Agricultural Sciences Grade 11 P2 2025 Memo (Eng)

NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 11 NOVEMBER 2025 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 MARKING GUIDELINE MARKS: 150 This marking guideline consist of 9 pages.

2 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2025) SECTION A QUESTION 1 1.1 1.1.1 B ✓✓ 1.1.2 C ✓✓ 1.1.3 A ✓✓ 1.1.4 D ✓✓ 1.1.5 B ✓✓ 1.1.6 C ✓✓ 1.1.7 C ✓✓ 1.1.8 C ✓✓ 1.1.9 D ✓✓ 1.1.10 A ✓✓ (10 x 2) (20) 1.2 1.2.1 E ✓✓ 1.2.2 D ✓✓ 1.2.3 F ✓✓ 1.2.4 I ✓✓ 1.2.5 H ✓✓ (5 x 2) (10) 1.3 1.3.1 Pistil ✓✓ 1.3.2 Scarification ✓✓ 1.3.3 Herbicides ✓✓ 1.3.4 Genetic modification/GM ✓✓ 1.3.5 Crop rotation ✓✓ (5 x 2) (10) 1.4 1.4.1 Micro-elements ✓ 1.4.2 Xylem ✓ 1.4.3 Osmosis ✓ 1.4.4 Conservation ✓ 1.4.5 Survey ✓ (5 x 1) (5) TOTAL SECTION A: 45 Copyright reserved Please turn over

(EC/NOVEMBER 2025) AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 3 SECTION B QUESTION 2: PLANT STUDIES (NUTRITION) 2.1 2.1.1 Role played by chlorophyll • It absorbs light energy ✓ (1) 2.1.2 Definition of photosynthesis • Is the process in which green plants use water and carbon dioxide ✓ to produce oxygen and glucose. ✓ (2) 2.1.3 Importance of the process of photosynthesis • For production of atmospheric oxygen ✓ • Production of food (carbohydrates) ✓ • Reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ✓ • Production of fossil fuels ✓ • Converts radiant energy from the sun to chemical energy ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 2.1.4 Plant organs which store products of photosynthesis. • Stems ✓ • Bulbs ✓ • Leaves✓ • Fruit ✓ • Seeds ✓ • Tubers ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 2.1.5 Methods of optimising the process of photosynthesis • Use of a greenhouse / tunnel ✓ • Trellising plants ✓ • Pruning ✓ • Control plant density ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 2.2 2.2.1 Mechanism of absorbing minerals against their concentration • Active ion uptake ✓ (1) 2.2.2 Structural adaptability of broad-leaved plants to reduce water loss • They have stomata on the underside of the leaves ✓ • Stomata are surrounded by two guard cells ✓ • Leaves have thick waxy coating or shiny leaves to reflect heat waves ✓ • Some have dense layers of plant hairs on the surface ✓ • Stomata are closed at night ✓ • Storage of water in stems ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 2.2.3 Functions of water in plants • Serves as a solvent for the mineral nutrients ✓ • Acts as a transport medium for the dissolved mineral nutrients ✓ • Water regulates the temperature of the plant ✓ • Water provides turgor in plant cells ✓ (Any 3 x 1) (3) Copyright reserved Please turn over

4 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2025) 2.2.4 Definition of Translocation • Transport/movement of soluble substances like sugars ✓ from one part of the plant to another through phloem. ✓ (2) 2.3 2.3.1 Primary and secondary minerals and deficiency symptoms • A – Macro element ✓ • B – K+ ✓ • C ‒ Chlorosis / Brown tips ✓ • D ‒ Zn2+ ✓ • E – Micro element ✓ (5) 2.3.2 Factors affecting mineral availability • Soil texture ✓ • Soil pH ✓ (2) 2.3.3 Methods to determine nutrient status of soil • Soil analysis / soil sample test ✓ • Leaf sampling analysis / plant analysis ✓ (2) 2.4 2.4.1 Examples of organic fertilisers • Compost ✓ • Green manure ✓ • Farm animal manure ✓ • Sewage waste ✓ (Any 1 x 1) (1) 2.4.2 Physical benefits of organic fertilisers • Improve soil structure and soil texture ✓ • Improve water holding ✓ • Reduce soil compaction ✓ • Improve soil aeration ✓ (Any 3 x 1) (3) 2.4.3 Effects of inorganic fertilisers on the environment • Can lead to eutrophication ✓ • Cause soil acidification ✓ • Storage and application of nitrogenous fertilisers emit greenhouse gases ✓ • Can destroy soil food webs ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 2.4.4 Uses of gypsum in Agriculture • Decreases the bulk density of soil ✓ • Prevents soil crusting ✓ • Prevents waterlogging of soil ✓ • Reduces water run-off and erosion ✓ • Improves soil structure ✓ • Corrects soil acidity ✓ • Reduces metal toxicity in soil ✓ • Improves aeration ✓ (Any 3 x 1) (3) [35] Copyright reserved Please turn over

(EC/NOVEMBER 2025) AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 5 QUESTION 3: PLANT REPRODUCTION AND PROTECTION 3.1 3.1.1 Identification of flower parts. • A ‒ Stigma ✓ • B – Petal ✓ • C – Egg cell ✓ (3) 3.1.2 Function of part D • Produce pollen grain ✓ (1) 3.1.3 Type of flower • Bisexual ✓ (1) 3.1.4 Motivation • The flower carries both male and female sex organs ✓ (1) 3.1.5 The process of transferring pollen grain to stigma • Pollination ✓ (1) 3.1.6 Examples of agents of pollination • Wind ✓ • Water ✓ • Insects ✓ • Birds ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 3.2 3.2.1 Advantage of ablactation to plants • The fruit will be too heavy for the tree ✓ (1) 3.2.2 Soil factors causing ablactation in plants • Mineral deficiencies ✓ • Too much soil moisture ✓ • Too little soil moisture ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 3.2.3 Classification of apple fruits • Accessory fruits ✓ • Apples develop from the ripened ovary and some other parts of the flower ✓ (2) 3.2.4 Definition of fertilisation • The fusion of the nucleus of a male gamete with the nucleus of a female gamete. ✓✓ (2) 3.3 3.3.1 Types of seed germination • A – Dicotyledonous ✓ • B – Monocotyledonous plant ✓ (2) 3.3.2 Role played by cotyledons during germination • Protects the plumule and the first leaves from harm ✓ • Storage organ for nutrients ✓ (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

6 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2025) 3.3.3 Basic requirements for seed germination • Sufficient moisture ✓ • Enough oxygen ✓ • Optimal temperature ✓ • A period of breaking dormancy ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 3.3.4 Two methods to break seed dormancy • Scarification ✓ • Soaking seeds ✓ (2) 3.4 3.4.1 The plant propagation method • Artificial asexual reproduction ✓ (1) 3.4.2 Labels for parts A and B • A – Scion ✓ • B – Rootstock ✓ (2) 3.4.3 Disadvantages of asexual reproduction • Reduces the gene pool in the progeny ✓ • No genetic variation ✓ • Susceptible to pests and diseases ✓ • Lesser chances to survive environmental changes ✓ • Negative mutations will be passed on to the offspring ✓ (Any 3 x 1) (3) 3.5 3.5.1 Mechanical weed control methods • Correct soil cultivation practices ✓ • Cutting of weeds ✓ • Burning fields ✓ (2) 3.5.2 Chemicals used to control pests • Pesticides ✓ (1) 3.5.3 How biotechnology can control pests and diseases • Manipulate plants genetically to produce cultivars that can resist the plant pests and diseases ✓✓ (2) [35] Copyright reserved Please turn over

(EC/NOVEMBER 2025) AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 7 QUESTION 4: OPTIMAL RESOURCE UTILISATION 4.1 4.1.1 Definition of Soil survey • A methodical examination, classification, and description of soil by the physical examination of a soil profile ✓✓ (2) 4.1.2 Aims of soil survey in Agriculture • To determine the suitability of soil for agricultural purposes ✓ • Aim at assisting farmers to decide how to utilise their soil ✓ • Land use planning ✓ • To understand soil properties ✓ • To manage soil resources effectively ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 4.1.3 THREE factors to consider when a soil survey is done • Soil texture ✓ • Soil structure ✓ • Soil depth ✓ • Soil colour ✓ • Soil pH and salinity ✓ • Soil fertility ✓ (Any 3 x 1) (3) 4.2 4.2.1 Farm implements • 1 – Disc plough ✓ • 2 ‒ Disc harrow ✓ (2) 4.2.2 Primary and secondary cultivation • 1 ‒ Primary ✓ • 2 – Secondary ✓ (2) 4.2.3 Objective of secondary cultivation • To improve the seed bed by making the soil finer before the planting process take place. ✓ (1) 4.2.4 Advantages of conventional and conservation tillage Conventional tillage Conservation tillage Breaks impermeable layers of Erosion is minimised ✓ soil ✓ Improves root growth ✓ Soil organic fraction is stabilised ✓ Seedbeds will prepare ✓ Soil compaction does not take place ✓ Improved aeration ✓ Soil structure remains intact ✓ (Any 2 x 2) (4) Copyright reserved Please turn over

8 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2025) 4.3 4.3.1 Name of farming methods • A – Greenhouse ✓ (1) 4.3.2 Materials used • Polyethylene ✓ • Glass ✓ • Plastic sheeting ✓ (Any 1 x 1) (1) 4.3.3 Advantages of using Greenhouse • Reduce damage due to frost, wind, and rain ✓ • Crops can be produced for specific market dates✓ • Products of a high quality are produced ✓ • Crops can be cultivated out of season ✓ • The growing season is lengthened ✓ • Reduces the threat of external pests or parasites ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 4.3.4 Plant growing technique • Hydroponics ✓ (1) 4.3.5 How hydroponics operates • This is the art of growing plants in water and nutrient solution ✓ without the use of soil ✓ (2) 4.3.6 Reasons why hydroponics is not common to subsistence farmers • Requires high technology ✓ • Expensive to set up ✓ • Needs technical knowledge ✓ (Any 1 x 1) (1) 4.4 4.4.1 Advantages of crop rotation • Enables proper utilisation of soil nutrients ✓ • Legumes increase the nitrogen content in the soil ✓ • Way to control disease and pest outbreak ✓ • Economic way to maintain soil fertility ✓ • Reduces soil erosion ✓ • Helps to control weeds ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 4.4.2 Reason for including a legume and deep root crop • Legumes increases the nitrogen content to the soil through bacteria on the root nodules ✓ • Root crops helps to break compacted soil layers and promote aeration and better drainage ✓ (2) 4.4.3 Principles to consider when designing a crop rotation program • Crops that require the same nutrients should not follow each other • Shallow rooted crops should be followed by deep rooted crops • Crops that are affected by the same pests and diseases should not follow each other • A legume plant should be included (Any 2 x 1) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

(EC/NOVEMBER 2025) AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 9 4.5 4.5.1 Table showing various precision technologies adopted and average cost saved per acre Precision Yield GPS soil Guidanc Smart Drones Technique Mapping mapping e system irrigation and satellites Cost 25.01 13.45 14.98 21.87 20.56 Saved (R/Acre) Marking criteria • Correct heading with two variables ✓ • All correct Precision techniques ✓ • Correct cost saved for all techniques ✓ • Correct units ✓ (4) 4.5.2 The technology that saves more cost of inputs per acre • Yield mapping ✓ (1) [35] TOTAL SECTION B: 105 GRAND TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved Please turn over