Tourism Culture and Heritage

OGKISH yh SELF STUDY GUIDE BOOKLET sas Culture and Heritage °::-:-": “ = war i basic education SR NATIONAL . ZA | (@) Deparment Second Chance 2030 BR EDUCATION a WOZA SAFE ESE omamen SAaticSpp Pore DP = BSCIAPORTION ~ETDP-SETA = |LMATRISS! —_mstsuonemen

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. Introduction 3 2. How to use this Self-study Guide 4 3. Topic: Culture and Heritage 5 3.1 Notes/Summaries/Key concepts 5 3.2 Questions 37 3.3 Answers 48 3.4 Examination Guidance (Topic specific) 55 3.5 Examination preparation 57 4. Study and Examination Tips (Subject Specific) 72 5. References 76 2

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 1. INTRODUCTION The declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic by the World Health Organisation led to the disruption of effective teaching and learning in many schools in South Africa. The majority of learners across grades spent less time in class due to the phased-in approach as well as, rotational / alternative timetables that were implemented across provinces. Consequently, most schools were not able to complete all the relevant content prescribed in Grades 10-12 in accordance with the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statements for Tourism. Part of the mitigation and intervention against the impact of COVID-19 in the current Recovery Plans in Grades 10-12, the Department of Basic Education (DBE) worked in collaboration with Subject Specialists from various Provincial Education Departments (PEDs) to develop this Self- Study Guide Booklet. This Self Study Guide Booklet includes and covers topics, skills and concepts for ‘Culture and Heritage’, prescribed in the Teaching plans for this topic in Grade 12. Content in this booklet is critical towards laying a strong foundation to better understand and improve the understanding of this topic. The main aim of this booklet is to: • Close existing content gaps in this topic • Improve and strengthen a full understanding of the content prescribed for this topic • Improve the performance in this topic in Grade 12. 3

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 2. HOW TO USE THIS SELF STUDY GUIDE? This Self-Study Guide Booklet covers the content on Culture and Heritage. The booklet is designed to explain and improve understanding of the topics that learners find challenging in the Grade 12 NSC Examinations. This booklet does not cover all the topics, but includes only those topics that cover core content in each knowledge area. Work your way through this Self Study Guide Booklet to: • Improve your understanding of the content. • Identify your areas of weakness and improve upon these weaknesses. • Improve your techniques of how-to breakdown a question to answer it more accurately. The selected key concepts are accompanied by explanatory notes /summaries and assessment practice activities to improve the process of answering of questions in the NSC Examination. The guide also provides relevant answers and further provides guidance on how to use the mark allocation and structure of a question to develop an accurate response. Further guidance is provided on Examination and Study Tips to better prepare yourself in this topic and this section of the National Senior Certificate Examination (NSC) question paper. To ensure a good performance in Tourism, cover the remaining topics of the curriculum well, by using a textbook(s) and notes /summaries. This Self Study Guide Booklet serves to ensure that you are prepared for the end-of-year NSC examination. The importance of your success cannot be over-emphasised towards preparing a bright future for yourself. Accept this challenge towards seeing yourself on the brink of taking the first stepping stone in preparing to participate in the future of the South African economy. 4

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 3. TOPIC: CULTURE AND HERITAGE 3.1 Notes/Summaries/Key Concepts Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12 • Concepts •South African • Concepts • Importance and Heritage • UNESCO value of Resources • World Heritage conserving Agency Sites in South heritage for future Africa generations Grade 10 Key concepts CULTURE CULTURAL DIVERSITY LOCAL HERITAGE SITES HERITAGE PROVINCIAL HERITAGE SITES NATIONAL HERITAGE SITES KEY CONCEPTS TO INTRODUCE AND BETTER DESCRIPTION UNDERSTAND THIS TOPIC It is the way of life of a specific group of people. It is the idea, Culture customs, and social behaviour of the society. Cultural diversity A variety of cultural groups within a society. It is everything of value that we have inherited and wish to Heritage preserve for future generations. 5

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Sites which are important to the people or community that live Local heritage sites in that specific area. Sites which are important to the people that live in that specific Provincial heritage sites province. National heritage sites Sites that are of cultural and natural importance to the country. What is culture? Culture is the way of life of a specific group of people. It can be seen in ways of behaving, beliefs, values, and custom followed. Culture is passed on from one generation to the next. Culture is not static but always changing as each generation contributes its experience of the world and discards things that are no longer useful to them. Culture is not something you are born with. It is earned from family, school, religious teachings, media and the government of the country. Advertisements, magazines and movies are also very powerful in shaping culture. [Spot On Tourism Grade 10. ISBN 978-0-796-23670-8] HERITAGE Cultural values of a nation are inherited, preserved and sustained for future generations to come. Heritage can either be cultural or natural. CULTURAL DIVERSITY South Africa is known as a “Rainbow Nation” because of cultural diversity that all come together to make one country. Cultural diversity is noticeable in different styles of cultures depicted by different buildings. Handicrafts made can also be easily associated to specific cultural groups. [Shutters Top Class Grade 10 ISBN 978-0-7960-4423-5] [www.magnifisant.co.za/tourism-keyrings] 6

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Local Heritage Sites Each local community has its own heritage sites. These sites are important to the people or community that live in that specific area such as monuments or museums. Provincial Heritage Sites Each province has its own heritage sites. These sites are important to the people that live in that specific province such as sites representing the history of the province. National Heritage Sites Each country has its own heritage sites. These sites are important to the people of that country representing their history and cultural diversity, such as historical monuments, grave sites or government buildings. The importance and value of conserving heritage Heritage • Heritage is a living legacy that helps us to understand our past. • It provides context for the present and influence the future. • Heritage is irreplaceable. It should therefore be preserved for future generations. • This will then create a sense of pride and means of celebrating the past. • Heritage makes a community aware of what they have and showcase it to the world. • Heritage sites are examples of what we need to protect as a country for future generations. [www.sahistory.org.za/article/definition-natural-and-cultural-heritage-sites] 7

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage The importance and value of conserving heritage can be social, economic, or environmental Social value of conserving heritage • Local people develop a sense of pride by showcasing their culture to tourists. • The style of living change for better if many tourists visit the society. Local people copy good things from tourists that can improve their style of living. • When local people see that their culture is important and valuable, it helps to build unity and encourage ownership of this heritage by the community. • Rituals are part of heritage that brings local people together. Rituals are a unifying factor. • Some of these sites must be protected so that as a country we don’t repeat the same mistakes again e.g. The Hector Peterson Museum. • These sites can also be visited for educational purposes. • Visiting these sites will create an awareness of what we need to do as a nation. [Spot On Tourism Grade 10 ISBN 978-0-796-23670-8] [Shuters Top Class Tourism Grade 10 ISBN 978-0-7960-4423-5] [www.greater.krugerpark.co.za/Activities_guide.travel/african-culture-art-shangana] Economic value of conserving heritage • Heritage provides employment opportunities for the local people. • Heritage can also motivate local people to become entrepreneurs by starting new tourism products. [https://www.gbnews.ch/a-journey-into-entrepreneurship/] 8

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Environmental value of conserving heritage • Heritage sites are special places for the community. There are laws that protect these environmental sites. • There is a lot of history around these sites. If heritage sites are not protected, they can become degraded. • Heritage protection prevents plants and animals from becoming extinct. • Heritage sites must be protected from massive development that can promote economy at the expense of the environment. • Environmental impact assessors must be very strict on the development that can take place in and around these beautiful places. [http://www.splendecor.com/en/SUSTAINABILITY/Environmental_Conservation/] Grade 11 Key concepts SAHRA: SAHRA is the South African Heritage Resource Agency and focuses on the national heritage of South Africa. The organisation forms part of the Sports, Arts and Culture department in the government. A set of criteria was developed to determine the importance of a site. It is the South African administrative body concerned with heritage of South Africa. SAHRA is the main body responsible for the protection of the cultural heritage of South Africa. The vision of SAHRA: “A nation united through heritage” Main objectives of SAHRA: • Regulation of heritage resources • Protection of heritage resources • Marketing of the sites • Promotes social cohesion (unity) and lift the standard of living of the local community through the management of the resources. 9

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage What is a heritage site? • Heritage sites are either local, provincial, or national heritage sites. • Places with exceptional qualities can be identified by SAHRA (or a member of the public) because the place has special local, provincial, or national significance (value). • An appointed group of people will visit the site, speak to the local community, and then evaluate the value of the site. • It is then decided if the site has provincial or national significance. • The site is placed on the register - national or provincial. • These places will be marked with a badge or a plaque. The plaque shows that the place / site has provincial or national value. [Shutters Top Class Tourism Grade 10 ISBN 978-0-7960-4423-5] The SAHRA logo: [www.sahra.org.za] Symbolism of the components of the SAHRA logo: SAHRA’s commitment to South Africa is represented by the cupped hands holding the map of South Africa. The mandate of SAHRA states that it will protect the rich cultural resources of South Africa. 10

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Change and continuity is represented by the open spiral. It shows that the national cultural heritage of the country is dynamic, a living force that has the power to shape our present. It can guide the future and enrich the lives of the people of South Africa. The colours of the country’s earth are represented by the colours used for the logo – the rich ochres of the soil from which we have sprung. “NDZALAMA YA RIXAKA” This means heritage for the nation in Xitsonga. [www.sahra.org.za] Provincial heritage sites have cultural and historical value for the provinces where it is located, where national sites have cultural and historical value for the country. SAHRA has offices in each of the nine provinces in the country to help with the identification and protection of the sites. [Shutters Top Class Tourism Grade 11 ISBN 978-0-7960-4425-9] 11

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage There are special heritage permits and protection regulations to help with the preservation of the South African heritage, including: • Structures older than 60 years • Archaeological and palaeontological sites and materials • Meteorites • Shipwrecks • Burial grounds and graves SAHRA also recommends South African Heritage Sites to become World Heritage Sites through UNESCO. [https://sahris.sahra.org.za/about/news/celebrating-world-heritage-day] UNESCO and SAHRA are working together. April the 18th is International Day for monuments and Sites, also popularly known as World Heritage Day. To celebrate this day, GoUNESCO, a UNESCO New Delhi supported online challenge, is planning a social media campaign of epic scale to bring heritage and world heritage into focus and needs your help to make this a worldwide effort. The idea is to highlight world heritage sites in every country between 17th and 19th April and make this trend across the world. [https://sahris.sahra.org.za/about/news/celebrating-world-heritage-day] 12

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Grade 12 WORLD HERITAGE SITES OF SOUTH AFRICA Key concepts: WORLD HERITAGE SITES UNESCO UNESCO’S CRITERIA World Heritage Sites What is a World heritage site? A World Heritage Site is a place of outstanding value to all the people of the world. UNESCO awarded these sites international recognition and regards them as of importance to all people of the world. It is the responsibility of everybody to ensure that heritage sites are protected. [Shuters Top Class Tourism Grade 10 ISBN 978-0-7960-4423-5] UNESCO’s Role UNESCO is part of the United Nations. It stands for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. UNESCO plays a major role in promoting peace and security all over the world through science, education, and culture. [Focus Tourism Grade 12 ISBN 978-0-636-14196-4] . UNESCO’s logo The logo symbolises a Greek Temple, which represents science, learning and culture 13

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage The main functions of UNESCO UNESCO carries the following main functions to fulfil its role • Encourage countries to sign heritage convention • To ensure the protection of natural and cultural heritage • To improve education in developing countries through science research and training • To encourage and promote universal access to information • To aid sites that are in immediate danger of becoming extinct • To conserve water and other natural resources • To maintain, and spread knowledge of conservation and sustainability The World Heritage Emblem: United Nations World Heritage Educational, Convention Scientific and Cultural Organization The emblem represents the interdependence of the world’s natural and the cultural diversity. This emblem is used to identify the properties that are protected by the World Heritage Convention. It shows that the property is inscribed on the official World Heritage List. It represents the universal values that are underwritten by the Convention. The emblem is sometimes used in conjunction with the UNESCO logo (see picture on the right side) [https://whc.unesco.org/en/emblem/] 14

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Types of World Heritage Sites World Heritage Sites are divided into two main categories. These are natural and cultural heritage sites. Mixed heritage sites are also found in small numbers. TYPE OF DEFINITION EXAMPLES HERITAGE SITE Natural • These are sites that are Forests, mountains, coastal areas, flora and Heritage Site habitat to species of fauna fauna. If an area contains rare natural and flora. formations, like unique rock shapes or is • Sites with great value in terms very beautiful. [www.hluhluwegamereserve.com/south-african-biomes/] of science, conservation, or natural beauty. • Natural features of physical and biological formations also fall under this category. Cultural A Cultural Heritage Site must Monuments, sculptures, paintings, caves, Heritage Site meet some of the following buildings, archaeological sites. criteria: • It must show an outstanding human creativity in exchanging human values. • It must be a good example of historical site showing culture that is no longer strong. • It can be a building that is showing outstanding archaeological value. [https://www.alamy.com/huge-nelson-mandela- • It has to show evidence of statue-in-front-of-the-union-buildings- government] tradition or civilisation that has disappeared or is still alive. 15

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Mixed Heritage These are the sites that have both Maloti-Drakensberg Park Site outstanding cultural and natural features. [https://www.heritagecollection.co.za/places/ south-africa/kwazulu- natal/underberg/maloti-drakensberg-world- heritage-site/] 16

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage UNESCO SELECTION CRITERIA To be included on the World Heritage List, sites must be of outstanding universal value and meet at least one out of ten selection criteria. (i) to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius; (ii) to exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design; (iii) to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared; (iv) to be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history; (v) to be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change; (vi) to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria); (vii) to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance; (viii) to be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features; (ix) to be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals; (x) to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation. [Adapted from https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/] The link between the Selection criteria of UNESCO and the World Heritages Sites of South Africa 17

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage The link between the Selection criteria of UNESCO and the World Heritages Sites of South Africa UNESCO CRITERIA SOUTH AFRICA WORLD HERITAGE SITES CULTURAL CRITERIA (i) to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius • Maloti-Drakensberg Park (ii) to exhibit an important interchange of human values, • Mapungubwe Cultural over a span of time or within a cultural area of the Landscape world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design (iii) to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to • Mapungubwe Cultural a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or Landscape which has disappeared • Robben Island • Maloti-Drakensberg Park • Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa (iv) to be an outstanding example of a type of building, • Richtersveld Cultural and architectural or technological ensemble or landscape Botanical Landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history (v) to be an outstanding example of a traditional human • Richtersveld Cultural and settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is Botanical Landscape representative of a culture (or cultures), or human • ǂKhomani Cultural interaction with the environment especially when it Landscape has become vulnerable under the impact of • Mapungubwe Cultural irreversible change Landscape (vi) to be directly or tangibly associated with events or • ǂKhomani Cultural living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with Landscape artistic and literary works of outstanding universal • Robben Island significance. (The Committee considers that this • Fossil Hominid Sites of criterion should preferably be used in conjunction South Africa with other criteria) 18

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage NATURAL CRITERIA (vii) to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of • iSimangaliso Wetland exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance; Park • Maloti-Drakensberg Park (viii) to be outstanding examples representing major • Vredefort Dome stages of earth's history, including the record of life, • Barberton Makhonjwa significant on-going geological processes in the Mountains development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features; (ix) to be outstanding examples representing significant • Cape Floral Region on-going ecological and biological processes in the Protected Areas evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, • iSimangaliso Wetland coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of Park plants and animals; (x) to contain the most important and significant natural • Cape Floral Region habitats for in-situ conservation of biological Protected Areas diversity, including those containing threatened • iSimangaliso Wetland species of outstanding universal value from the point Park of view of science or conservation. [Adapted from whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/] IMPORTANT: It is not expected from you to know the criteria off by heart, but you need to be able to refer to it. 19

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Cape Floral Region Maloti- Protected Areas Drakensberg Park Robben Island iSimangaliso Wetland Park Barberton Makhonjwa WORLD HERITAGE SITES Mountains SOUTH AFRICA Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape Richtersveld Cultural and Fossil Hominid Botanical Sites of South Landscape Africa ǂKhomani Vredefort Dome Cultural Landscape World Heritages Sites of South Africa 20

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage [https://whc.unesco.org/] DATE OF NAME OF THE SITE PROVINCE TYPE OF SITE PROCLAMATION 1999 iSimangaliso Wetland Park KwaZulu Natal Natural 1999 Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa Gauteng Cultural 1999 Robben Island Western Cape Cultural Province 2000 Maloti-Drakensberg Park KwaZulu Natal Cultural Natural 2003 Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape Limpopo Cultural 2004 Cape Floral Region Protected Areas Western Cape Natural Province 2005 Vredefort Dome Free State Natural 2007 Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Northern Cape Cultural Landscape Province 2017 ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape Northern Cape Cultural Province 2018 Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains Mpumalanga Natural 21

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage World Heritage sites – Location on a map of South Africa ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape Barberton Richtersveld Makhonjwa Cultural and Fossil Hominid Sites Mountains Botanical of South Africa Landscape Cape Floral Region Maloti-Drakensberg Protected Areas Park Robben Island iSimangaliso Vredefort Dome Wetland Park [https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734] 22

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage CAPE FLORAL REGION PROTECTED AREAS UNESCO criteria: Criteria (ix) Criteria (x) Description: One of 18 biodiversity hotspots in the world and the richest Type of site: in plant life in the world. The area Natural site consists of 8 protected areas. 69% species are endemic. The most known of the species is the fynbos Location: vegetation. It is indigenous and Western Cape highly concentrated. The most Province fascinating of the fynbos is its ability to adapt to fire. A unique, outstanding and spectacular area. 23

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Location: Western Cape Province WEs ROBBEN ISLAND Type of site: Cultural site WEs UNESCO criteria: Criteria (iii) Criteria (vi) Description: Robben Island is located in Table Bay, Cape Town. It is the location of the maximum-security prison where the late President Nelson Mandela, the first democratically elected president of South Africa spent 18 of 27 years of imprisonment. Robben Island is a National Monument. There are scheduled boat trips that leave from the V&A Waterfront. Tourists visit the site to see the prison cells and lime quarry. They can also have a talk with ex-political prisoners. 24

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Location: Kwa Zulu Natal iSimangaliso Wetland Park UNESCO criteria: Criteria (vii) Criteria (ix) Criteria (x) Type of site: Natural site Description: The rivers, ocean and wind have produced different landforms. iSimangaliso Wetland Park is the third largest protected area and the only marine world heritage site in South Africa. There are 8 independent natural ecosystems. It includes dune forests, coral reefs, extensive savannahs and wetlands. The park is famous for its exceptional biodiversity with many bird species, turtles and whales. 25

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage MALOTI DRAKENSBERG PARK Type of site: Natural Cultural (Mixed) UNESCO criteria: Criteria (i) Criteria (iii) Criteria (vii) Description: The park is known for its exceptional beauty and together with many endemic bird and animal species it meets the natural criteria. The large concentration of rock art paintings is found in the mountains. Therefore, the park meets the cultural criteria as well. This site is the only site in South Africa that is known as a mixed site. Location: KwaZulu Natal Natal Rock art 26

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Type of site: Cultural UNESCO criteria: Criteria (iv) Criteria (v) Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape Location: Northern Cape Province Nama people Halfmens plant Description: The area is a vast, mountainous desert landscape. The area is the only arid biodiversity hotspot in the world with the “halfmens” as one of the unique plants. The local Nama people own and manage the Richtersveld National Park. They live a semi-nomadic lifestyle. They live in movable houses and use plant materials for medicine. Tradition is very important to them and they share stories and their values with the local community. 27

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape Description: This site is in the southern part of the Type o Kalahari. The site is bordered by Cultu f site: Botswana in the east and Namibia in ral sit e the west. There is a small group of UNES San people living in the area. Traces CO c that date back to the Stone Age are Criter riteria: ia present here. The San people Criter (v) ia (vi) developed a specific ethnobotanical knowledge, cultural practices and a specific view of the area. Location: Northern Cape Province 28

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Fossil Hominid Sites (Cradle of Humankind) Mrs Ples Location: Gauteng Type of site: UNESCO criteria: Cultural Criteria (iii) Province Criteria (vi) Description: The Cradle of Humankind is built which is considered as the birthplace of humankind where the first hominid was found in 1924. It has several fossil sites which have evidence of the traces of human evolution dating back as far as 3.3 million years. The remains are found in the limestone caves – ancient forms of animals, plants and hominids. The caves started out as coral reefs growing in a warm shallow sea about 2.3 billion years ago. Maropeng Visitor Centre 29

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage VREDEFORT DOME Location: Free State a nd Type of site: riteria: UNESCO c i) North west Natural Criteria (vii provinces Description: The Vredefort Dome is the world’s largest impact crater. It is 300km in diameter. A meteorite hit the earth about 2 billion years ago. This impact resulted in the crater that is known as Vredefort Dome. The geological structure is the only remains left of the crater, the rest eroded away. There is a ring of hills left – about 70km in diameter. 30

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage MAPUNGUBWE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE Location: Limpopo UNESCO Province criteria: Criteria (ii) Type of Criteria (iii) site: Criteria (iv) Cultural Criteria (v) Description: This site is situated in the extreme north of the country. Mapungubwe dates all the way back to the Iron Age. It was the centre of gold and ivory trade with eastern African ports. It was abandoned in the 1300’s. Heritage was left behind by generations passed that indicates this once wealthy kingdom. The Mapungubwe Interpretation Centre to familiarize visitors with the site The golden rhinoceros was recovered in 1934 from a royal grave at Mapungubwe. Its creation in the 1200’s shows the wealth of Mapungubwe, which was southern Africa’s earliest known kingdom. 31

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains Description: The BMM is the first UNESCO World Heritage Site in Mpumalanga Province. It has exceptional geological value because of very ancient rocks. The site represents the best-preserved, thick and diverse succession of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. It dates from a period when the first continents were starting to form – 3.6 to3.25 million years ago. It also gives evidence of the appearance of Earth’s first cellular life. Type of site: Location: Natural Mpumalanga Province UNESCO criteria: Criteria (viii) 32

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage [https://www.cardinalcustomlawn.com/2018/12/27/understanding-cabin-value/] Value of World Heritage Sites to the South African tourism industry: • The promotion of the World Heritage Sites brings an awareness of the provinces / regions of location. • The promotion of the sites will lead to higher visitor numbers to the region or provinces. • The higher visitor numbers bring a higher income for the areas, which results in a better economy for the provinces. • More tourists to the area mean that more job opportunities are available • Local communities are having entrepreneurial opportunities. • The higher income earned by the local community members brings along a higher standard of living. • It brings a sense of pride and ownership to the communities where the sites are located. • It betters working relationship between the tourism organisations, tourism establishments and the local community. • Money earned from higher visitor numbers is utilised to upgrade and maintain the infrastructure in the area. • The higher revenue from the tourists makes more conservation efforts possible. • The World Heritage Sites bring a prestige to the area because it gets coverage from the media and is visited by domestic and international tourists. 33

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Glossary KEY CONCEPTS DEFINITIONS Administrative Referring to the running of the organisation Remains of a certain culture in the form of material remains such as Archaeological tools, jewellery, or pottery An object made by a human being. This object is usually of cultural or Artefacts historical interest Biodiversity hotspots A place of significant activity or grouping of things like plants Refers to human development that is advanced especially in social Civilization and cultural areas Cohesion Unity; the action of forming a united whole Conservation Refers to the protection of the natural and cultural environments Criteria A standard by which the places or sites will be judged It is the way of life of a specific group of people. It is the idea, customs Culture and social behaviour of the society Cultural diversity A variety of cultural groups within a society A system used by a government whereby representatives are elected Democracy by the citizens of the country Refers to the range of human differences that include beliefs, race, Diversity religion, gender, age, ethnicity and ethical values The relationship between plants, animals and the environment in a Ecosystems particular area Endemic Something that grows only in a specific area Ethnobotanical Knowledge of the region’s plants and their practical uses knowledge Evolution The gradual development of something Extinct Something that is no longer living or no longer in existence Fauna The animals of a particular region or habitat Flora The plants of a particular region or habitat 34

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Remains of prehistorical plant and animal material that are preserved Fossils because they were embedded in rock formations Future generations Generations that will enjoy heritage in the years to come It is everything of value that we have inherited and wish to preserve Heritage for future generations Hominid All modern and extinct humans and primate mammals Impact crater A crater that was caused by the impact of a meteorite Indigenous Plants and animals that occur naturally in a specific area / place Inherited Received from past generations Landforms A natural feature of the surface of the earth Sites are important to the people or community that live in that Local heritage sites specific area Refers to attractions that are human made rather than occurring as a Man –made attractions result of nature Promoting and selling of products and services including market Marketing research and advertising It is a piece of rock or metal that had fallen on the earth from outer Meteorite space National heritage sites Sites that are of cultural and natural importance to the country Refers to attractions that have been formed as a result of nature, not Natural attractions made by humans Where living organisms live in conjunction with the non-living Natural ecosystems components in the environment to form a system Palaeontological The study of plant and animal fossils Pastoral Land used for the keeping or grazing of sheep and cattle A document from the authorities to give you permission to continue Permits with your plans and actions A tablet, usually from metal or wood, that is fixed to a wall. It gives Plaque information about the place for example: National Heritage Site Refers to the setting aside and protection of buildings, objects and Preservation landscape 35

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage To protect something for example cultural traditions, buildings, objects Preserve and landscapes Proclaim To make an official or public announcement It is an area that are dedicated and managed through legal means to Protected area achieve long term conservation of nature Provincial heritage site Sites that are important to the people that live in that specific province Responsible Part of the job, obligation to do something Human-made paintings on natural surfaces like vertical stone Rock art paintings surfaces Semi-nomadic Living in temporary dwellings and practice seasonal migration The ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level without depleting Sustainability or permanently damaging it UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation Unique The only one of its kind, nothing else to match it Universal Something that is done by all people in the world 36

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 3.2 Questions Study and work through the questions that follow. It will assist to determine how well you have understood and mastered the content. First attempt the questions on your own. Grade 10 Activity 1 1.1 A heritage plague like the one on the right, is awarded to sites that have obtained … status [https://www.heritagecollection.co.za/places/south-africa/north- west/norlim/taung-heritage-site/] A World heritage B National heritage C Provincial heritage D Local heritage (1) 1.2 Differentiate between heritage and culture (4) 1.3 Explain the importance of our South African cultural diversity and uniqueness by referring to the accompanying pictures (A and B) of the elements of culture [https://inafricaandbeyond.com/south-african- (2) foods-you-must-try/] [https://www.pngegg.com/en/png-bytzr] (2) 37

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 1.4 Explain the difference between local, provincial and national heritage sites. (3) 1.5 Choose the appropriate word in brackets to complete the sentence correctly. 1.5.1 Visiting heritage sites for educational purposes is a / an (environmental, social) value of conserving heritage (1) 1.5.2 Monuments and buildings are examples of (natural, cultural) heritage (1) 1.6 Explain in two reasons why it is important and of value to conserve heritage for future generation (4) [18] Grade 11 Activity 1: Study the extract from HERITAGE NEWS and answer the questions that follow: 1. 38

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 2. 3. 39

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 4. [www.sahra.org.za/Heritage-Object-Comic-Booklet] 1.1 Write the abbreviation SAHRA in full. (1) 1.2 Explain in your own words: a) What SAHRA is. (2) b) What SAHRA’s main responsibility is. (2) c) What the national estate is. (1) 1.3 Discuss the following in a paragraph: • Heritage resources. (2) • The information that we get from certain resources. (2) • TWO examples of such resources. (2) 1.4 Study the statement below and answer the question that follow: Heritage is an important part in overcoming the history of South Africa and building a new future. Refer to the part of the comic strip numbered 4. Critically discuss the statement above. (4) [16] 40

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Activity 2: Study the pie graph that gives a breakdown of the provincial share of national sites. Answer the questions that follow. [http://www.theheritageportal.co.za] Eastern Cape: 9% France: 2% Western Cape: 23% Free State: 5% Northern Cape: 2% North West: 9% Mpumalanga: 2% Gauteng: 41% Limpopo: 5% KZN: 5% TWO Note: The South African National Memorial at Delville Wood in France is the country’s only national heritage site outside of the borders of the country. 2.1 Identify the TWO provinces with the highest percentages of national heritage sites (2) 2.2 Suggest ONE possible reason (per province) why the mentioned provinces in Question 2.1 have more sites compared to the rest of the provinces. (4) 2.3 Identify TWO provinces that have the smallest portion of the heritage sites. (2) 2.4 a) Name the section that does not belong to any province. (1) b) Give ONE reason why this country is included on the pie graph. (2) [11] 41

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Activity 3: 3.1 Write the abbreviation UNESCO in full (2) 3.2 Differentiate between SAHRA and UNESCO by referring to the declaration of sites. (2) [4] Grade 12 Activity 1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (1.1 to 1.5) e.g. 1.6 D 1.1 UNESCO Criteria (vii) to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance, is linked to the… A Maloti-Drakensberg Park B Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape C Robben Island D Vredefort Dome 1.2 Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape is situated in … A KwaZulu Natal B Limpopo C Mpumalanga D Northern Cape 1.3 An example of a natural World Heritage Site is … A ǂKhomani Cultural landscape B Maloti-Drakensberg Park C Robben Island D Vredefort Dome 1.4 This site is located on the South Africa’s border with Zimbabwe and Botswana. A Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains B Fossil Homonid Sites of South Africa C ǂKhomani Cultural landscape D Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape 42

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 1.5 This World Heritage Site is made up of five different fossil-bearing cave sites. A Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains B Fossil Homonid Sites of South Africa C ǂKhomani Cultural landscape D Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape (5) Activity 2: Choose the World Heritage Site from COLUMN B that matches the type of World Heritage Site in COLUMN A. Write only the letter (A–J) next to the question numbers (2.1 to 2.3) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 2.4 M, O, P (All letters should be matched to a type of World Heritage Site in Column A) COLUMN A COLUMN B 2.1 Cultural Heritage Site A Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains 2.2 Mixed Heritage Site B Cape Floral Region Protected Areas 2.3 Natural Heritage Site C Fossil Homonid Sites of South Africa D iSimangaliso Wetland Park E #Khomani Cultural landscape F Maloti-Drakensberg Park G Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape H Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape I Robben Island J Vredefort Dome Activity 3: Choose the correct word(s) from those given in brackets. Write only the word(s) next to the question numbers (3.1 to 3.5) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 3.6 Johannesburg 3.1 The (Khomani Cultural landscape / Mapungubwe Cultural landscape) is in Limpopo. 3.2 (Cape Floral Region Protected Areas / Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape) is found in Western Cape. 3.3 Maloti-Drakensberg Park and (Vredefort Dome/ iSimangaliso Wetland Park) are found in KwaZulu Natal. 43

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 3.4 The (iSimangaliso Wetland Park/ Maloti-Drakensberg Park) meets the criterion of being a mixed World heritage Site. 3.5 The organization that is responsible for the declaration of World Heritage Sites in the country is, (SAHRA / UNESCO). (5) Activity 4: 4.1 Define: World Heritage Site (2) 4.2 Describe the role of UNESCO in conservation of heritage. (1x2) (2) 4.3 World Heritage Sites are classified according to TWO criteria. List the criteria. (2) 4.4 Name the cultural groups that are protected by the following sites: 4.4.1 Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape (1) 4.4.2 ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape (1) 44

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 4.5 Study the map of South Africa and identify the World Heritage Sites with the provinces according to the numbers. Present your answer in table format by using the example below. Number on the map World Heritage Site Province 6 10 3 2 5 9 4 1 8 7 (20) 4.6 Write the number of the site, the name of the site and ONE fact (sentence) to describe the uniqueness of each site. (10) 4.7 Discuss, in paragraph form, the value of the World Heritage Sites to the South African Tourism industry (4x2) (8) [46] 45

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Activity 5 Study the article from the Cape Business news below and answer the questions that follow. Robben Island introduces new price for locals May 3, 2019 Robben Island Museum will be introducing a two-tier pricing system, providing locals with a separate rate from international visitors, that will come into effective from June 2019. Chief Financial Officer at Robben Island Museum (RIM), Blayne Crocker, explained that based on an annual financial analysis and consultation with various stakeholders, they decided to introduce separate pricing for local and international visitors.” We believe that this decision will have a positive turnaround on our long term financial sustainability as an organisation whilst also contributing to an increase in domestic visitors,” he said. The Robben Island tour includes a ferry return trip from Cape Town, transport on the island, a guided island tour and a guided prison tour by an ex-political prisoner. “With such factors in mind, a different pricing structure that can provide for additional revenue that will meet our rising conservation needs, needed to be investigated. It is important that RIM has the financial backing to maintain a high standard of excellence with our tour experience.” RIM spokesperson, Morongoa Ramaboa says the funds generated from the tour fees allows the Robben Island Museum to protect and persevere the Island’s rich history as a World Heritage Site. “Preserving Robben Island as a world-class heritage site requires a lot of efforts to balance the conservation of the tangible heritage elements with the mission of increasing local access to the Island,” she said. www.cbn.co.za/featured/robben-island-introduces-new-price-for-locals 5.1 Explain the two-tier pricing system that was mentioned in the article. (2) 5.2 Explain the acronym RIM. (2) 46

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 5.3 Study the statement from the article below and answer the questions that follow. “Preserving Robben Island as a world-class heritage site requires a lot of efforts to balance the conservation of the tangible heritage elements with the mission of increasing local access to the Island” 5.3.1 In your own words explain the meaning of the following: a world-class heritage site. (2) 5.3.2 Discuss why they need to have a world-class heritage site. (4) 5.4 Explain, in a paragraph, the impact the decision to introduce new prices for locals will have on the World Heritage Site. (4x2) (8) [18] 47

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 3.3 ANSWERS Grade 10 Activity 1 1.1 Bü (1) 1.2 Culture refers to the values, attitudes, belief and practices of a particular group of people üü whereas heritage is what we inherit from our past such as language, food traditions and culture üü (4) 1.3 Picture A- Different kinds of food. Cultural diversity creates different kinds of dishes which is affected by traditional African, Asian and European influences. üü (2) Picture B- Music and dance. South African music has its roots from the mines, traditional Afrikaans and African music to entertain local and international tourists. üü (2) 1.4 Local heritage sites are important to the people or communityü that live in that specific area such as monuments or museums while provincial heritage sites are important to the people that live in that specific province üsuch as sites representing the history of the province while national heritage sites are important to the people of that country ürepresenting their history and cultural diversity, such as historical monuments, grave sites or government buildings (3) 1.5.1 Social ü (1) 1.5.2 Cultural ü (1) 1.6 Conserving heritage create a sense of pride and means of celebrating a nation past üü (2) It makes future generations to be aware of what they have and showcase to the world üü (2) Heritage protection help to prevent plants and animals from becoming extinct (Any TWO) [18] 48

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Grade 11 Activity 1 1.1 South African Resources Agency ü (1) 1.2 a) SAHRA is the body that looks after South Africa’s heritage ü (1) b) SAHRA coordinates the identification ü and management ü of resources that are classified as heritage (2) c) The national estate is a term that includes the heritage resources of the country. These resources have a special cultural value to us and must be preserved for future generations ü (1) 1.3 Heritage resources refer to all the evidence that we have today that was left by people many years ago. üü The evidence tells us how they lived, who they (2) were and how events in life had an influence on them. üü (2) Examples of such heritage resources we find in buildings, ülandscapesü and objects like graves, burial grounds, under the ground and under the water. (2) 1.4 Heritage resource helps with the resolution (reconciliation), understanding and respect between the different cultures to live in harmony as a country. üü It builds the bridge between the past and the present because there is a better understanding of what people did and experienced in the past. We understand the past better and helps to build the future üü (4) [15] Activity 2 2.1 Gauteng ü(41%) Western Cape ü (23%) (2) 2.2 Gauteng was the focus point of the Apartheid struggle and these sites were identified and declared as heritage sites. üü The rich history of Gauteng lead to identification of sites The Western Cape has a rich history as well with regards to slavery, but most of the sites are identified because of the winelands. üü (4) 2.3 Mpumalanga ü(2%) (2) Northern Cape ü(2%) 49

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 2.4 a) France ü (2%) (1) b) There is one national heritage site that is not located in South Africa ü - Delville Wood is situated in France.ü This site has significance for South Africa because of the battles that took place there during WW I. (2) [11] Activity 3: 3.1 UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation üü (2) 3.2 SAHRA is involved in the identification and declaration of national heritage sites (only South Africa) ü whereas UNESCO is responsible for the identification and declaration of heritage sites across the world (World Heritage Sites) ü (2) [4] Grade 12 Activity 1: 1.1 A ü (Maloti- Drakensberg Park) 1.2 D ü (Northern Cape) 1.3 D ü (Vredefort Dome) 1.4 D ü (Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape) 1.5 B ü (Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa) (5) Activity 2: 2.1 C ü G ü H ü I ü Eü (5) 2.2 Fü (1) 2.3 Aü Bü Dü J ü (4) [10] Activity 3: 3.1 Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape ü 3.2 Cape Floral Regions Protected Areas ü 3.3 iSimangaliso Wetland Park ü 3.4 Maloti-Drakensberg Park ü 3.5 UNESCO ü (5) 50

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Activity 4: 4.1 WHS are places of outstanding universal value ü It has been rewarded international recognition by UNESCO. ü (2) 4.2 UNESCO is one of the United Nations institutions It aims to promote co-operation and development across the countries of the (2) world. üü 4.3 Natural ü Cultural ü (2) 4.4 4.4.1 Nama ü (1) 4.4.2 San ü (1) 4.5 Map of South Africa (20) NUMBER WORLD HERITAGE SITE PROVINCE 1 iSimangaliso Wetland Park ü KwaZulu Natal ü 2 Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains ü Mpumalanga ü 3 Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa ü Gauteng ü 4 Maloti-Drakensberg Park ü KwaZulu Natalü 5 Vredefort Dome ü Free State / North West ü 6 Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape ü Limpopo ü 7 Cape Floral Region ü Western Cape Province ü 8 Robben Island ü Western Cape Province ü 9 Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape ü Northern Cape Province ü 10 ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape ü Northern Cape Province ü 4.6 1 iSimangaliso Wetland Park It has five interlinked ecosystems that include coral reefs, beaches, san dunes, lake systems, swamps and wetlands. ü 2 Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains It is a range of small mountains and hills that covers about an area of 120km by 60 km – 80% of the area forms part of Mpumalanga. It comprises 40% of the Barberton Greenstone Belt – one of the oldest geological structures. ü It contains some of the best preserved volcanic and sedimentary rocks – dating 3.6 to 3.25 billion years ago. It provides information on surface conditions. meteorite impacts, volcanism and environment of early life. 51

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 3 Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa Distinct paleontological findings. ü Sterkfontein and the surrounding area is where Mrs Ples and Little Foot were discovered. 4 Maloti-Drakensberg Park Mountain and rock formations, grasslands, diverse habitats and a high levelof endemic and threatened bird and plant species. ü Cultural features: cave and rock shelters with the biggest and most concentrated group of paintings in Sub-Saharan Africa by the San people 5 Vredefort Dome The Dome was created by a meteor that hit the earth over two thousand million years ago. ü The crater is ±300km in diameter. It is the oldest, biggest and most deeply eroded meteorite crater in the world. 6 Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape During the Iron Age (900 to 1300AD) this was a flourishing city and the largest trading centre in Southern Africa. üThey traded in gold and ivory with people from Africa, China and India. Golden rhino is the symbol for Mapungubwe. 7 Cape Floral Region It is a site made up of a range of unconnected sites. One of the richest areas of flora in the world. üThreats to this area are invasive plants, fire, human development and climate change 8 Robben Island Known for the prison where Mr Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for most of the 27 years. ü 9 Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape Consists of deserts of succulent Karoo. The site is owned and managed by the Nama community and is the last place where the Nama people live and practice their traditional ways. ü 10 ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape This site gives important information on the traditions and ways of lifestyle of the San cultural group since the Stone Age to present. It reflectson strategies that the San people followed that allowed them to adapt to harsh desert conditions. This landscape shows a respectful relationship between humans, plants and animals ü (10) 52

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 4.7 The promotion of the World Heritage Sites brings an awareness of the provinces / regions of location. üü The promotion of the sites will lead to higher visitor numbers to the region or provinces. üü The higher visitor numbers bring a higher income for the areas, which results in a better economy for the provincesüü More tourists to the area mean that more job opportunities are availableüü • Local communities are having entrepreneurial opportunities • The higher income earned by the local community members brings along a higher standard of living • It brings a sense of pride and ownership to the communities where the sites are located • It better working relationship is established between the tourism organisations, tourism establishments and the local community • Money earned from higher visitor numbers is utilised to upgrade and maintain the infrastructure in the area • The higher revenue from the tourists makes more conservation efforts possible • The World Heritage Sites bring a prestige to the area because it gets coverage from the media and is visited by domestic and international tourists (Any 4) (46) Activity 5: 5.1 Locals pay a separate rate from international visitors üü (2) 5.2 Robben Island Museum (RIM) üü (2) 5.3 5.3.1 A world-class heritage site is a world heritage site that is on the same standard as the other World Heritage Sites across the world. üü It is a site that is maintained well according to the regulations from UNESCO (2) 53

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 5.3.2 They need to have a world-class heritage site to: attract tourists from other countries to visit South Africa. üü To increase their income to be able to preserve the world heritage site. üü • To maintain the infrastructure • A world class site will attract more domestic tourists (Any 2) (4) 5.4 It will provide a positive turnaround on our long-term financial sustainability as an organization üü It will contribute to an increase in domestic visitorsüü It will provide additional revenue that will meet our rising conservation needsüü They will have financial backing to maintain a high standard of excellence with our tour experienceüü • It will allow the Robben Island Museum to protect and preserve the Island’s rich history as a World Heritage Site • More domestic tourists will visit the site because it is more affordable. (Any 4) (18) 54

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 3.4 EXAMINATION TIPS TO MASTER THIS TOPIC How to prepare/study for the examination on this topic Use the resources given in the question papers – most of the answers will be in the source document. Read the questions well and circle the keywords for example: Identify the TWO provinces with the highest percentages of national heritage sites. Know the location of the provinces on the map of South Africa well Know the location of EACH of the World Heritage Sites on the map of South Africa very well. Always write the full name of the site, for example: Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape not only Mapungubwe. It is important to know the type of each site – natural, cultural, mixed. Study what makes each site unique that leads to the declaration of the site as a World Heritage Site. Know the function of UNESCO and SAHRA plus the applicable logos. Pay attention to the action verb in each question. The action verb tells you how to interpret and analyse the question correctly. Example of how to use the action verbs: Question 4 4.4 Name the cultural groups that are protected by the following sites: 4.4.1 Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape (1) 4.4.2 ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape (1) STEP 1 Find the action verb: Name the cultural groups that are protected by the following sites: The action verb is ‘name’. Name requires you to list, mention or give an answer without any extra information or a discussion. 55

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage STEP 2 Identify the content Name the cultural groups that are protected by the following sites: The content is about cultural groups that are protected. STEP 3 Name the cultural groups that are protected by the following sites: 4.4.1 Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape (1) 4.4.2 ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape (1) The third step tells you which instruction to follow: cultural groups is needed - the cultural groups that are protected by the two World Heritage Sites mentioned in 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 specifically. Refer to the mark allocation for the action verb ‘Name’. ONE mark is allocated to each answer. 4.2 Describe the role of UNESCO in conservation of heritage. (1x2) (2) STEP 1 Find the action verb The action verb is Describe Describe the role of UNESCO in conservation of heritage. (1x2) (2) Describe refers to ‘List the main characteristics of something’ STEP 2 Identify the content Describe the role of UNESCO in conservation of heritage. (1x2) (2) The role of UNESCO needs to be described in this question STEP 3 Which part of UNESCO’s role should be discussed: instruction Describe the role of UNESCO in conservation of heritage (1x2) (2) The part that UNESCO plays in the conservation of heritage Mark The mark allocation is 2 marks. allocation (1 x 2) indicates that ONE fact must be stated and it will earn 2 marks. 56

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 3.5 PREPARATION FOR THE EXAMINATION IN THIS TOPIC Question 1 Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A-D) next to the question number (1.1 – 1.6) for example 1.7 D 1.2 (Exemplar 2014: Question 1.1.15) This World Heritage Site was nicknamed ‘Deep Impact’ and is the oldest and largest visible meteorite impact site in the world: A Sterkfontein B iSimangaliso C Mapungubwe D Vredefort Dome (1) Answer: D ü 1.2 (February-March 2016: Question 1.1.10) Criterion 1 of UNESCO’s World Heritage Criteria states that a World Heritage Site must represent a masterpiece of human creative genius. This site meets Criterion 1 for its excellent examples of San rock art: A uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park (Maloti-Drakensberg Park) B Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape C Robben Island D Cradle of Humankind (Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa) (1) Answer: A ü 1.3 (May-June 2019: Question 1.1.9) The World Heritage Site that represents freedom and the triumph of the human spirit: A iSimangaliso Wetland Park B Robben Island C Mapungubwe Cultural Lanscape D Fossil Hominid Sites (1) 57

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Answer: B ü 1.4 (November 2016: Question 1.1.16) This logo is displayed at all the World Heritage Sites: A B C D (1) Answer: B ü 1.5 (November 2017: Question 1.1.9) The natural World Heritage Site located in KwaZulu Natal: A Vredefort Dome B Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape C iSimangaliso Wetland Park D Cradle of Humankind (1) Answer: C ü 1.6 (November 2019: Question 1.1.10) The biodiversity hotspot with the highest concentration of plant species in the world: A ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape B Cape Floral Region (Cape Floral Region Protected Areas) C Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape D Robben Island Answer: B ü 58

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Question 2: Choose the correct word(s) from those given in brackets. Write only the word(s) next to the question number (2.1 – 2.7) for example 2.8 Robben Island 2.1 (February-March 2015: Question 1.3.5) The (iSimangaliso Wetland Park / Vredefort Dome) is a World Heritage Site shared by the Free State and North West. (1) Answer: Vredefort Dome ü 2.2 (February-March 2017: Question 1.3.1 – 1.3.5) (UNESCO / SAHRA) is responsible for declaring World Heritage Sites in a country. (1) 2.3 The Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape is located in (Limpopo / North West). (1) 2.4 The Vredefort Dome was formed by the impact of a (meteorite / mining) explosion. (1) 2.5 The (iSimangaliso Wetland Park / Richtersveld Cultural Landscape) meets the criterion of being a living heritage of the Nama people. (1) 2.6 Robben Island was declared a World Heritage Site because it was Nelson Mandela’s (retirement home / political prison). (1) Answers: 2.2 UNESCO ü 2.3 Limpopo ü 2.4 Meteorite ü 2.5 Richtersveld Cultural Landscape ü 2.6 Political prison ü 2.7 (November 2017: Question 1.3.4) (UNESCO / WHO) is responsible for identifying cultural sites of significance around the world. (1) Answer: UNESCO ü 59

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Question 3: Give ONE word(s)/term for each of the following descriptions by choosing a word(s)/term from the list below. Write only the word(s)/term next to the question number (3.1 – 3.2) in the ANSWER BOOK. Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape; ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape; Cradle of Humankind; Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape 3.1 (February-March 2016: Question 1.2.4) An example of a cultural World Heritage Site in Gauteng. Answer: Cradle of Humankind ü 3.2 (November 2019: Question 1.5.3 – adapted) 50% of the profit of a new rest camp in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park will go towards the local community. Answer: ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape ü Question 4: Choose the term from Column B that matches the description in Column A. Write only the letter (A – B) next to the question number (4.1 – 4.2) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 4.3 C 4.1 (November 2014: Question 1.4) COLUMN A COLUMN B 4.1.1 The San paintings in the uKhahlamba A Natural World Heritage Site Mountains 4.1.2 The Vredefort Dome in the Free State B Cultural World Heritage Site Answers: 4.1.1 Bü 4.1.2 Aü 60

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 4.2 (November 2016: Question 1.4.1 – 1.4.5) COLUMN A COLUMN B 4.2.1 Represents the Iron Age and is the site where A iKhahlamba Drakensberg Park the golden rhinoceros was found (Maloti-Drakensberg Park) 4.2.2 Contains evidence of fossil remains dating B Robben Island back millions of years C Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape 4.2.3 Was once used as a hospital, military base D iSimangaliso Wetland Park and prison E Cradle of Humankind (Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa) 4.2.4 A high-altitude site with rolling grasslands, F Richtersveld Cultural and steep-sided river valleys, rocky gorges and Botanical Landscape examples of rock art 4.2.5 A coastal site with the largest bi divers estuarine (river mouth) system in the Southern Hemisphere. Answers: 4.2.1 Cü 4.2.2 Eü 4.2.3 Bü 4.2.4 Aü 4.2.5 Dü (5) 61

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Question 5 (Feb/March 2018 Question 5.1) Study the map below and answer the questions that follow. Match the location of the World Heritage Sites (A–H) on the map with the names of the World Heritage Sites (5.1–5.5). Write only the letters (A–H) next to the question number (5.1–5.5) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 5.6 J. 5.1 iSimangaliso Wetland Park (2) 5.2 Vredefort Dome (2) 5.3 Cradle of Humankind (2) 5.4 Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape (2) 5.5 Maloti-Drakensberg Park (2) Answer Question 5 5.1 Eüü (2) 5.2 Büü (2) 5.3 Cüü (2) 5.4 Aüü (2) 5.5 Füü (2) 62

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Question 6 (Feb/March 2018 Question 5.2) THE ROLE OF UNESCO UNESCO strives to build networks among nations and created the idea of World Heritage to protect unique sites across the world for future generations to enjoy. 6.1 Name ONE province in South Africa that do NOT have World Heritage Sites (1) 6.2 State TWO aspects UNESCO looks for when considering sites for World Heritage Site (4) status. 6.3 UNESCO'S CRITERION (iii) … to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living, or which has disappeared. Name ONE South African World Heritage Site that matches the description in criterion (2) (iii) above. 6.4 Discuss TWO advantages for the South African tourism industry if South Africa is (4) awarded another World Heritage Site. [11] Question 6 (Feb/March 2018 Question 5.2) Answers 6.1 Eastern Capeü (1) 6.2 Sites must be of outstanding universal valueüü (4) Sites must meet at least one out of ten of UNESCO’s selection criteriaüü 6.3 Mapungubwe Cultural Landscapeüü (2) • Maloti Drakenberg Park • Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape • Khomani San Cultural Landscape • Cradle of Humankind • Robben Island 63

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 6.4 Will attract more special interest tourists to South Africaüü (4) More exposure / publicity for South Africa internationallyüü • Increased visitor numbers to the province / area where the new WHS is located. • Local traditions and cultures at the new site will be showcased. • More opportunities for entrepreneurship at the new site • Multiplier effect will come into motion • Increased GDP • More sites of significance are protected for future generations • Job opportunities are created • Positive impact on the geographical spread Question 7: (Exemplar 2014 – Question 5) 7.1 Study the picture below and answer the questions that follow: 7.1.1 (a) Name the South African World Heritage Site (WHS) where the golden rhino artefact above was recovered. (1) (b) Name the location of discovery. (1) 7.1.2 For an attraction to be awarded WHS status, it has to meet certain criteria. State TWO criteria met by the WHS in Question 7.1.2 (4) 64

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 7.2 State ONE function of UNESCO as an organisation declaring World Heritage Sites. (2) 7.3 Discuss TWO ways in which an attraction which is declared a WHS will add value to the South African tourism industry. (4) [12] Answers: Question 7 7.1 7.1.1 a) Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape ü (1) b) Limpopo (1) 7.1.2 Bears a unique testimony to a culture or civilisation which has disappeared üü Outstanding landscape which illustrates an important stage in human history üü • An example of human interaction with the environment which became vulnerable under the impact or irreversible change. (4) 7.2 UNESCO serves to promote cooperation and understanding of people through communication üü • Contributes to peace and security through education, science and culture • Ensures rational management of natural resources (2) 7.3 Gain prestige – making a country proud of the achievement. More people deciding to visit the country üü People show added care for the heritage and learn to conserve for future generations üü • Increased revenue for a country – multiplier effect • Increased job opportunities • Infrastructural improvement • Uplifts the overall standard of the area (4) 65

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Question 8: (February-March 2015 Question 5) 8.1 Study the map and pictures below and answer the questions that follow 8.1.1 Refer to the pictures above and identify the World Heritage Sites (A to D) on the map. Write only the name of the World Heritage Site next to the letter (A – D) in your answer book. (4) 8.1.2 State ONE cultural criterion met by Site A and ONE cultural criterion met by Site C to have been declared World Heritage Sites. (2x2) (4) 8.2 Discuss THREE ways in which the South African tourism industry benefits from having eight World Heritage Sites. (3x2) (6) [14] Answers: Question 8 8.1 8.1.1 A – Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape ü B – Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape ü C – Robben Island ü D – uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park (Maloti-Drakensberg Park) ü (4) 66

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 8.1.2 A – Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape Contains evidence of human cultural activities over a period of time that led to cultural and social changes between the AD 900 and 1300. üü • Remains in the area serve as evidence to the growth and decline of the culture / civilisation which existed in the Mapungubwe State. • Mapungubwe served as a powerful trading state through East African ports with Arabia and India. • The remains found show the impacts of climate change and mark the growth and decline of the Mapungubwe Kingdom. (2) C – Robben Island The buildings on Robben Island bear unusual evidence to our history. üü • Robben Island symbolises freedom and democracy over oppression stemming from our history of apartheid which signifies universal significance. • Prison site where Nelson Mandela was detained for 20 years. (2) 8.2 Influx of visitors to the province to visit the World Heritage Sites will lead to increased tourism revenue. üü A sense of ownership / pride of the heritage within the local community üü Boost in the economic activity lending itself to increased GDP, benefitting all establishments in the area üü • Increased visitor numbers set the multiplier effect into motion • Encourage closer working relationships between all stakeholders • Increased visitor numbers result in the creation of job opportunities due to increased demand for services. (6) 67

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Question 9: (February-March 2016 Question 5) Study the map below and answer the questions that follow. 9.1 Identify the TWO World Heritage Sites labelled A and B on the map. (2) 9.2 Identify the province that shares a border with both World Heritage Sites A and B. (2) 9.3 Discuss ONE point of value for the province identified in Question 9.2 of having TWO World Heritage Sites. (2) 9.4 Explain how World Heritage Site B was created millions of years ago. (2) 9.5 Explain ONE reason why World Heritage Site A is regarded as the origin of man. (2) [10] 68

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Answers: Question 9 9.1 A – Cradle of Humankind ü B – The Vredefort Dome ü 9.2 North West üü 9.3 Increases the marketability of the TWO attractions and North West as a destination üü • These TWO sites become primary attractions with secondary attractions also visited during the trip. • More tourists are interested in visiting these two sites because it is of importance to all humanity, increasing demand for tourism in the North West • Increase in tourism revenue and local benefits as souvenirs and other products and services are in demand • More jobs are created to handle the higher influx of tourists in the North West and in the areas where the World Heritage Sites are located. • Tourism development in these rural border areas • Cross-border benefits for North West from tourists to these World Heritage Sites in Gauteng and the Free State. (2) 9.4 Meteorite hit the earth thousands of years ago creating the largest meteorite impact site in the world. üü • Inner and outer circles as a ripple effect from such force from outer space (a meteorite) smashing into the surface of the earth. (2) 9.5 Earliest forms of fossilised human remains were discovered thousands of years later in the underground caves üü (2) [10] 69

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Question 10: (February-March 2017 Question 5) Study the information on the uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park (Maloti-Drakensberg Park) below and answer the questions that follow. UKHAHLAMBA-DRAKENSBERG PARK 9 (Maloti-Drakensberg Park) The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is a World Heritage Site. This World Heritage Site protects the mountain wilderness area and ancient rock art. Activities in the mountainous park include hiking along the footpaths, exploring caves with rock art, having a picnic, swimming in rock pools, taking photographs, visiting a vulture restaurant, abseiling, rock climbing and ice climbing in winter. Various adventure tour operators offer guided activities and tours. Some visitors to the uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park will be required to complete the mountain rescue registers at certain entry points to ensure their safety. [Adapted from www.zulu.org.za] 10.1 Name the cultural group whose legacy resulted in the uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park receiving World Heritage Status. (2) 10.2 Explain how the cultural group named in Question 10.1 still contributes to the popularity of the uKhahlamba- Drakensberg Park area. (2) 10.3 According to UNESCO World Heritage Sites are classified as natural, cultural and mixed heritage sites. 10.3.1 Give the classification of the uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park. (2) 10.3.2 Give ONE reason from the extract to explain your answer to QUESTION 10.3.1 (2) 70

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Answers: Question 10 10.1 San üü (2) 10.2 The San created many outstanding examples of rock art across the uKhahlamba- Drakensberg Park area üü • Legacy of a cultural group’s way of life in art form • Rock Art murals have revealed a history of a cultural group that existed many year ago. (2) 10.3 10.3.1 It is a mixed World Heritage Site ü ü • It meets both natural and cultural criteria (2) 10.3.2 Natural – the unique mountain wilderness habitat üü • Natural caves in the mountains Cultural – protecting the San heritage ü ü • Ancient rock art • Evidence of human inhabitants in the caves in the form of San rock art (2) 71

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 4. GENERAL EXAMINATION TIPS How to prepare/study for the Tourism examination. In preparing for your final exams work through as many past examination papers as you can. Remember, your success in the final exam will depend on how much extra time you put into preparing. 1. Have all your materials ready before you begin studying – pencils, pens, highlighters, paper, etc. 2. Be positive. Study time must become a habit - keep reminding yourself why you are studying. 3. Self-discipline is key. Be strict with yourself. 4. Draw up a study timetable. Include enough sleep and break times. During break times take a walk outside. 5. Break up your learning sections into manageable parts. Trying to learn too much at one time will only result in a tired, unfocused, and anxious brain. 6. Keep your study sessions short but effective and reward yourself with short, constructive breaks. 7. Teach your concepts to anyone who will listen. It might feel strange at first, but it is worth reading your revision notes aloud. 8. When you make notes remember your brain learns well with colours when you underline, highlight, circle key words. 9. You can also use Mnemonics – words, or short sentences to help you remember. 10. Be confident with the learning areas you know well and focus your brain energy on the sections that you find more difficult to take in. 11. Repetition is the key to retaining information you must learn. Keep going – don’t give up! 12. Sleeping at least 8 hours every night, eating properly, and drinking plenty of water are all important things you need to do for your brain. Studying for exams is like strenuous exercise, so you must be physically prepared. 13. Use the correct terminology and subject language as you are preparing, that way you are used to them by the time you are writing exam (e.g. correct names for icons) 14. Compile a glossary in your notebook for all the sections of the work. 15. Practise writing paragraph type questions using complete sentences when working through past examination papers. 16. Engage with resources like the ones used in the examination papers while you are studying. For example: study the picture and ask yourself questions like: what is the topic of the picture? (look at the heading). What is the resource telling me? Does it show a positive or negative impact? 17. It is important that you practise how to present your answers in a logic way that show logical reasoning. That is when you write down how your thoughts led you to an answer. 18. How to study definitions: Break the word or words up into understandable parts e.g. inter (between) national (nations/ countries) thus international means between different countries. 72

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage The Tourism Examination Format of the exam paper • The Tourism examination paper consists of a 3-hour paper of 200 marks. • There are five sections and all the questions are compulsory • The format of the exam is shown on the table below. Use the table as a guide to allocate your time according to each section. SECTION TOPIC MARKS TIME (minutes) A Short Questions 40 20 B Map Work and Tour Planning; Foreign Exchange 50 50 C Tourism Attractions; Culture and Heritage Tourism; 50 50 Marketing D Tourism Sectors; Sustainable and Responsible Tourism 30 30 E Domestic, Regional and International Tourism; 30 30 Communication and Customer Care TOTAL 200 180 What to expect in the Tourism examination Section A Section A must not be mistaken as the ‘easy’ part of the question paper. All topics and sub-topics in Grade 12 CAPS may be assessed in this section. Type of questions you can expect in this section: Type of Question Tips how to answer this question Multiple choice questions • Read through all the distractors • Cancel out the ones that are totally wrong • Read the other distractors again • Decide which one if correct, don’t guess Matching items • Read all choices before selecting an answer • Try to predict the correct answer before you look at the choices offered • Match the easy ones first using the process of elimination • Look for clues to help match Choose the correct word from • Know the tourism terminology / abbreviations and the options given acronyms well • Read the entire question then answer it in your mind first • Eliminate the wrong answers • Read the question again using your selected answer • Answer the questions you know first 73

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Section B Type of questions you can expect: • Each question will cover a new topic. • It can be shorter answers or longer answer and include paragraph-type questions. • Source-based questions like tables, pictures, maps, flow diagrams, case studies, infographic, and cartoons. • It will cover from remembering question to understanding and problem-solving questions. How to answer these questions: 1. Read through the paper carefully during the 10 minutes reading time. 2. Read the questions at least twice and underline the important words in the questions. This helps you to focus on what is really asked and to understand the question better. Break up the questions 3. Read carefully, then re-read them again, to check if you understood. Learners lose marks because they misread exam questions 4. Engage with the resources in the paper, ask questions like- What is it about (look at the heading), what is it telling me? To which topic does it relate? 5. Questions with short answers • Give one word only if you are asked to do so. • Don’t write full sentences unless you are asked to do this 6. Questions that require longer answers • Look at the mark allocation as your guide • Understand the instructions, for example do you have to explain or compare • Highlight/ underline the most important word as your guide • Plan your answer • Make a few notes • Usually your answer should be in full sentences 7. Use the time at the end of the paper to reflect on your answers 74

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Question words to help you answer questions It is important to look for the question words (the words that tell you what to do) to correctly understand what the examiner is asking. Use the words in the following table as a guide when answering questions. QUESTION WORD WHAT IS REQUIRED OF YOU Analyse Separate, examine and interpret Divide into groups or types so that things that are Classify similar, are in the same group Comment Write generally about Compare Point out or show both similarities and differences Define Give a clear meaning Describe List the main characteristics of something Discuss Consider all information and reach a conclusion Evaluate Express an opinion based on your findings Explain Make clear, interpret and spell out Forecast Say what you think will happen in the future Give/provide Write down only facts Identify Name the essential characteristics Interpret Give the intended meaning of List Write a list of items Mention Refer to relevant points Name State something – give, identify or mention State Write down information without discussion Suggest Offer an explanation or solution 75

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 5. REFERENCES Mindmaps of World Heritage Sites: Maps used for all sites except Gauteng: https://www.africanworldheritagesites.org/ Fossil Hominid Sites of SA (map): https://www.sa-venues.com/maps/gauteng_cradle_of_humankind.htm Cape Floral Region Protected Areas: Fynbos picture: www.satourismonline.com/blog-south-africa/ (8-unesco-world-heritage-sites-in-south-africa-worth-adding-to-your-bucket-list) Biodiversity word art: www.sitn.hms.harvard.edu/ Robben Island: Picture of the island: www.satourismonline.com/blog-south-africa/ Nelson Mandela: www.history.com/news/remembering-nelson-mandela iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Picture of fish: www.satourismonline.com/blog-south-africa/ Turtle on the beach: www.evaneos.com/experiences/426-explore-the-wetlands-of-isimangaliso-wetland-park/ Aerial view: www.evaneos.com/experiences/426-explore-the-wetlands-of-isimangaliso-wetland-park/ Maloti-Drakensberg Park: Drakensberg Mountains: https://www.portfoliocollection.com/visit/maloti-drakensberg-world-heritage-site Rock art: http://www.maloti-drakensberg.co.za/ Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape: Picture of landscape: www.satourismonline.com/blog-south-africa/ Nama people: https://rsasearchblog.wordpress.com/tag/richtersveld-cultural-and-botanical-landscape/ Half mens: https://za.pinterest.com/pin/488640628310070623/ ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape: Huts: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1545/ San people: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1545/ Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa: Maropeng Visitor Centre: www.satourismonline.com/blog-south-africa/ Mrs Ples: https://www.maropeng.co.za/news/entry/visit-mrs-ples-and-friends-at-maropeng Map: https://www.sa-venues.com/maps/gauteng_cradle_of_humankind.htm Vredefort Dome: Landscape: www.southafrica.net/gl/en/travel/article/in-search-of-south-africa-s-meteor-impact-sites-craters- and-domes Impact crater: https://za.pinterest.com/pin/388505905325498055/ Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape: Visitor Centre: www.theconversation.com/the-continued-threat-of-coal-mining-at-the-mapungubwe-world- heritage-site-138153 Golden rhino: http://www.hubert-herald.nl/RSA.htm Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains: Information panel: http://www.nhc.org.za/declared-world-heritage-sites-in-south-africa/ Mountains: www.naturalworldheritagesites.org/sites/barberton-makhonjwa-mountains/ Row of Information panels: www.naturalworldheritagesites.org/sites/barberton-makhonjwa-mountains/ Definitions (glossary): www.languages.oup.com Robben Island pictures (page 50): www.geography.org.uk/Images-of-Southern-Africa--Robben-Island 76

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage Acknowledgements: Ms Magda van Pletzen (CES: Services) Ms Z Schulze (SES: Gauteng Province) Ms A Thiebaut (SES: Gauteng Province) Mr S Ncube (SES: KwaZulu Natal) 77

Grade 12 Tourism Study Guide Booklet: Culture and Heritage 78