endothelial cells of the capillary wall ✓ - and a single layer of podocytes✓ - which act as an ultra-fine filter The Bowman's capsule is cup shaped ✓ - allowing the blood capillaries of the glomerulus to fit closely into it✓ Podocytes in the inner wall of the Bowman’s capsule✓ - have many small size slit pores✓ - ensures that the blood corpuscles and large plasma proteins✓ do not pass through the capsular space - and acts as a selective filter✓ The Glomerulus is convoluted✓ (6)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com - to increase surface area for maximum filtration to occur✓ - slows down the movement of the blood✓ - to allow maximum filtration to occur (Mark first THREE only) (Any 3 x 2) 10.1.2 The renal tubules is long and convoluted✓ - to increase surface area for maximum absorption✓ - and slows down the movement of the filtrate✓ - allowing sufficient time for reabsorption of the useful substances✓ Cuboidal cells lining the tubules have microvilli✓ - to increase the surface area for maximum absorption✓ The cells of the tubule contain numerous microvilli✓ - to increase surface area for absorption✓ (6) The secondary capillary network are in close contact with the tubules✓ - reduces the distance for reabsorption of useful substances✓ - and excretion of waste substances✓ - into the tubules✓ The “sodium pump” in the Loop of Henle✓ - ensures that the medulla has a high concentration of salts✓ - ensuring that large amounts of water can be

Downloaded from hlayiso.com reabsorbed ✓ - from the distal tubule and the collecting tubule✓ (Mark first THREE only) (Any 3 x 2) (12) 10.2 10.2.1 No✓ - because animal is mostly immersed in water hence no water loss through sweating ✓ - less need for water conservation/ reabsorption✓ - by long tubule of Henlé✓ /water is not a limiting factor - therefore not as much need to conserve (3) water as can drink more ✓ (1 10.2.2 + Any 2) Increase✓ - because a high ADH concentration increases water permeabilityof collecting ducts✓ - more water reabsorbed✓ - and ends up in the blood ✓ (3) - thereby increasing blood volume ✓ - and thus the blood pressure✓ (1 + Any 2) (6)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10.3 When the blood is too acidic / pH is too low - then more hydrogen ions✓ - are passed from the blood✓ - into the renal tubule✓ - and more bicarbonate ion✓ - are passed from the renal tubule to the blood ✓ - thus increasing the pH of the blood to normal✓ (3) (Any 3) When the blood is too basic /alkaline / pH is too high - less hydrogen ions✓ - are passed from the blood into the renal tubule✓ - and less bicarbonate ions✓ - are passed from the renal tubule into the blood ✓ - thus decreasing the pH of the blood to (3) normal✓ / more acidic (Any 3)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com B. Population Ecology Activity 1 1.1 1.1.1 Social organisation✔ 1 1.1.2 Simple sampling✔ 1 1.1.3 Intra-specific✔ 1 1.1.4 Resource partitioning✔ 1 1.1.5 Commensalism✔ 1 1.1.6 Mortality✔ 1 1.1.7 Developing✔ 1 1.1.8 Population✔ 1 1.1.9 Natality✔ 1 1.1.10 Territoriality✔ 1 1.1.11 Culling ✔ 1 11 Activity 2 1.1 2.1.1 B✔✔ 2 2.1.2 C✔✔ 2 2.1.3 C✔✔ 2 6 Activity 3 3.1 3.1.1 • Growth is rapid✔ 2 • Due to the absence of limiting factors✔/presence of sufficient resources/absence of predators. 3.1.2 • Growth is slow✔ 2

Downloaded from hlayiso.com • Because the bacteria are still acclimatizing✔ to the new environment 3.1.3 Growth starts slowly and then increases rapidly✔ 1 3.1.4 Humans are able to increase food production✔ 2 using modern technology✔ OR Humans continue to clear natural vegetation✔ to create space for more homes✔ 3.1.5 • Regulation of population growth by proper family 2 planning✔ • Allocation of subsidies/incentives to people that have small families✔ • Educate the population on the need to limit family size✔ any 2 9 Activity 4 4. 1 4.1. 1 Estimated population size from 1650 to 2011 8000 7000 7000 6000 6000 Population size in millions 5000 4000 4000 3000 3000 2500 2000 2000 1500 1000 1000 4.3 0 1650 1850 1900 1925 1950 1960 1975 1999 2011 Years

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Criterion Mark 6 Correct type of the graph 1 Caption – includes both variables 1 Correct label and unit for X- and 1 Y- axis Correct scale for X- axis and Y - 1 axis Plotting of points 1: 1 – 9 points plotted correctly 2: All 10 points plotted correctly 4.1.2 Geometric growth curve ✔ 1 4.1.3 1850 – 1650 = 200 ✔ million years 1 8 Activity 5 4.1 5.1.1 - A series of progressive changes ✔ 2 - In the composition of ecological community over time ✔ 5.1.2 Primary ✔ 1 5.1.3 - There is no soil ✔/ only exposed rocks found 2 - The habitat is colonized by living organisms for the first time ✔ 5.1.4 - Lichens ✔ 2 - Mosses ✔ 5.1.5 - They break down rock into soil ✔/ they help to form soil 2 - thereby making it possible for other species to grow ✔ 9 Activity 6 6.1 6.1.1 P=MxC✔ 3 R P = 500 X 450 ✔ 5

Downloaded from hlayiso.com P = 45 000 ✔ 6.1.2 (a) Overestimate ✔ 1 (b) Underestimate ✔ 1 5 Activity 7 7.1 7.1.1 73%✔ 1 7.1.2 - Planning for education✔ 2 - Planning for health-care✔ - Planning for housing✔ (Mark first TWO only) 7.1.3 - There’s been a decrease in income tax revenue✔ 2 - Unemployment has increased✔ (Mark first TWO only) 7.1.4 - Since we would run out of resources✔ 2 - future generations may have to pay more✔ - as we would be more dependent on imported products✔ (Mark first ONE only) 7 Activity 8 8. 1 8.1.1 Hummingbird Mutualism ✔✔ Bird receives nectar from the flower and pollinates the flower at the same time✔ Fleabite on human Parasitism✔ Fleas bite the human and feed, and human is harmed in the process✔ Egret on rhino Commensalism ✔ Egret benefits as it waits for the rhino to disturb insects in the grass as it moves along feeding. The

Downloaded from hlayiso.com bird catches the insects as they fly up. The rhino is not harmed and does not benefit from the relationship✔ 6 6 HUMAN IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT Terminology 1. A process by which nutrients become highly concentrated in a body of Eutophication water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae. 2. Measurement of the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions of an Carbon footprint individual, a defined population or a company per year. 3. The type of pollution caused when water is released into a river after Thermal being heated in power stations or industries. pollution 4. A layer in the atmosphere that is damaged by chlorofluorocarbons Ozone layer (CFCs). 5. Measurement of the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions of an Carbon footprint individual per year. 6. Having access to enough food on a daily basis to ensure healthy living. Food security 7. The illegal removal of organisms from their habitat Poaching 8. The variety of plant and animal species on Earth Biodiversity

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 1 1.1. - Respiration’ - Decomposition’ - Forestv /Veld fires (Mark first TWO only) 1.2 - Transporty /diesel/coal/wood/liquid gas/paraffin - Use of electrical appliances~ /refrigerators, (Mark first TWO only) 1.3 -Trees/plants absorb CO.” - during photosynthesis” 1.4 - More heat of sun is trappedv /lesser heat escapes form earth surface - consequently gradual rise in temperaturev - causes the enhancedv greenhouse effect (Mark first TWO only) Activity 2 stoves 2.1. Global warming potentialv 25 x more than that of CO2 22 - decrease in massv of organic waste through decomposition - generate electricity” from methane formed Activity 3 3.1 (a) 446 +11 +2049 =50¥/(100 - 50) = 50V (b) Estimated % Global Methane Emissions by different sources Agriculture 4% Other sources 50% Coal Mining 6% Landfills 11% Oil & Gas 20% Waste Water 9% Any 2 Any 2 (2) (2) (2) (2) (8) a) (2) (2) 14

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 4 Activity 5

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Downloaded from hlayiso.com As the temperature of the water increases/decreasesv the concentration of the dissolved oxygen decreases/increasesv + The higher temperature, results in water organisms and Bacteria becoming more active and using more oxygenv * resulting in an increase in the biological oxygen demandv/ * Less oxygen available can lead to organisms dyingy To increase the validityy of the investigation. - Anumber of samples per site v should have been taken. - The average should have been calculated. Activity 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 a. Mayfly nymphy b. Sludge wormsY The size/ volume of the water samplesv Samples taken at the same depthy Samples taken at the same time Use sterile containers Max 2 Oxygenv/ waste/ amount of substance Mark first ONE only The oxygen decreases” proportionally to the decrease in the wastev until the amount of waste reaches ‘normal’ levelsY when the amount of oxygen begins to increase and stabilise and become constant. v Max 3 Unpolluted water/ less waste at Xv therefore more plants will be presentv producing more oxygen through photosynthesis (v’) Max 2 OR Unpolluted water/ less waste at Xv therefore fewer bacteria presentv hence using less oxygen (v’) Max 2 Typhoidv/ Cholera/ gastroenteritis Any 1 (2) (2) (1) (3) (2) (1) [11] (2) (2) (2) (1) (7)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Activity 7 7A Advantages: + Easy to deal with only requires land and transporty + Itis the best way of disposing of toxic and dangerous wastev + Methane produced from landfills can be used as a source of energy” (3) Disadvantages: ¢ Landfills cannot be situated too close to citiesv Land is expensive and fumes can affect people near byv’ Cost of transporting waste to landfillsv Methane can be a fire hazardv’ Methane contributes to global warming Run-off from rain can cause poisonous substances to seep into the soil Max 4 (4) Activity 8 8.1 Accept any answer between 29 - 31arbitrary unitsv (1) 8.2 (a) The sulphur dioxide level was higher in 2000 compared to 1998 in all countriesvy OR The sulphur dioxide level was lower in 2005 compared to 2000 in most countries OR The sulphur dioxide level was the same in most countries in 2000 (1) (b) In France there was an increase in the level of sulphur dioxide from 2000 to 2005v whereas in all of the other countries there was a decrease from 2000 to 2005v (2) 8.3 Japany (1) 8.4 + Using renewable sources of energy such as wind and solar energy /reducing use of fossil fuels + Implementing programmes/strategies to save energy” + Improved/alternative technology to reduce pollutiony + Improved legislation for air quality~ + Effective monitoringy + Imposing heavy finesv + Make use of public transport/bicycles/hybrid carsv + Increased environmental awareness/educationv + (It only has 50 arbitrary units of sulphur dioxide) v (Mark first TWO only) (2) (7) Activity 9 9.1 Low number of species/low biodiversity~” (1) 9.2 - Addition of phosphates caused eutrophication - which led to an increase in algal growth / algal bloomv - which depleted the oxygen in the water v - thus reducing its ability to support a variety of life-formsv Any (3) (3)

9.3 Downloaded from hlayiso.com The length of food chains will be reducedv/complexity of food webs will be reduced - resulting in organisms feeding on the remaining speciesy having - excess foodv- leading to their overpopulationy - while organisms depending on the species that were lostv will - have lessv /no food available - leading to their death/migration Any (4) (4) 9.4 - The use of living organismsv - to control the numbers of other organismsv (2) (10) Activity 10 10.1 420kg - 280¥ =140 vkg morev (1) 10.2 Variety of cotton planted/ boll resistant and original cotton typesY (1) 10.3. To ensure that the increase in yield v was due to the cotton being resistant to boll weevil and not because of another factor (read sense of answer) V (2) 10.4 Alarger sample size v would have resulted in more reliable results”. (2) 10.5 Boll weevil resistant cotton v will have a higher yield vin comparison to original variety V when planted in the same conditions. (3) 10.6 The results show that the (percentage) yieldv of boll weevil resistant cotton is 10%¥” or more than the original variety when grown in the same conditions. (3) 10.7 Boll weevils do not feed on boll weevil resistant/R cotton” therefore less pesticide is needed than when using V cotton which they do eat v (2) 10.8 Both (artificial and natural selection) v— farmers would choose to grow R cotton as it has a higher yield/ they use less pesticide, this is artificial selection Vand because R cotton is less likely to be eaten therefore more will reproduce/ because there is a higher yieldY more will be able to reproduce and over time there will be more R than V cotton v— natural selection (4)