Geography Grade 10 Paper 1 National November 2018 Memo (English)

NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 10 NOVEMBER 2018 GEOGRAPHY P1 MARKING GUIDELINE MARKS: 225 This marking guideline consists of 14 pages.

2 GEOGRAPHY P1 (EC/NOVEMBER 2018) SECTION A: CLIMATE, WEATHER AND GEOMORPHOLOGY QUESTION 1 1.1 1.1.1 15 1.1.2 17 1.1.3 Over-cast 1.1.4 North-East 1.1.5 25 knots 1.1.6 Rain 1.1.7 Saturated with water vapour (7 x 1) (7) 1.2 1.2.1 D (geomorphology) 1.2.2 E (fault) 1.2.3 B (crust) 1.2.4 G (quartzite) 1.2.5 C (fossil) 1.2.6 H (folding) 1.2.7 F (mantle) 1.2.8 A (sediments) (8 x 1) (8) 1.3 1.3.1 Ozone depletion is the destruction of ozone so that holes form in the ozone layer (Concept) (1 x 1) (1) 1.3.2 Stratosphere (1 x 1) (1) 1.3.3 Chlorofluorocarbon (1 x 1) (1) 1.3.4  Cars  Coal  Factories  Industrial activities  CFCs (Any 3 x 1) (3) Copyright reserved Please turn over

(EC/NOVEMBER 2018) GEOGRAPHY P1 3 1.3.5  It may cause skin cancer  Eye cataracts  Lowering of immune systems, resulting in increased illness in people and animals  Increase in the incidence of malaria (Any 1 x 2) (2) 1.3.6  People should try to use products which are labelled ‘ozone friendly’  The Montreal Protocol is seen as one of the most successful attempts at reducing the effects of ozone depletion  All CFCs should be replaced  Plant more trees  Use public transport  Internationally, people should keep high altitude flights to a minimum as combustion in aeroplane engines reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere (Any 4 x 2) (8) 1.4 1.4.1 A – Cold air B – Warm air (2 x 1) (2) 1.4.2 Cumulonimbus cloud (1 x 1) (1) 1.4.3 (a) Lightning (1 x 1) (1) (b) Convectional currents within the cloud cause lightening. The particles in the cloud become charged. Positive charges move up by warm air and negative charges move down by cold air (Any 2 x 2) (4) 1.4.4 Positive impacts  Thunderstorm is accompanied by rainfall  There will be enough water for crops and animals  There will be enough water for domestic use Negative impact  Heavy rainfalls can cause flash floods which may lead to the destruction of infrastructure and houses  The impact thunderstorms have on people can be very harmful e.g. electrocution, shock and even deaths  Thunder can destroy the environment  It can hurt animals  It can burn vegetation (Any 3 x 2) (6) Copyright reserved Please turn over

4 GEOGRAPHY P1 (EC/NOVEMBER 2018) 1.5 1.5.1 (a) Earthquake (b) Epicentre (2 x 1) (2) 1.5.2 7,6 Richter scale 79 000 people were killed (2 x 1) (2) 1.5.3 Seismograph (1 x 1) (1) 1.5.4  Earthquakes happen close to plate boundaries where plates move towards each other. (1 x 2) (2) 1.5.5  Many buildings collapsed  79 000 people were killed  Broken sewerage pipes  Spread of diseases (Any 2 x 2) (4) 1.5.6  There is a lack of early warning systems in less developed countries  Buildings are poorly built and collapse easily  Often there are few plans that inform people of what to do when an earthquake strikes  People rely on outside help, which can take a long time to arrive  These countries have lower standards of living (Any 2 x 2) (4) 1.6.1 X – Mantle Y – Inner core Z – Crust (3 x 1) (3) 1.6.2 LAYER THICKNESS X 2 900 km Y 1 200 km Z 5 to 90 km (3 x 1) (3) 1.6.3 Decreasing (1 x 1) (1) 1.6.4 (a) Oceanic crust (b) Continental crust (2 x 1) (2) 1.6.5  Layer X is formed of rocks that are in a hot, thick molten state.  Magma has a plastic consistency that allows it to move and flow slowly. (Any 1 x 2) (2) 1.6.6  It is suitable for buildings  It is suitable for agricultural activities (2 x 2) (4) [75] Copyright reserved Please turn over

(EC/NOVEMBER 2018) GEOGRAPHY P1 5 QUESTION 2 2.1.1 D (Oxygen) 2.1.2 B (Insolation) 2.1.3 C (Mozambique) 2.1.4 B (Cumulonimbus) 2.1.5 B (Isobars) 2.1.6 C (Stratosphere and thermosphere) 2.1.7 D (Gauteng) 2.1.8 B (gaseous) (8 x 1) (8) 2.2.1 A – Batholith B – Laccolith C – Dyke D – Sill (4 x 1) (4) 2.2.2 Erosion of top soil (1) 2.2.3 E (1) 2.2.4 (A) Batholith (1 x 1) (1) 2.3.1 Frontal rain (1 x 1) (1) 2.3.2 Front (1 x 1) (1) 2.3.3 Warm air – rising (1 x 1) (1) Cold air – sinking (1 x 1) (1) 2.3.4 (a) Y (1 x 1) (1) (b)  Rising air that results in condensation and forms clouds  Warm air for evaporation (Any 1 x 2) (2) 2.3.5 Positive impact  More water will be available for domestic use  Farming will benefit Negative impact  Low temperatures  High risk of flooding  Poor visibility that will result in accidents  Availability of snow  Effect on the economy of the province (Any 4 x 2) (8) Copyright reserved Please turn over

6 GEOGRAPHY P1 (EC/NOVEMBER 2018) 2.4.1 Drought is a long period with little rainfall (Concept) (1 x 1) (1) 2.4.2  Removal of vegetation  Overgrazing  Burning of fossil fuels (Any 2 x 1) (2) 2.4.3  Shortage of food  Malnutrition  Shortage of water  Outbreak of diseases (Any 2 x 2) (4) 2.4.4  Shortage of water for animals  Shortage of water for plants  Reduction in soil quality  Disruption of the natural ecosystem (Any 2 x 2) (4) 2.4.5  Building dams to store water  Cloud seeding to artificially increase rainfall  Desalination of sea water  Crop rotation to protect soil to store water  Water restrictions  Recycling  Redirecting water to provide for irrigation in areas prone to drought  Harvesting rain water from rooftops  Development of sustainable agricultural practices  Educating people to change their attitude towards water usage  Increase price of water to reduce usage (Any 2 x 2) (4) 2.5.1 Tsunami is a wave of water produced when an earthquake occurs under the ocean. (Concept) Earthquake is a violent shaking of the earth’s crust caused by movement along a fault. (Concept) (2 x 1) (2) 2.5.2 Sri Lanka Indonesia (2 x 1) (2) 2.5.3 8 people (1 x 1) (1) 2.5.4 South Africa is far away from the epicentre (8 000 km away) (1 x 2) (2) 2.5.5  Survivors were left homeless as the houses were destroyed  Crops were destroyed that resulted in food shortages  Poor infrastructure as roads and bridges collapsed  No health care facilities  Businesses were affected as many survivors may have lost their jobs. (Any 2 x 2) (4) Copyright reserved Please turn over

(EC/NOVEMBER 2018) GEOGRAPHY P1 7 2.5.6  Build specially strengthened buildings  Educate people  Having disaster supplies on hand  Early warnings must be issued (Any 2 x 2) (4) 2.6.1 Plate tectonics is the theory of formation and motion of the plates that make up the Earth’s crust (Concept) (1 x 1) (1) 2.6.2 continental drift (1 x 1) (1) 2.6.3 Africa (1 x 1) (1) 2.6.4 (a) Europe North America (2 x 1) (2) (b) South America Africa Antarctica Asia (Any 3 x 1) (3) 2.6.5 Pangea (1 x 1) (1) 2.6.6  Rocks of similar type  The continents fit together like a jigsaw puzzle  Fossils of similar reptiles were also found  Fold mountain systems  The Rift Valley  Glaciers that covered large parts of the continents (3 x 2) (6) [75] Copyright reserved Please turn over

8 GEOGRAPHY P1 (EC/NOVEMBER 2018) SECTION B: POPULATION AND WATER RESOURCES QUESTION 3 3.1 3.1.1 Rainfall distribution 3.1.2 freezing 3.1.3 Desalination 3.1.4 transpiration 3.1.5 Infiltration 3.1.6 oceans 3.1.7 Marine pollution (7 x 1) (7) 3.2 3.2.1 D 3.2.2 E 3.2.3 B 3.2.4 H 3.2.5 C 3.2.6 G 3.2.7 A 3.2.8 I (8 x 1) (8) 3.3 3.3.1 Population is the total number of people within a given area . (1 x 1) (1) 3.3.2 2002 = 44,8 million 2016 = 54,9 million (2 x 1) (2) 3.3.3 Lowest – Western Cape (6,3 million) Highest – Gauteng (13,4 million) (2 x 1) (2) 3.3.4 From 2002 to 2016 the population of South Africa increased (1 x 2) (2) 3.3.5  Demand for water increases with a growing population  As population increases, so available cropland decreases  Original forests have disappeared  Shortage of food (Any 2 x 2) (4) Copyright reserved Please turn over

(EC/NOVEMBER 2018) GEOGRAPHY P1 9 3.3.6  Practise birth control  Availability of contraception  Sterilisation  Family planning  People can be educated about the problems of population growth  Encourage abortion (Any 2 x 2) (4) 3.4 3.4.1 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (1 x 1) (1) 3.4.2 Highest – KwaZulu Natal (14,9%) Lowest – Western Cape (5,1%) (2 x 1) (2) 3.4.3  Frequent fevers and sweats  Lack of energy  Swollen lymph nodes  Persistent skin rashes or flaky skin  Persistent or frequent yeast infections (oral or vaginal)  Pelvic inflammatory disease in women that does not get better with treatment (Any 2 x 1) (2) 3.4.4  South Africa has more people living with HIV than any other country in the world.  The number of HIV-positive people in 2009 was estimated to be 5,6 million (Any 1 x 2) (2) 3.4.5  HIV is spread through body fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast feeding  Through unprotected sex  During pregnancy  During birth  Reusing and sharing needles (Any 2 x 2) (4) 3.4.6  Motivate people to change their negative attitude, ideas and behaviour towards people with HIV and Aids  Make people more aware of what a stigma is and provide them with the knowledge and skills to reduce it  Address the fears and misconceptions about HIV transmission  Discuss taboo topics such as gender, violence, sexuality, sex and drug use  Provide skills to challenge the stigma and change people’s behaviour (Any 2 x 2) (4) 3.5 3.5.1 Water transfer is moving water from one area to another (1 x 1) (1) 3.5.2 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality Eastern Cape (2 x 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

10 GEOGRAPHY P1 (EC/NOVEMBER 2018) 3.5.3  Water is used for irrigation  Supplying urban centres in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan area (2 x 1) (2) 3.5.4  Water is piped from the Gariep Dam to the Great Fish River basin  A weir, Elandsdrift, diverts water from the Great Fish River into a canal and through a tunnel into the Little Fish River  A pipeline pipes water into a canal and to the Darlington Dam on the Sundays River. (2 x 2) (4) 3.5.5 Human factors  The population is increasing  Commercial farmers are using more water for irrigation  Urbanisation  Untreated waste water  Mines and factories use a lot of water  Pollution of water sources Physical factors  Rainfall is not evenly distributed in South Africa  Alien vegetation consumes more water  Climate change (Any 3 x 2) (6) 3.6 3.6.1 Hydro-electricity (1 x 1) (1) 3.6.2 Renewable (1 x 1) (1) 3.6.3 It is used to generate electricity (1 x 1) (1) 3.6.4  Domestic use (an example of any domestic use is accepted)  Used for agricultural activities (2 x 1) (2) 3.6.5  The availability of groundwater helps to make up for high evaporation rates  People can tap into this groundwater supply through wells and boreholes  At present, over 2 000 m³ of water is removed from the ground through boreholes everyday (Any 1 x 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

(EC/NOVEMBER 2018) GEOGRAPHY P1 11 3.6.6 In the home:  Close taps when not using the water  Fix dripping taps and leaks  Use water-saving showerheads  Flush toilets less often  Take showers and fewer baths  Re-use dirty water for cleaning e.g. washing cars or floors In the garden  Use a watering can instead of a hose pipe  Collect rainwater from the roof  Use bath water to water vegetables  Water plants in the evening In the community  Report leaking pipes to the municipality  Remove invasive alien plants  Educate others about using water sustainably (Any 4 x 2) (8) [75] Copyright reserved Please turn over

12 GEOGRAPHY P1 (EC/NOVEMBER 2018) QUESTION 4 4.1 4.1.1 Push factor 4.1.2 Voluntary 4.1.3 Immigrant 4.1.4 Refugee 4.1.5 Xenophobia 4.1.6 Emigration 4.1.7 Pull factor (7 x 1) (7) 4.2 4.2.1 Oceans 4.2.2 Low pressure 4.2.3 High pressure 4.2.4 Moist 4.2.5 Clouds 4.2.6 Precipitation 4.2.7 Surface runoff 4.2.8 Rise (8 x 1) (8) 4.3 4.3.1 Migration (1) 4.3.2 (a) International (b) Voluntary (c) Temporal (3 x 1) (3) 4.3.3  He is looking for better job opportunities  He is not feeling safe in South Africa (Any 1 x 1) (1) 4.3.4  Better job opportunities  Better standard of living  Safety (Any 2 x 2) (4) Copyright reserved Please turn over

(EC/NOVEMBER 2018) GEOGRAPHY P1 13 4.3.5  Migration increase skills shortages in South Africa  Brain drain  It leaves older people only in South Africa  There is less money to support local businesses because many people leave the country  Population shrinks so local authorities find it too expensive to maintain schools, clinics and other services (Any 3 x 2) (6) 4.4 4.4.1 Demographic transition model is a model explaining how country’s population changes over time (Concept) (1 x 1) (1) 4.4.2 Stage 2 (1 x 1) (1) 4.4.3 Stage 4 (1 x 1) (1) 4.4.4 Birth rate and death rate in stage 1 are high (1 x 2) (2) 4.4.5  Improved medical services  Better diet  Better services and infrastructure  Fewer wars  Better quality of life (Any 2 x 2) (4) 4.4.6  The availability of contraception  The status of women  Education  Job opportunities  Medical care  Culture and tradition  Religion  The age of marrying  Polygamy  Political system (Any 3 x 2) (6) 4.5 4.5.1 Overfishing is catching fish faster than they can reproduce, thereby gradually reducing the fish resources. (Concept) (1 x 1) (1) 4.5.2  More people and companies are fishing in the world’s oceans  The lack of other jobs in coastal communities, forces people to survive by fishing  Fishing technology has greatly improved, which results in more fish being caught  Lack of laws to control the quantity of fish which can be removed from the world’s oceans (Any 2 x 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

14 GEOGRAPHY P1 (EC/NOVEMBER 2018) 4.5.3  Overfishing reduces the amount of food available for people to eat  Overfishing one species affects many other species  A decline in fish stocks leads to job losses and hardship (Any 2 x 2) (4) 4.5.4  The oceans contain vast stores of oxygen  Sea weed is used by people as food  There are oil and gas fields in many oceans  Ocean can provide tidal and wave energy  Ocean transport is one of the most affordable forms of transport  Human use oceans for tourism and holidays  They moderate our climate and temperature (Any 4 x 2) (8) 4.6 4.6.1 Mozambique (1 x 1) (1) 4.6.2 South Africa (1 x 1) (1) 4.6.3 SA Military Health Services (1 x 1) (1) 4.6.4  Houses are built out of plastic, wood, zinc, etc.  Very dense housing with unplanned street patterns (Any 1 x 2) (2) 4.6.5  Poor road junctions were washed away  Low bridges were washed away which made the area unreachable (inaccessible) (2 x 2) (4) 4.6.6  Providing of formal housing in other areas  Relocating buildings within settlements  Preventing people from building houses in areas at high risk of flooding  Improving the design of houses  Installing and maintaining drains  Designing disaster plans to handle a flood situation when it happens  Educating people about flood dangers (Any 3 x 2) (6) [75] TOTAL: 225 Copyright reserved Please turn over