L2 English Basic Language Pillars hlayiso.com

ENGLISH 1ST ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE LEVEL 2 BASIC LANGAUGE PILLARS Downloaded from hlayiso.com

 PUNCTUATION o The marks, such as full stops, comma and brackets used in writing to separate sentences and their element. They are also used to clarify meaning. o Correct punctuation is very important to writing correctly and clearly. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

—Z. Exclamation marks (!) * for indicating strong feelings in a sentence, for example, / hate Maths! * after exclamations, for example, Oh! Ouch! Yes! Apostrophe (’) * to show that something belongs to someone, we use the possessive apostrophe: ° add ’s at the end of a singular noun, for example, the lecturer’s book; the lady’s hard hat ° add the apostrophe after the s of plural nouns, for example, the students’ books; the ladies’ cloakroom to show that two words have been combined to become one, also called a contraction, we place an apostrophe to show that letters have been left out, for example, it is = it’s; we have = we’ve; do not = don’t; should not = shouldn't. Colon: (:) to introduce direct speech, for example, The lecturer asked: “Do you understand?” to show that an example or explanation follows or for listing items that add meaning to the word before it, for example, The following students have done very well in the comprehension test: John, Marcus, Lydia and Ntombi. Semi-colon (;) for joining two complete sentences in the place of conjunctions, for example, Julius’ hands were aching from writing the long research report; my hands were also sore. Quotation mark or inverted commas (“ ”) ° to indicate the actual words used by a speaker, for example, “You are going to hurt yourself.” * when we write the title of a book or newspaper, for example, “Entrepreneurship for Dummies”; ‘The Cape Argus”. Hyphens (- ) Downldadedtsinemmhiayiso.com ° to join word parts i single wor ° for example: time-table; friendly-looking; sugar-free; off-road; twenty-one; ice-cream.

Fa — Punctuation is powerful! — Information sheet Punctuation mark Where do | use it? Full stop (.) at the end of a statement sentence, for example, My favourite subject is English First Additional Language. to show that some words have been shortened, for example, Capt. Molefe instead of Captain Molefe. Capital letters (ABC) to begin sentences, for example, The most useful book in the library is a dictionary. for proper nouns, titles, nationalities, languages and initials of people, for example, Mr P Du Pont is Portuguese but he speaks English and Tswana fluently. for the pronoun, / Small letters (abc) for common nouns unless they fall at the beginning of a sentence Comma (,) Down! to separate words or phrases in a list, for example, Our SRC chairperson is dedicated, committed and approachable. after yes or no, for example, No, thank you. to mark off extra information in the middle of a sentence, for example, Our SRC chairperson, who is a brilliant Engineering student, is an excellent speaker. to prevent misunderstanding. How do these two sentences differ in meaning? ° Woman without her man is nothin poet ohn yiso.com Question marks (?) show the end of a question sentence, for example, Are you also studying English?

 SENTENCES  A sentence is a set of words that is complete in itself, usually containing a subject and predicate that conveys a statement, question, exclamation, or command.  It consists of a main clause, and one or more secondary sections. o Basically a simple sentence has a substance or subject, meaning it focuses on that particular person or thing that is being discussed or dealt with.  TYPE OF LANGUAGE THAT IS USE WHEN WRITING  SIMPLE SENTENCES o A simple sentence is a sentence that consists of just one independent part or clause, it does not have any dependent parts. o These sentences are very easy to understand and they also work very well when writing a procedure, giving instructions or giving directions, and another important thing is that you need to use present (current) tense when writing these. o An independent clause can stand alone in a sentence, unlike the dependent Downloaded from hlayiso.com clause, making a complete sentence.

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 THE IMPERATIVE FORM o The imperative sentence are used to make a request, warning or a command, a straight demand. o They are also used to give an instruction or direction, show signs or notices and offer advice. o Ultimately they tell people what to do, they give people orders. o In order to use these sentences in a polite manner you need to add ‘please’. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

o Imperative form of writing is used when writing a procedure, giving out instructions and directions. o A command sentence always refers to you’ or it is directed to another person Downloaded from hlayiso.com plus you do not need to say it out loud.

 NEGATIVE SENTENCES o A negative sentence is a sentence that states that something is false, they include statements of things that are false. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

o They are created by adding the word “not” after the auxiliary, or adding a supporting verb in the positive sentence. (helping verbs / auxiliary verbs – add useful or proper meaning to the clause in which it appears… e.g. must, might, have, be, are, been, shall, may, do, is, etc.) Therefore, to change a positive sentence to a negative sentence that does not have a helping verb you need to add it. POSITIVE to NEGATIVE = add NOT HELPING VERB = (example) add DO COLLERRATION OF VERBS = (example) DO > DOES :> I LOVE GIVING DIRECTIONS. :> I DO NOT LOVE GIVING DIRECTIONS. :> SHE DOES NOT LOVE GIVING FIRECTIONS. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

YO | do not do ae have cc you don’t work —_ (©) - = believe —F he does not play she ie enjoy it doesn’t sleep you do not read fe we -or- study ab ra drink Downloaded from hlayiso.com L = :

Subject Simple Present Simple Past t I | Ido not have a dog. Idid not have adogwhen|wasachild, | — — — — — mY i You You do not like bh youmereyong eee 2 Seen ee ee (ais sia ss a He He does not own a car. His ae nak ceiti 8 cor lest mioneh: She does not enjoy shopping. se diana eno shopping se a Sa accccs ica si oe sisi ss pat ai it | Itdoes not matter. | Itdid not matter. We do not want to move per eae i We did not want to move bd another country. They ibs ahaa Wal iy id ae nae arly als —_ Our teacher did not give us any homework yesterday. 4 4. i _ My friends did not go out last night. yiso.com—