History Grade 12 Paper 2 NSC Mock 2025 Addendum

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION DEPARTEMENT VAN ONDERWYS LEFAPHA LA THUTO ISEBE LEZEMFUNDO PROVINSIALE VOORBEREIDENDE EKSAMEN/ PROVINCIAL PREPARATORY EXAMINATION GRAAD/GRADE 12 | GESKIEDENIS/HISTORY VRAESTEL/PAPER 2 SEPTEMBER 2025 ADDENDUM Hierdie addendum bestaan uit 14 bladsye. This addendum consists of 14 pages. Kopiereg voorbehou/Copyright reserved Blaai om asseblief/Please turn over

NC/September 2025 QUESTION 1: WHAT ROLE DID THE CONGRESS OF SOUTH AFRICAN STUDENTS (COSAS) AND THE NATIONAL EDUCATION CRISIS COMMITTEE (NECC) PLAY IN THE ANTI-APARTHEID STRUGGLE DURING THE 1980s? SOURCE 1A The source below outlines the reasons for the establishment of the Congress of South African Students (COSAS) in 1979. It also explains how COSAS mobilised students against the apartheid education system. The Congress of South African Students (COSAS) was established in June 1979 as a national organisation to represent the interests of Black school students in the wake of the Soweto uprising. During its formation, the South African Student Movement (SASM) and other organisations of the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) were banned by the apartheid government. COSAS organised students at secondary and night schools, as well as technical, teacher training and correspondence colleges. Soon after their formation, the organisation set up branches in the Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Transvaal, Orange Free State and Natal. Branches in the various provinces were set up with the aid of executive members specifically deployed into the various regions for that purpose. Other student organisations also assisted COSAS with establishing branches in their areas. The organisation's principle aims were the conscientising of students and the wider community to the repressive nature of education in South Africa, and to participate in the drawing up of an educational charter for a future, non-racial democratic education system. Its view was that a democratic education system could only be achieved in a democratic society based on the will of all the people. It recognised that Bantu Education was aimed at controlling and indoctrinating the youth and that this could only be changed by transforming the country's entire political system. Although it was primarily education focused, COSAS identified the relationship between educational and social transformation in its statement of beliefs: students must be organised through democratically elected [Student Representative Councils] SRC's; students must serve the community; in serving the community, there must be a recognition that students play only a limited role in the overall struggle and the duty of the students was to lend support to trade unions and community organisations. [From https://sahistory.org.za/article/congress-south-african-congress-cosas Accessed on 9 April 2025.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

NC/September 2025 SOURCE 1B The extract below focuses on the relationship between COSAS and other mass- based organisations. It explores the role played by COSAS and the United Democratic Front (UDF), amongst others, in the anti-apartheid liberation struggle during the 1980s. In 1982, COSAS adopted the theme, 'Student-worker action’ and promoted the formation of youth congresses to serve the interests of young workers and unemployed youth. These facilitated cooperation between school students, young workers and the unemployed youth. This had the dual effect of drawing COSAS into issues which affected young workers and the unemployed youth, and drawing the congresses into school-related struggles. The organisation provided essential support to striking workers and community struggles around issues such as transport increases, rent hikes and the like. In 1983, COSAS welcomed the formation of the United Democratic Front (UDF) and played a key role in the formation of the regional UDF structures in all of the provinces. It saw the UDF as representing a common platform to fight for a free and democratic South Africa. In its early years, COSAS focused on educational issues, but with its alliance to the UDF, by the end of 1984, its students were making demands around educational as well as political issues. Throughout the 1980s, under the banner of COSAS, students staged a variety of resistance tactics like boycotts, strikes, and negotiated and laid down demands. By the end of 1984, it had succeeded in drawing community support for the students’ struggle when it successfully called on the community to participate in the Transvaal regional stay-away. Demands made by the organisation included: the withdrawal of the [South African Defence Force] SADF and police from the townships; cessation (end) of rent and bus-fare increases; resignation of all community councillors and unconditional release of all political prisoners and detainees. [From https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/congress-south-african-students-cosas Accessed on 10 April 2025.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

NC/September 2025 SOURCE 1C The following source explains the circumstances that led to the formation of the National Education Crisis Committee (NECC) in 1986 and how the NECC dealt with the education crisis of the 1980s. In an attempt to deal with the crisis in schools, groups of concerned parents came together in December 1985 and formed the National Consultative Conference (NCC). This conference was organised by the Soweto Parents Crisis Committee, which was formed to deal with the education crisis. The Conference put forward political demands to the government, such as the unbanning of COSAS, the withdrawal of troops from the townships and the release of students and teachers from detention. But it also called for students to return to school and to work for change from within. And the way to do this would be through People's Education. In 1986, the National Education Crisis Committee (NECC) was formed. The NECC urged students and teachers to challenge the system of education from within schools, and to use knowledge and skills to empower students to fight apartheid. It proposed the introduction of a more relevant form of education called People's Education and developed alternative teaching materials to counter the apartheid ideology inherent in the curriculum. Thus, while it supported the students' political demands, the NECC also tried to get students to go back to school. They also believed that youth activism could be more easily controlled and coordinated in schools. It put forward alternative slogans, ‘People's Education for People's Power’ and ‘Education for Liberation' and suspended the school boycott. [From www.saha.org.za/youth/the education crisis continues.htm! Accessed on 11 April 2025.} Copyright reserved Please turn over

NC/September 2025 SOURCE 1D The poster below, produced by the 'Free the Children's Alliance’ and the NECC in 1987, appeared on the South African History Archive. |t called for the police and SADF to stay out of the schools. NATIONAL EDUCATION CRISIS COMMITTEE AND FREE cH\iprem ALLIANCE HANDS _ OFF! A f 48 G SU oe Ay ae : s J ; < oe Ly ere?) Wes i UNLOCK THE DOORS OF APARTHEIE 7 JAILS a [From Images of Defiance: South Africa Resistance Posters in the 1980s Published by Real African Publishers 2004] Copyright reserved Please turn over

NC/September 2025 QUESTION 2: HOW DID THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (TRC) DEAL WITH THE MURDER OF THE POLITICAL ACTIVIST ASHLEY KRIEL? SOURCE 2A The extract below is from Turning Points in Transition: The Story of South Africa's Road to Peace by S Seedat and J February, published in 2010. It outlines the reasons for the establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). After an extensive debate in Parliament, the Promotion of National Reconciliation and Unity Act (the TRC Act) was passed in 1995. The Act provided four main objectives for the TRC: to investigate and establish as complete a picture as possible of the nature, causes and extent of gross violation of human rights that occurred between 1960 and 1994; to grant amnesty to perpetrators who have made full disclosure of all relevant facts relating to crimes committed in pursuit of a political objective; to identify, locate and recommend reparations to victims of gross human rights violations; and to compile a report containing recommendations aimed at preventing future human rights violations. Although South Africa suffered various injustices over the centuries, Parliament asked the TRC to deal with the period between 1960 and 1994. It is considered that these years of the apartheid regime's most ruthless policies of discrimination and abuse. In international law, apartheid was considered to be a ‘crime against humanity’. In that case, why were those who had committed crimes in an effort to end apartheid also required to disclose the truth of their acts in exchange for amnesty? The decision to investigate abuses committed by both sides to the conflict embodied (represented) the principle that all human beings have inalienable rights (rights that cannot be taken away). It was believed that those seeking to liberate the country from internationally condemned government policy were not justified in violating these human rights. Although the TRC acknowledged that anti-apartheid activists had a ‘just cause', they nonetheless had to be held accountable for violations of human rights. The TRC began its work in 1995 and finally disbanded in 2002. It had completed the bulk of its activities by October 1998, when it handed over its official report to President Nelson Mandela. Composed of seventeen commissioners and a large support staff, and headed by widely respected Archbishop Desmond Tutu, it executed its mandate through three committees, namely the Committee on Human Rights Violations, the Committee on Amnesty and the Committee on Rehabilitation and Reparations. {From Turning Points in Transition: The Story of South Africa's Road to Peace by S. Seedat and J. February] Copyright reserved Please turn over

NC/September 2025 SOURCE 2B The extract below focuses on the role that Ashley Kriel played in the struggle against apartheid and his subsequent murder by a security policeman, Jeffrey Benzien. On 9 July, Ashley Kriel, who was just 20 years old, was murdered on the Cape Flats by the apartheid security police. His family, friends and other activists regarded him as a hero, champion and struggle icon who fought for a free South Africa. Yet, despite the passage of time, his two sisters are today, still battling to find closure over his brutal death. In the eyes of Michel Assure and Melanie Adams, Kriel was a born leader who was both spirited and funny. He was a member of various student groups while at school, where he developed his public speaking and organisational skills. According to Kriel's sisters, Ashley organised the youth of Bonteheuwel to embark on school boycotts, protests and other actions in line with the African National Congress's (ANC's) call to make the country 'ungovernable' ... Even though they feared for his safety, his sisters were not surprised when he joined the ANC's military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (Mk), to fight the apartheid regime. Kriel went to an ANC camp in Lusaka and later returned, but spent most of his time in hiding in areas close to their childhood home. Ashley Kriel's sisters did not believe their brother's killer told the truth. In a moving interview at the ANC's Athlone office, where Assure now works, she vividly recalled the horror of going to the 'house of safety’ where Kriel was killed. ‘What | saw in that house told me a story. | found a blood-stained spade, and | suspected he had been beaten with the spade. And that caused the gash (cut) on his head, which | had seen when | went to the mortuary. They brutally tortured him ‘In the mortuary, other than the gash in the head, I had seen that Ashley had grown into such a beautiful, strong young man, and it made me strong,’ she said, tears welling (forming) in her eyes. ‘| refused to break in front of the security police there. | refused to show them weakness. | chose to be strong for Ashley.’ What the sisters do know is that Kriel was shot in the back by the notorious apartheid security policeman, Jeffrey Benzien. [From https://mg.co.za/article/2014-04-24 -murder-of-anc-querrilla-haunts-his-sisters-27-years- after-he-was-killed. Accessed on 15 April 2025.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

NC/September 2025 SOURCE 2C The following is part of the testimony that Jeffrey Benzien gave at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings at the Bellville Community Centre in Cape Town on 14 July 1997. MR BENZIEN: Thank you, Chairperson. Before | start reading out my application, | would like to mention the following: Firstly, | apologise to any person or persons whom | have harmed and | specifically apologise to the families of Ashley Kriel for the death of their son and brother. Although | deny that | killed him unlawfully and wrongly, he did, however, die as a result of an action on my part and for that | apologise. Life is precious and, judged ex post facto (from what happened afterwards) and based on today's political situation of reconciliation, his death was unnecessary. Further, | also apologise to the people whom | assaulted during interrogation, namely Peter Jacobs, Ashley Forbes, Anwar Dramat, Tony Yenegni, Gary Kruse, Niclo Pedro and Allan Mamba ... ADV. COOK: ... Mr Benzien, during your period at the Terrorist Tracing Unit, for which deed or deeds are you applying for amnesty? MR BENZIEN: Chairperson, assaults, tortures, perjury (lies) committed during this period mentioned, vis-a-vis (with regard to) suspects who are arrested and questioned as well as the death of Ashley Kriel ... | stand by my statement which | made in the inquest (investigation) 23/87 and dated 15 July 1987. The reason | am now applying is as follows: This is an open and democratic forum in the new Republic of South Africa, and | hope that | will be able to convince the families that | am speaking the truth ... CHAIRPERSON: Benzien is granted amnesty for: 1. The unlawful killing of Ashley Kriel on 15 July 1987 ... [From https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/amntrans/capetown/capetown benzien.htm. Accessed on 17 April 2025.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

NC/September 2025 SOURCE 2D The photograph below shows people carrying a banner protesting against the TRC's decision to grant amnesty for the murder of Ashley Kriel. The following words appeared on the banner: 'TRC: NO JUSTICE FOR ASHLEY KRIEL'. [From https://www.gettyimages.ea/photos/ashleykriel?mediatype=photography& phrase= ashley%20 kriel&sort=mostpopular. Accessed on 20 April 2025.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

NC/September 2025 QUESTION 3: HOW HAS GLOBALISATION AFFECTED FOOD SECURITY IN BOTH DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE 218T CENTURY? SOURCE 3 The source below is a report on the Global Food Security Summit held on 20 November 2023. It focuses on the deepening food security crisis and efforts by world leaders to end world hunger. The United Kingdom (UK) will host the Global Food Security Summit on 20 November 2023, where leading experts will come together to 'tackle the causes of food insecurity and malnutrition, including through cutting-edge UK-funded science and technology’ and it couldn't be happening at a more crucial time. In the UK and abroad, food insecurity is on the rise. In 2022, there were 4.7 million people, or 7% of the UK population, in food poverty. Right now, one in every 10 people on Earth is unsure where their next meal will come from and an estimated 345 million people are facing acute hunger and starvation, a rise of 119% since 2019. Yet, less than 12% of the UK's military budget could end hunger worldwide for a year. While the World Food Programme (WFP) was able to raise a record-breaking 14 billion dollars in 2022, it was still way short of the 40 billion dollars it needs annually to feed the world's hungry. If the last year has shown anything, it's that a butterfly’s wings flapping on one side of the world is capable of driving hunger on the other. The biggest factor driving hunger is conflict. 70% of the world's hungry live in areas experiencing conflict and violence. Putin's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 caused a ripple (domino) effect around the world, raising the prices of wheat, grain, and fertiliser, as the ongoing war has limited or entirely disrupted access to these vital food-producing essentials for the rest of the world. The climate crisis is the second biggest driver of hunger in the world, undermining (reducing) people's ability to feed themselves and their families through the destruction of lives, crops, and livelihoods. The Global Food Security Summit will take place against this backdrop in London and will focus on new approaches to tackle preventable deaths of children, building climate-resilient (strong) and sustainable (renewable) food systems, supporting early action to prevent and reduce the impact of humanitarian crises, and using science and technology to boost food security for people in the hardest-hit countries. [From https://www.globalcitizen.org./en/content/uk-global-food-summit-world-hunger/ Accessed on 22 April 2025.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

NC/September 2025 SOURCE 3B The extract below was taken from an article titled: Globalised food systems are making hunger worse. It highlights how globalisation has contributed to food insecurity throughout the world. From COVID-19 to Russian President Vladimir Putin's war in Ukraine to climate change, it seems all the calamities (disasters) afflicting (troubling) the world are converging (moving) to make hunger worse. The world has not seen hunger at these levels for years. The world's food system is interconnected and complex than ever, built upon layers of transnational (beyond national boundaries) dependencies. It is why a war in Europe can exacerbate (worsen) a famine in Somalia — a country which imports most of its wheat and saw its supply of bread all but collapse overnight when exports of Ukrainian wheat ceased. But instead of reducing the fragility (weakness) of the food system, the latest international efforts led by the United States to end hunger are only exacerbating (making worse) it, especially for Africa, by globalising the system further. US President Joe Biden has promised African leaders gathered in Washington that the United States is ‘all in' on Africa. But the US needs to make sure that it is ‘all in’ in the right way, particularly when it comes to food. Climate change-related weather events, inflation and the Ukraine war have aggravated (upset) these stresses, rendering a complex and highly industrialised food system unable to serve the neediest people in the world even as it maintains steady supplies for the Global North. It is increasingly clear that in moments when the world is under severe stress, globalisation is not a strength but a weakness. Today, 80 per cent of the world’s population depends at least partly on food imports to eat, and the money they spend on imported food has tripled in the past 25 years. About half of the 50 countries with the highest pandemic-induced price increases are also among the countries most dependent on food imports, and about three- quarters of those crops originate from the Global South. [From https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/12/16/american-globalisation-is-aqgravating- africas-hunger. Accessed on 23 April 2025.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

NC/September 2025 SOURCE 3C The cartoon below is titled 'Capitalist Hunger’. It was taken from a report of the United States Department of Agriculture. It highlights that food insecurity is a major challenge in most countries in the Global North. THING OF THE PAST IN THE GOO) U.S. OF A! GREAT NEWS You GUYS.” THE USDA ops WERE NO LONGER WUNGRG J S Food NSECUREZ” Ss =>, Accessed on 24 April 2025.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

NC/September 2025 SOURCE 3D The source below was taken from an article titled: ‘World Bank's response to rising food insecurity’. It highlights the actions taken by the international institutions and the World Bank to alleviate food insecurity in developing countries. As part of a comprehensive (extensive), global response to the food security crisis, in April 2022, the World Bank announced that it is making up to 30 billion dollars available over a period of 15 months, including 12 billion dollars in new projects. The financing is to boost food and nutrition security, reduce risks, and strengthen food systems, support producers and consumers, facilitate increased trade in food and trade inputs, support vulnerable households and invest in sustainable food and nutrition security. In May, the World Bank Group and the G7 presidency (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the USA) co-convened (organised) the Global Alliance for Food Security, which aims to catalyse (activate) an immediate and concerted (combined) response to the unfolding global hunger crisis. The Alliance has developed the publicly accessible Global Food and Nutrition Security Dashboard, which provides timely information for global decision-makers to help improve coordination of the policy and financial response to the food crisis. The heads of the IMF (International Monetary Fund), World Bank Group, WFP (World Food Programme), and WTO (World Trade Organisation) released a Third Joint Statement on February 8, 2023. The statement calls to prevent a worsening of the food and nutrition security crisis; further urgent actions are required to rescue hunger hotspots, facilitate trade, improve the functioning of markets, enhance the role of the private sector, and reform and repurpose (reuse) harmful subsidies with careful targeting and efficiency. [From https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/brie/food-security-update. Accessed on 25 April 2025.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

NC/September 2025 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Visual sources and other historical evidence were taken from the following: Visuele bronne en ander historiese bewyse is uit die volgende geneem: https://Awww.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/12/16/american-globalisation-is-aggravating- africas-hunger. https://Awww.gettyimages.ea/photos/ashleykriel?mediatype=photography&phrase=ashley %20kriel&sort=mostpopular. https://www.globalcitizen.org./en/content/uk-global-food-summit-world-hunger/ https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/amntrans/capetown/capetown benzien.htm. https://i.pinimg.co./736x/e1/66/1d/e1661d3c52f9a746832104ebe5f35e6e. jpg. https://mg.co.za/article/2014-04-24-murder-of-anc-querrilla-haunts-his-sisters-27-years- after-he-was-killed. https://sahistory.org.za/article/congress-south-african-congress-cosas https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/brie/food-security-update. [From Images of Defiance: South Africa Resistance Posters in the 1980s Published by Real African Publishers 2004] www.saha.org.za/youth/the education _crisis_continues.html Seedat, S. et al. 2010. Turning Points in Transition: The Story of South Africa's Road to Peace (Institute of Justice and Reconciliation) Copyright reserved Piease wit Uver