AGRIC REVISION MANUAL 2017 2

REVISION GUIDE AND FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 2017

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https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 2 Revision manual: 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 Animal Nutrition 4-7 Animal Production, Protection and Control 8-9 Animal Reproduction 9-11 Agric. Management and Marketing 11- 12 Basic Agricultural Genetics 12-20 Tips And Frequently Asked Questions 21-30 Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 3 Revision manual: 2016 FOREWORD The purpose of this manual is to assist grade 12 learners in preparation for their 2017 end of year examination preparation The activities in this document are meant to be a guide and not to replace any study material/ text book. The manual focuses on selected challenging content topics informed by experience of dedicated curriculum implementers and analysis of June results 2017 This manual is distributed free of charge as a learning support material to all Agricultural Sciences teachers and learners in Mpumalanga Province and is fully funded by Mpumalanga Department of Education The guide is compiled from different sources. We hope that the guide will serve as a valuable and helpful resource for both teachers and learners Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 4 Revision manual: 2016 PAPER 1 1 . Animal Nutrition : A. Concepts  Ruminant: Animal with a complex/compound stomach [eg. Cattle, Sheep, Goats]  Non-ruminant (monogastric): Animal with a single/simple stomach [eg. Pigs, Poultry, Horses]  Rumination: The process of bringing back the cud/bolus food into the mouth for re- chewing, re-insalivation and re-swallowing.  Peristalsis: The movement of food through the alimentary canal / rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles of the alimentary canal.  Retroperistalsis /regurgitation: The bringing back of food from the stomach to the mouth cavity.  Chyme : The contents of the stomach  Chyle: The contents of the small intestines  Biological value (BV): The quality of proteins in the feed. B. Diagrams. Possible diagrams. I. Alimentary canal for a pig Carefully take note of the main parts of the alimentary canal of a pig and locate their functions in the process of digestion. Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 5 Revision manual: 2016 II. Alimentary canal for poultry Attempt to label all labeled parts and the functions of D, H and N. III. Alimentary canal for cattle Identify all labeled parts and supply functions for C, D, L, K J A I H G B F Sphincter C D E IV. Process of rumination Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 6 Revision manual: 2016 This process is critical in ruminants. It ensures that food ingested is properly chewed and re-swallowed for chemical digestion to continue. C. Calculations NB: In all calculations, don’t forget to use a calculator. I. Digestibility coefficient: Note the formula and the calculations for digestibility coefficient Digestibility coefficient t= (Feed intake – moisture) – DM Excreted X 100 (Feed intake - moisture) OR Digestibility coefficient = Dry matter intake – Dry matter of manure X 100 Dry matter intake E.g. A cow eats 10kg of maize with a 10% moisture content and excreted 4kg of dry matter = 9 kg – 4 kg X 100 9 kg = 5 kg X 1OO 9 kg = 500 kg 9 kg = 55,6 % (56 % ) Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 7 Revision manual: 2016 ii. Nutritive ratio (NR) Note the following:  Know the Definition of Nutritive Ratio NR is defined as a ratio used to determine the protein content of feed for animals  Know the formula of NR  Interpretation/implication of the Narrow and Wide ratios % Non-nitrogen substances NR = 1: % Digestible Protein (DP) OR %Total digestible nutrient (TDN) - %Digestible protein (DP) NR = 1: % Digestible Protein (DP) Calculate the NR— (a). Maize has a TDN of 80% and DP of 10% (b) Soya bean has a TDN of 72% and DP of 12% (c) Oats has a TDN of 95% and DP of 5% NR =1: 80 - 10 10 = 1:70 10 = 1:7 (Wide NR) above 1:6 .Suitable for Maintenance( more carbohydrates and less proteins) NB IF NR is 1:5 or less(Narrow NR) the feed is Suitable for growth , production and reproduction(MORE Proteins and Less carbohydrates). iii. Pearson square Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 8 Revision manual: 2016 A Pearson square is used to balance rations. If for instance, a farmer has got Sorghum meal that contains 13% digestible protein (DP) and oilcake meal with digestible protein content of 23% . The farm animals kept require 17% digestible protein (DP), then the calculation for balancing the rations is done as follows: Sorghum meal 13% 6 parts 17% oil cake meal 23% 4 parts 2. Animal Production Protection and Control: A. Concepts i. Animal Production  Intensive production system  Extensive production system  Subsistence farming  Commercial farming ii. Protection and Control  Internal parasites  External parasites  Plant poisoning B. Structures Handling facilities C. Life Cycles Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 9 Revision manual: 2016 3. Animal Reproduction : - A. Concepts i. Primary and secondary reproductive organs (Male and Female) ii. Spermatogenesis : - iii. Oogenesis/Ovigenesis iv. Ovulation v. Oestrus vi. Gestation/Pregnancy vii. Parturition viii. Lactation ix. Dystocia D. Diagrams i. Female reproduction system Identify labels in the diagram below: A B C D E Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 10 Revision manual: 2016 ii. Spermatogenesis Take note of how the process unfolds in the testes iii. Oogenesis Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 11 Revision manual: 2016 PAPER 2 1. Agric. Management and Marketing :- A. Concepts i. Demand ii. Supply iii. Market equilibrium vi. Market B. Graphs Demand, supply curve and market equilibrium C. Diagrams / Pictures 2. Production factors A. Concepts i. Land ii. Labour (labour legislations) iii. Capital Iv. Management B. Graph Law of diminishing returns Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 12 Revision manual: 2016 C. NB: KNOW the differences between Liabilities and assets. For you to do: Differentiate between Liabilities and assets 3. Basic Agricultural genetics A. Concepts i. GMOs (definition, benefits and risks) II. Phenotypes iii.Genotypes vi.dominance v. Atavism vi. Prepotency vii. Mutation viii. Variation xi. Selection x. Monohybrid & Dihybrid crosses(Mendel’s laws) B. illustration and schematic representation Parents BB x bb meiosis Gametes B B b b F1 generation Bb Bb Bb Bb Ii.Punnet square Gametes B B B Bb Bb B Bb Bb Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 13 Revision manual: 2016 BASIC GENETICS IN DETAIL PAPER 2 GRADE 12 A. GENETIC CONCEPTS: *Monohybrid cross /monohybridism= when a single factor is involved in cross breeding. Eg Tallness x shortness *Dihybrid cross /dihybridism = when two factors are involved in cross breeding. eg Tall &Light x short & dark *Phenotype ======= physical/outward appearance of an organism *Genotype ======= genetic composition of an organism *Alleles ======= alternate forms of genes/pairs of Genes (TT, Tt, tt, WW, Ww, ww) *Homozygous alleles== similar/identical pairs of Genes (TT, tt ,WW, ww, BB, bb) *Heterozygous alleles== dissimilar pairs of genes(Tt, Ww, Bb Zz, Ll, Dd) *Prepotency======= ability of an organism/individual to transmit its characteristics to the offspring/progeny. *Atavism======== Reappearance of ancestral characteristics Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 14 Revision manual: 2016 B.MONOHYBRID CROSS -when a single factor is involved in cross breeding B.1.WITH DOMINANCE (COMPLETE DOMINANCE) T=tall, t=short enotype= P1: TT x tt (homozygous parents) Meiosis T T t t (gametes) F1: Tt Tt Tt Tt (All hybrid tall & heterozygous offspring) t t T Tt Tt T Tt tt Punette square Tt x Tt (tall & heterozygous) T t T t (gamete) F2: TT Tt Tt tt Punette Square T t T TT Tt t Tt tt RATIOS: Phenotype== Genotype=== % : Tall=== Pure bred (very) tall=== Hybrid (medium) tall== Reccessive (very) short Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 15 Revision manual: 2016 B.2. WITHOUT DOMINANCE (INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE) *Mendell used flowers of different colours eg Red flowers(R) and a White flower(r) Genotype: P1 = RR x rr meiosis R R r r (gametes ) r r R Rr Rr R Rr Rr Rr x Rr (Pink and heterozygous) Meiosis R r R r F2== RR Rr Rr rr (How many colours do you see?) Punette square F2 Generation R r R RR Rr r Rr rr For you to do: Give the ratio of each of the following: Phenotype= Genotype= Give the % of : Red flowers= Pink flowers= White flowers= Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 16 Revision manual: 2016 C. CO-DOMINANCE  There is NO Recessiveness  Both characteristics (colours) are dominant  Both colours of the parents will equally appear in the offspring  The offspring will have a Roan colour Eg. BB (Black bull) x WW (White cow) ∕ Meiosis B B x W W (gametes) F1 BW BW BW BW (Roan colour) Summary: DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE CO-DOMINANCE COLOUR OF  One colour is  There is no  There is no recessiveness OFFSPRING dominant and dominance  Both colours are dominant the other is  None of the parents’  Both colours of the parents recessive. colours will be visible equally appear in the  The offspring to the offspring offspring resembles  The offspring has one  This colour of the offspring is one of the colour which is called a Roan colour (White parents completely different and Black spots/patches) from its parents Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 17 Revision manual: 2016 C.DIHYBRID CROSS -Two factors are involved in cross breeding Mendell used seeds Round ( R ) and Yellow (Y ) x Wrinkled (r ) and green (y ) Genotype: P1 = RRYY x r r yy Meiosis RY RY RY RY ry ry ry ry (gametes ) genes in pairs F1: === RrYy (All Round and Yellow & heterozygous) Punette Square- F1 RY ry ry ry Ry RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy x RrYy (heterozygous) Meiosis RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry (gametes) genes in pairs. Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 18 Revision manual: 2016 Punette Square RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY Ry RATIO: Phenotype: Round &Yellow Round & green wrinkled & Yellow= wrinkled & green= MENDELL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE First Law : When Mendell discovered GENES - Genes are transmitted from one generation to the next. Second Law : Dominance and Recessiveness -Some genes are dominant and others are recessive Third Law : Law of Segregation - During meiosis pairs separate to form gametes eg RR / meiosis \ R R Fourth Law: Independent assortment /Dihybrid cross /Dihybridism -Independent pairs of genes are released during meiosis eg RRYY / meiosis \ RY RY RY RY Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 19 Revision manual: 2016 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES TOPIC: TIPS AND FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 1.TIPS FOR SUCCESS IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES: GRADE 12 Do your learners often struggle with the data response questions in the final exam? Try these hints to help them cope: 1.1. Analyse the question before rushing to answer! The learners should first read the case studies, scenarios, data tables graphs and passages slowly and carefully, and then once more. The first task is to make quite sure that they understand case studies, scenarios, data tables graphs and passages and at what level they are being asked to answer it. So they must reread the question, underline key words and then decide what is being asked of them. They can use these questions to guide them:  What is the topic about? What is the issue?  What am I asked to do?  What knowledge is required?  Am I asked for an opinion that I must motivate?  Must I provide a counter opinion (different view) as part of my answer? 1.2. Common Agricultural Sciences key words Here are some common key words in Agricultural Sciences. They ask for different kinds or levels of thinking, and different kinds of answers. Explain them to your learners. These words ask for simple information in different ways: Define Give the exact meaning of a term or concept, using your own words or mathematical symbols. Example: Define the term digestion. Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za Agricultural Sciences 20 Revision manual: 2016 Describe Outline a process, structure, phenomenon or investigation in your own words (use diagrams when asked). Example: Describe gaseous exchange. Identify or indicate Choose or single out from other information. Example: Identify part the letter that represents the organ for excretion. List State briefly, in point form or one underneath the other. Example: List four compartments of a ruminant stomach. State Give or say, without any supporting arguments. Example: State three reasons why it is necessary to supplement roughage. Deduce A question to make a conclusion based on information/data provided. Example: Deduce the relationship between demand and supply Calculate Use a formula to work out an answer. (Show all calculations.) Example: Calculate the nutritive ratio (NR) of feed A. Tabulate Present responses in a table. Example: tabulate the differences between intensive and extensive production systems Select Choose from the information provided. Example: Select two sources of finance on a farm. 1.2. Dos and don’ts  Don’t put in long sentences and personal emotional comments. Stick to presenting the facts and viewpoints as straightforwardly as possible. If asked for your personal opinion, as well as pie charts  Read the questions very carefully and present your answers according to the action words in the questions. For example compare, tabulate, explain and/or describe.  Don’t provide drawings or flow charts if not asked.  Make sure that you have a deep understanding of all the key concepts (for Agricultural Sciences in all knowledge areas)  Make sure that you are able to interpret line, bar graphs and tables Copyright reserved Please turn over https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za 2.FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FOR THE PAST FOUR YEARS) : AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES PAPER 1 TOPICS 2012 November 2013 November 2014 November 2015 November 1. Animal Alimentary canal of a ruminant( Alimentary canal of a ruminant( Diagram illustrating the route Alimentary canal of a non- Nutrition Labeling, Requirements of rumen Labeling, functions of major parts) of food in ruminant stomach ruminant( Labeling , functions micro organisms of major parts) Calculation of (digestibility co- Calculation of digestibility co- Calculation of digestibility co- Calculation of (digestibility co- efficient. efficient – implication of calculated efficient – implication of efficient). value calculated value Processes used to improve digestibility of feeds Calculation of nutritive ratio NR) Calculation of nutritive ratio Calculation of nutritive ratio NR(Suitability of NR) NR(Suitability of NR)  Calculation of Pearson Calculation of Pearson – Calculation of Pearson –  Calculation of Pearson Square Square(ratio & percentage of feeds) Square(ratio & percentage of Square feeds  Fodder Flow (  Fodder flow Calculation) programme (bar graph – cost effective measures for better utilization of feeds) https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za  Enzymatic digestion  Adaptation of parts for Nutritional value of pasture on absorption) micro organisms  Structure of the villus (Labeling and absorption)  Absorption of fat molecules Vitamin A (Functions and deficiency  Deficiency symptoms of vitamins & minerals Water (functions) Deficiency symptoms) vitamins & minerals symptoms of vitamins & minerals Methods of supplementing vitamins & minerals 2. Animal  Extensive production Characteristics of intensive Extensive and intensive Extensive and intensive production, system( optimizing production system production system ( production protection production, primary characteristics, measures to system(Differences) and control products) increase production in an extensive system) Free range production system (advantages & disadvantages  Animal handling and  Animal behaviour  Handling and behavior( Behavioural management of farm patterns)  Impact of temperature on animals (structure production used to handle animals) https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za  External parasites( passage  Pest and disease  External parasites( External parasites( method on ticks, economical value management control & diseases) used to administer remedies) of ticks, life cycle of bont tick, biological control of  Indigenous farm animals external parasites (case study)  Vaccination programme  Disease control measures (indigenous v/s chemical)  The role of state in animal  The role of state over protection medication  Characteristics of eco-  friendly chemicals  Plant poisoning(examples and control measures)  Fat content(graph)  Feed consumption v/s  Impact of  production temperature on production  Broiler production 3. Animal  Male reproductive system  Artificial insemination(AI)  Female reproductive  Parturition( stages in reproduction (spermatogenesis, structure system(labeling) pictures) of spermatozoon)  Pregnancy (stages)  Signs of parturition https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za  Hormones [graph]  Hormones [graph]  Oestrogen &  Hormones[graph] (oestrogen & progesterone) (oestrogen & progesterone) progesterone (role in Oestrogen & oestrus cycle) progesterone)  Signs of oestrus  Structure of  Adaptability of spermatozoon(labelin infundibulum to g&  Oogenesis  capture ova  functions)  Artificial insemination(AI) – definition & requirements  Cloning  Embryo transfer(ET) – stages and benefits ADD YOUR OWN NOTES: https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za PAPER 2 TOPICS 2012 November 2013 November 2014 November 2015 November 1. Agricultural  Supply and demand (market  Comparing prices using a  Line graph on  Marketing type marketing and equilibrium, inelasticity of bar graph supply management supply, role of processing in  Relationship between supply)  Market strategy to price , supply and increase supply demand  Developing marketing strategy(marketing  Agri-business chain  Graph  Agri-business chain elements)  Economic reasons  Demand and supply for decrease in supply  Price trend in a market  Business plan(items to be  Marketing strategies system included and procedures  Sequence in decision  Characteristics of  SWOT analysis making process successful entrepreneur  Aspects of feasibility  Marketing systems study 2. Production  Case study on production  Case study on land ( land  Labour contracts  Case study factors factors reform policy, aims of equity (type of farm labour schemes) signing a contract)  Forms of assets  Capital (forms and  Labour legislation  Problems of capital and sources)  Impact of HIV/AIDS https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za ways to increase capital  Farm labour on farm labour  Labour legislation (characteristics of a  Management as a permanent labourer, causes  Capital (examples production factor from a diagram, assets for loss of farm labour) and liabilities)  Land (Ways to improve land productivity)  Land (law of diminishing returns,  Labour (ways to improve measures to increase labour productivity, land productivity) HIV/AIDS on labour productivity)  External factors  Labour (ways to impacting on farm improve labour  Net value (definition & business productivity calculation)  Essential farm  Law of diminishing returns records (causes of decrease in  Land (law of production output) diminishing returns, measures to increase land productivity) https://tvetpapers.co.za

https://ultradeep.co.za 3. Basic  GMOs (dangers of GMO  Incomplete and co-  Hybrid  Monohybrid cross agricultural food, benefits of GMO food) dominance crossing(phenotype and genetics genotype)  Phenotypic and genotypic  Genotypic and phenotypic  Drawing of a Punnett ratios percentages square  Breeding system  Drawing of a Punnet square  Calculation of Estimated  Comparison of (upgrading) breeding value(EBV)  Selection and variation( upgrading, line breeding and crossbreeding. uses of variation in  Species Disadvantages of line breeding, importance of crossing(importance) breeding variation)  The difference between  Difference in  Importance of index value co-dominance and yield(GMO & non-  GMO (techniques used, incomplete dominance GMO)  Cloning (Steps and conventional seeds vs GMO importance/advantages) seeds, advantages of GMO)  GMO (methods / techniques used,  Role of co-dominance disadvantages.)  Pontential benefits (Advantages)  Differences between continuous and discontinuous variation  Selection ( methods and definition)  Pontential risks ( Disadvantages) https://tvetpapers.co.za