History Grade 12 P1 Gauteng Mock 2015 Addendum (English)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2015 10791 HISTORY – ADDENDUM FIRST PAPER 14 pages 3 P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 2 (First Paper) 10791/15 GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PREPARATORY EXAMINATION HISTORY (First Paper) QUESTION 1 WHAT WERE THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE 1948 CRISIS IN BERLIN? SOURCE 1A The source below describes how the division of Germany in the 1940s contributed to tensions between the Allied powers (Britain, France, United States of America) and the Soviet Union. At the end of the Second World War, U.S., British, and Soviet military forces divided and occupied Germany. Also divided into occupation zones, Berlin was located far inside Soviet- controlled eastern Germany. The United States, United Kingdom, and France controlled western portions of the city, while Soviet troops controlled the eastern sector. As the wartime alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union ended and friendly relations turned hostile, the question of whether the western occupation zones in Berlin would remain under Western Allied control or whether the city would be absorbed into Soviet-controlled eastern Germany led to the first Berlin crisis of the Cold War. The crisis started on June 24, 1948, when Soviet forces blockaded rail, road, and water access to Allied-controlled areas of Berlin. The United States and United Kingdom responded by airlifting food and fuel to Berlin from Allied airbases in western Germany. The crisis was a result of competing occupation policies and rising tensions between the Western powers and the Soviet Union. After the end of the Second World War, the future of post-war Germany was plagued by the divisions within and between Allied powers. The only decision of significance that emerged from wartime planning was the agreement of zones of occupation. Even after the end of hostilities, the problem of what to do about Germany was not successfully addressed at the July 1945 Potsdam Conference. [From: https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/berlin-airlift. Accessed on 15 Jan 2015] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 3 (First Paper) 10791/15 SOURCE 1B The source below describes the USSR’s response to the introduction of the new currency in West Germany and the application of the Marshall Plan by the West in their German zones of occupation. That same day (22 June 1948, that the Soviets announced that they would introduce a new currency in their zone, the "Ostmark"), a Soviet representative told the other three occupying powers that, "We are warning both you and the population of Berlin that we shall apply economic and administrative sanctions that will lead to the circulation in Berlin exclusively of the currency of the Soviet occupation zone.” The Soviets launched a massive propaganda campaign condemning Britain, the United States and France by radio, newspaper and loudspeaker. The Soviets conducted well-advertised military manoeuvres just outside the city. Rumours of a potential occupation by Soviet troops spread quickly. German communists demonstrated, rioted and attacked pro-West German leaders attending meetings for the municipal government in the Soviet sector. On 24 June, the Soviet Union severed land and water connections between the non-Soviet zones and Berlin. That same day, they halted (stopped) all rail and barge traffic in and out of Berlin. On 25 June, the Soviets stopped supplying food to the civilian population in the non- Soviet sectors of Berlin. Motor traffic from Berlin to the western zones was permitted, but this required a 23-kilometer (14.3-mile) detour to a ferry crossing because of alleged "repairs" to a bridge. They also cut off the electricity relied on by Berlin, using their control over the generating plants in the Soviet zone. Surface traffic from non-Soviet zones (West German zones) to Berlin was blockaded, leaving open only the air corridors. The Soviet rejected arguments that the occupation rights in the non- Soviet sectors of Berlin (West Berlin) and the use of the supply routes during the previous three years had given Britain, France and the United States a legal claim to use of the highways, tunnels, railroads, and canals. Relying on Soviet goodwill after the war, Britain, France, and the United States had never negotiated an agreement with the Soviets to guarantee these land- based rights of access to Berlin through the Soviet zone. [From: http://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/berlin-airlift] Accessed on 15 January 2015] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 4 (First Paper) 10791/15 SOURCE 1C The cartoon below was created by Ernest Howard Shepard and published in the British magazine, Punch. It shows storks flying to Berlin to supply West Berlin with food, fuel and coal. In British culture storks are associated with the delivery of a new baby, bringing life. Fuel Food Coal [From:www.cvce.eu/obj/caricature_de_shepard Punch, published on 14 July 1948] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 5 (First Paper) 10791/15 SOURCE 1D The source below focuses on the impact the Berlin Blockade had on the people of West Berlin from 1948 to 1949. Life for the Berliners was hard. In the beginning there was about a month’s worth of supplies to be had, but stockpiles were dwindling (decreasing).The airlift had not reached its predicted consumption rate yet, and starvation was near. In addition, when the winter of 1948–49 hit, there was little fuel to run the remaining industry, let alone heat the homes. Berliners soon found themselves chopping down all the trees in the city for fuel, and learning what grasses could be eaten for food. In addition, people rummaged through garbage cans for food, but soon found that there was very little of that to go around. It was a dire circumstance, but still they knew that their suffering in this would be better that succumbing (giving in) to Soviet control. They had seen the treatment that the Soviet soldiers had given them when they arrived. They were stealing everyone’s valuables and systematically stripping industry and all of the necessary equipment and shipping it back to Moscow… German scientists and engineers were forcibly sent to Moscow and forced to reveal all German technological secrets. Starvation was far better than that treatment. When it was decided that an airlift would be attempted, Berlin’s Lord Mayor Ernst Reuter held a public rally in support of the effort. Germans would suffer and sacrifice to make it to work. The German resolve was strong, even in such a desperate situation. [From: https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20150527151023AA.JUxdv] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 6 (First Paper) 10791/15 QUESTION 2 WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN INTERVENTION IN THE ANGOLAN CIVIL WAR OF THE 1970s? SOURCE 2A The following extract explains how the Angolan Civil War of 1975 developed into a Cold War conflict and focuses on the involvement of the foreign countries. The crisis in Angola developed into a Cold War battleground as the superpowers and their allies delivered military assistance to their preferred clients. The United States supplied aid and training for both the FNLA and UNITA while troops from Zaire assisted Holden Roberto and his fighters. China also sent military instructors to train the FNLA. The Soviet Union provided military training and equipment for the MPLA. During the summer of 1975, the Soviet supported MPLA was able to consolidate power in Luanda and oust (take out) the US supported FNLA from the capital, but the FNLA continued to attack. The remaining Portuguese troops failed to stem the violence. When MPLA leader, Neto, announced November 11, 1975 as the day of Angolan independence, Lisbon (capital city of Portugal) decided to withdraw troops on that day. The MPLA also had long-established relations with Fidel Castro’s Cuba. Before November 11, 1975 the MPLA had negotiated with Castro for Cuban assistance. At the same time, UNITA which enjoyed US support approached the apartheid government in South Africa for military reinforcement. Pretoria, with the aim to end the use of Angola as a base for rebels fighting for the independence of South Africa, occupied Namibia, contributed forces that entered southern Angola in October and made rapid progress toward the capital. In response, Castro sent Cuban Special Forces to halt (stop) the South African advance and succeeded in drawing attention to the fact that the United States had provided support to a group that now accepted assistance from the apartheid government. The US government had supported the South African intervention, but preferred to downplay its connection with the apartheid regime. However once Pretoria’s involvement became widely known, the Chinese withdrew its advisors from the region, and the Ford administration was faced with domestic resistance to the US role in the Angolan conflict. [From: https:/history.state.gov/milestones/…/ang…Accessed on 10 January 2015] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 7 (First Paper) 10791/15 SOURCE 2B This source focuses on the support from the different foreign countries in the Angolan Civil War during the 1970s. It also highlights the type of support given by foreign countries to MPLA and UNITA. With Cuban assistance, a military counter offensive was launched in January 1976, driving back the South African-UNITA forces, capturing Huambo, and forcing the FNLA back into Zaire. By March, the South Africans, lacking promised US support due to an Act of Congress, had withdrawn. The capture of major urban centres did not bring the war to an end, for both UNITA and the FNLA withdrew to the bush where they conducted guerrilla campaigns against the MPLA. UNITA found itself in a relatively strong position. With South African support it was able to establish a secure base in the remote south-east of the country under the cover of the South African Air Force. With South African arms and material, and periodic South African intervention, it was able to reorganise and began to harry (to destroy) the MPLA supply lines. The MPLA’s ability to function as an effective government was underpinned financially by revenue from diamond and oil exports and aid from the USSR. Technical, military, healthcare and educational expertise was provided by Cuba. Due to the military operations of UNITA, control by the government of areas outside the cities was slight. By the death of Neto in 1979 the situation was something of a stalemate; UNITA was not able to dislodge its rival from the cities, nor was the MPLA able to decisively crush UNITA. Jose Dos Santos, who succeeded him, was able to obtain greater military, especially air support from the Cubans. [From: www.content.eisa.org.za/...angola-first-ci Accessed on 29 February 2015] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 8 (First Paper) 10791/15 SOURCE 2C The source below outlines the conflict between Cuba and the leader of UNITA, Jonas Savimbi during the Angolan civil war. Savimbi threatened the Cubans. The MPLA government and Cuban troops had control over all southern cities by 1977, but roads in the south faced repeated UNITA attacks. Savimbi expressed his willingness for rapprochement (working together) with the MPLA and the formation of a united socialist government but he insisted on Cuba’s withdrawal first. “The real enemy is Cuban colonialism”, Savimbi told reporters, warning, “The Cubans have taken over the country, but sooner or later they will suffer their own Vietnam in Angola.” MPLA and Cuban troops used flame throwers, bulldozers and planes with napalm gas to destroy villages in a 1,6 mile (2,6 km) wide area along the Angolan-Namibian border. Only women and children passed through this Castro Corridor, because MPLA had shot all males ten years of age and older to prevent them from joining UNITA. The napalm gas killed cattle which could feed government troops and the attacks were also to retaliate against UNITA sympathizers. A number of civilians fled from their homes, 10 000 going south to Namibia and 16 000 to Zambia where they lived in refugee camps. [From: www.ogr/…/Angolan_Civil_W…Accessed on 29 February 2015] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 9 (First Paper) 10791/15 SOURCE 2D This American cartoon reflects on Cuba’s involvement in the Angolan Civil war during the1970s. It portrays Castro as a Soviet puppet in Angola. [From: www.academia.org.za... Accessed on 29 January 2015] CASTRO P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 10 (First Paper) 10791/15 QUESTION 3 WHAT WERE THE DIFFERENT REACTIONS IN LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS TO THE SUPREME COURT ORDER TO DESEGREGATE SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA? SOURCE 3A The following source explains how President Eisenhower intervened in the crisis in Little Rock, Arkansas to uphold the supreme court ruling against segregated schools. The 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Topeka made segregation in public schools illegal. Governor Faubus defied this decision. He also defied a 1955 ruling (Brown II). The 1955 decision ordered that public schools be desegregated with all deliberate speed. President Dwight D. Eisenhower wanted to uphold the Constitution and the laws, but also to avoid a possible bloody confrontation in Arkansas, where emotions ran high. President Eisenhower, who was vacationing in Newport, Rhode Island, arranged to meet Governor Faubus there to discuss the tense situation in Little Rock. In their brief meeting, Eisenhower thought Faubus had agreed to enrol African American students, so he told Faubus that his National Guard troops could stay at Central High and enforce order. Once back in Little Rock, Governor Faubus withdrew the National Guard. A few days later, 9 African American students slipped into the school to enrol and a full scale riot erupted. The situation quickly ran out of control, as Governor Faubus did nothing to stop the violence. Eisenhower placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent 1,000 U.S. Army paratroopers from the 101st Airborne Division to assist them in restoring order in Little Rock. The daring tactic worked and the African-American students were enrolled without further violent disturbances. The law had been upheld, but Eisenhower was criticised both by those who felt he had not done enough to ensure Civil Rights for African-Americans and those who believed he had gone too far in asserting federal power over the states. [From: http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/eisenhower/aa_eisenhower_littlerock_3.html Accessed on 03 February 2015] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 11 (First Paper) 10791/15 SOURCE 3B The following extract is part of a telegram written by Martin Luther King Jr to President Eisenhower urging him to take action against the mob of white protesters who were preventing the integration at Central High School. It was written in 1957. King told the president that, “THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT DID NOT TAKE A STAND AGAINST THE INJUSTICE IT WOULD SET THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION BACK FIFTY YEARS. THIS IS A GREAT OPPORTUNITY FOR YOU AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO BACK UP THE LONGINGS AND ASPIRATIONS (HOPES/GOALS) OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE OF GOOD WILL AND MAKE LAW AND ORDER A REALITY. . .’’ King praised the president’s actions: “I WISH TO EXPRESS MY SINCERE SUPPORT FOR THE STAND YOU HAVE TAKEN TO RESTORE LAW AND ORDER IN LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS...YOU SHOULD KNOW THAT THE OVERWHELMING MAJORITY OF SOUTHERNERS, NEGRO AND WHITE, STAND FIRMLY BEHIND YOUR RESOLUTE (FIRM) ACTION. . .’’ Before schools opened in the fall of 1958, Faubus closed all four of Little Rock’s public high schools rather than proceed with desegregation, but his efforts were short lived. In December 1959, the Supreme Court ruled that the school board must reopen the schools and resume (start) the process of desegregating the city’s schools. [From: http://mlk-pp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopaedia/enc little rock school desegregation 1957 Accessed on 03 February 2015] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 12 (First Paper) 10791/15 SOURCE 3C This photograph shows a protest against school integration by white segregationists outside the State Legislature, Arkansas. [From: arkansascivilrightsheritage.org. Accessed on 03 February 2015] RACE MIXING IS COMMUNISM P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 13 (First Paper) 10791/15 SOURCE 3D The extract below was written by Melba Pattillo Beals in her biography. It focuses on the hardships and intimidation that African-American students faced at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Although some of the students, teachers and administration attempted to maintain a sense of normalcy, for the nine students that integrated into Central High School it was like going to war every day. One of the Little Rock Nine, Melba Pattillo Beals, describes their experience in her book Warriors Don't Cry: “My eight friends and I paid for the integration of Central High with our innocence. During those years when we desperately needed approval from our peers, we were victims of the most harsh rejection imaginable. The physical and psychological punishment we endured profoundly (deeply) affected our lives. It transformed us into warriors who dared not cry even when we suffered intolerable pain.” Integration affected both their lives at school and at home. At school these students were elbowed, poked, kicked, punched, and pushed. They faced verbal abuse from segregationists as well as death threats against themselves, their families, and members of the black community. At home, their families endured threatening phone calls; some of the parents lost their jobs; and the black community as a whole was harassed by bomb threats, gun shots, and bricks thrown through windows. While the students received some support from their community, they were also alienated (rejected) by those who felt their actions jeopardised (endangered) the safety of others. [From: http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/crandall/CRfacts2.htm. Accessed on 03 February 2015] P.T.O.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com HISTORY ADDENDUM 14 (First Paper) 10791/15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Extracts and visuals in this addendum were taken from the following publications: www.academia.org.za... arkansascivilrightsheritage.org. www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/eisenhower/aa_eisenhower_littlerock_3.htm https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20150527151023AA.JUxdv www.content.eisa.org.za/...angola-first-ci www.cvce.eu/obj/caricature_de_shepard http://www.dailysoft.com/berlinwall/history/why-the-berlinwall-was-built.htm] https:/history.state.gov/milestones/…/ang…https:/history.state.gov/milestones/a/an… https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/berlin-airlift. http://mlk-pp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopaedia/enc little rock school desegregation 1957 http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/crandall/CRfacts2.htm www.org/…/Angolan_Civil_War.co.za… END