AGR SCIENCES P2 GR10 MEMO NOV2019 English

NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 10 NOVEMBER 2019 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 MARKING GUIDELINE MARKS: 150 This marking guideline consists 9 pages.

2 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) SECTION A QUESTION 1 1.1 1.1.1 D √√ 1.1.2 B √√ 1.1.3 D √√ 1.1.4 B √√ 1.1.5 C √√ 1.1.6 B √√ 1.1.7 A √√ 1.1.8 A √√ 1.1.9 A √√ 1.1.10 B √√ (10 x 2) (20) 1.2 1.2.1 E √√ 1.2.2 F √√ 1.2.3 D √√ 1.2.4 H √√ 1.2.5 A √√ (5 x 2) (10) 1.3 1.3.1 Humification √√ 1.3.2 Cultivar √√ 1.3.3 Pollution √√ 1.3.4 Metaphase √√ 1.3.5 Multicellular √√ (5 x 2) (10) 1.4 1.4.1 Lithosphere √ 1.4.2 Deciduous √ 1.4.3 Soil crusting √ 1.4.4 Choloroplast √ 1.4.5 Mitosis √ (5 x 1) (5) TOTAL SECTION A: 45 Copyright reserved Please turn over

(EC/NOVEMBER 2019) AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 3 SECTION B QUESTION 2: SOIL SCIENCES 2.1 Description of soil components 2.1.1 (a) 5% √ (1) (b) 45% √ (1) 2.1.2 Functions of oxygen in the soil for plant growth • Respiration of plant roots √ • Germination of plant seeds √ (2) 2.1.3 Calculation of the mineral component in a 1 kg soil sample 45 X 1 kg 45 X 1 000 g √ = 0,45 kg √ OR √√ = 450 g 100 100 √ 0,45 x 1 000 = 450 g √ (3) 2.1.4 Difference between gravitational water and hygroscopic water • Gravitational water is excess water that drains through the soil under the influence of gravity. √ • Hygroscopic water is tightly bound to the soil particles. √ (2) 2.1.5 Human activities that reduce soil organism population • Excess fertilisation √ • Pesticides application √ • Poor waste management √ • Over-cultivation (Any 2 x 1) (2) 2.2 2.2.1 Characteristics of minerals (a) Cleavage √ (1) (b) Hardness √ (1) (c) Specific gravity √ (1) (d) Transparency √ (1) (e) Tenacity √ (1) 2.2.2 Formation of secondary minerals and primary minerals • Primary minerals are minerals formed during the original solidification of the rock under high temperature and pressure √ • Secondary minerals are formed when primary minerals undergo chemical change √ (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

4 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) 2.2.3 Examples of secondary minerals • Kaolinite √ • Vermiculite √ • Illite √ • Haematite √ • Goethite √ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 2.3 2.3.1 Types of rocks A – Sedimentary rock √ B – Igneous rock √ C – Metamorphic rock √ (3) 2.3.2 Formation of Rock A and B A – Sedimentary rocks are formed when sediment is deposited by wind, water and organisms resulting in them piling up over thousands of years √ B – Igneous rocks are formed when volcanoes erupts and magma comes out and solidifies on the Earth surface √ (2) 2.3.3 Suitability of rock C for cultivation of deep-rooted crops • Metamorphic rock soils are not suitable for deep rooted crops √ (1) 2.3.4 Motivation • The soil formed is not deep √ • The soil is easily compacted √ • The soil is poorly drained √ which is not good for deep rooted crops (Any 2 x 1) (2) 2.4 2.4.1 Type of weathering • Biological √ (1) 2.4.2 Motivation • Plant roots penetrate cracks in the rocks causing them to widen √ (1) 2.4.3 Other types of weathering • Chemical √ • Physical √ (Any 1 x 1) (1) 2.4.4 Role of oxygen in chemical weathering • Oxygen speeds up the chemical reaction process on rocks which is called oxidation √ • Where oxygen combines with compound elements in rocks to form oxides or rust √ that weakens the rock structure (2) 2.5 Soil forming factors A – Climate √ (1) B – Topography √ (1) [35] Copyright reserved Please turn over

(EC/NOVEMBER 2019) AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 5 QUESTION 3: PLANT STUDIES 3.1 3.1.1 Importance of growing maize and wheat in South Africa • For making sugars, alcoholic drinks, sugar and syrups √ • Corn oil from maize seeds is used for making margarine and salad oil √ • Source of food for the people and livestock √ • Wheat is used to make flour for bread √ • Used as bio-fuel √ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 3.1.2 Climatic conditions suitable for winter wheat • Needs cool environments with optimum temperature of 20 °C–25 °C (degrees Celsius) √ • Average rainfall of 600–850 mm in the winter season √ (2) 3.1.3 Discuss why deep, well-drained soil is good for maize • Deep soils encourage root development of maize crop √ • Well drained soil is good for aeration √ • Hard layers or compacted soils do not promote root development √ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 3.1.4 Class of field crops (a) Industrial crops √ (1) (b) Grain crops √ (1) 3.1.5 Function of fibre • To make paper √ • Insulation √ • Timber frames √ (Any 1 x 1) (1) 3.2 3.2.1 Horticulture • This is the science and art of growing fruit, vegetables and flowers √ (1) 3.2.2 Advantages of genetic engineering in horticulture • Develop disease resistant cultivars √ • Increase nutritional content √ (2) 3.2.3 Factors to consider when choosing vegetable cultivars • Adaptation to the environmental conditions/climate √ • Pest and disease resistant √ • Days it takes to mature √ • Yield potential √ • Market demand √ (Any 3 x 1) (3) 3.2.4 Economic and environmental benefits of using disease resistant crops • The farmer will save money by reducing pesticides applied √ • Reduction of pesticide application reduces pollution to the environment √ (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

6 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) 3.2.5 Classification of vegetable crops • Root √ • Stem √ • Leaves√ • Fruits √ • Flowers √ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 3.3 3.3.1 Bar graph showing quantities of fruit crops exported by a group of farmers in 2015 and 2016 700 600 500 Quantity exported (tons) 400 Exported in 2015 300 Exported in 2016 200 100 0 Bananas Apples Grapes Oranges Fruit crops Marking guideline for the bar graph • Correct caption √ • Variable on 𝑦-axis correctly labelled and calibrated (Quantity exported) √ • Variable on 𝑥-axis correctly labelled and calibrated (Fruit crops) √ • Units indicated on 𝑦-axis (tons) √ • Bar graph √ (5) 3.3.2 Fruit crop with highest increase in export Apples √√ (2) 3.3.3 Challenges in exporting bananas • Bananas are perishable / quickly rot √ • Bananas are bulk √ • Costly/expensive to transport √ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 3.3.4 Importance of exporting fruit crops to the economy of South Africa • Exporting brings in foreign currency to the country which boosts the economy √ (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

(EC/NOVEMBER 2019) AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 7 3.3.5 Percentage increase of oranges produced 920 t – 700 t = 220 t √ 220 t x 100 √ 700 t = 31,4% √ (3) 3.4 3.4.1 Reasons why Lantana camara was declared an invader • It causes drastic loss of indigenous plants √ • It causes depletion of underground water √ (Any 1 x 1) (1) 3.4.2 Exotic/Alien √ (1) 3.4.3 Reason why Lantana camara’s population increases more than indigenous plants • Lantana camara has fewer natural pests and diseases that can affect its growth than indigenous plants (1) [35] Copyright reserved Please turn over

8 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) QUESTION 4: SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE UTILISATION AND BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS 4.1 4.1.1 Tillage system • Famer A/Zero tillage √ (1) 4.1.2 Motivation • Zero tillage does not use expensive machines √ • It is sustainable because it reduces rate of soil erosion √ • It promotes organic residue accumulation √ • No soil tillage/cultivation √ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 4.1.3 Adverse effects of maximum tillage • Cause air pollution √ • Cause compaction on the soil √ • Disturb activities of micro and macro-organisms √ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 4.1.4 Ways to reduce water loss • Mulching √ • Plant cover crops √ • Removal of weeds √ (Any 1 x 1) (1) 4.1.5 Ways to reduce soil erosion in the fields • Allow vegetation in grazing fields to recover √ • Sow cover crops √ • Practise zero cultivation/no tilling √ • Contour plough across slopes √ • Reduce ploughing before rain falls √ (Any 1 x 1) (1) 4.1.6 Consequences of soil degradation to consumers • Food shortages because of decrease in production √ • Higher food prices due to shortages √ • Soil pollution threatens food safety √ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 4.2 4.2.1 Important aspects of soil living organisms • Micro-organisms like fungi and bacteria break down/decompose organic matter into soil nutrients √ / It recycles soil nutrients √ • Macro-organisms mix and aerate the soil by burrowing and turning over the soil √ • Living soil organisms improve soil structure √ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 4.2.2 Assessment of the statement • The statement is not true √ (1) Supporting reasons • Farming reduces biodiversity and population of soil organisms √ • Use of fertiliser, pesticides and fumigation reduces soil organisms √ • Farming exhaust soil organic matter resulting in decrease of soil organisms √ (Any 2 x 1) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

(EC/NOVEMBER 2019) AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 9 4.2.3 Waste management techniques • Making compost with plant residues √ • Use of biogas digesters √ • Make use of some crop waste to make biofuel and alcoholic drinks √ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 4.2.4 National Water Act • Efficiency – Farmers should use water without wasting it √ • Equity – Farmers should fairly share water resource √ (2) 4.3 4.3.1 Plant cell • Plant cell √ (1) 4.3.2 Justification • The cell has a cell wall √ • Large vacuole √ (Any 1 x 1) (1) 4.3.3 Labelling A – Nucleus √ B – Chloroplast √ C – Vacuole √ (3) 4.3.4 Functions of chloroplast • Site of photosynthesis √ • Contains chlorophyll which absorbs energy from sunlight √ • That will be used to turn carbon dioxide and water to form glucose and oxygen √ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 4.3.5 Plant tissues and plant organs • Plant tissues are a group of similar cells that carry out the same function √ • Examples – epidermal tissue/collenchyma tissue/vascular tissue √ • Plant organs are a part of the body that perform a particular function √ • Examples – root/stem/and leaves √ (4) 4.4 4.4.1 Cell division • Mitosis √ (1) 4.4.2 Justification • Two daughter cells are produced √ (1) 4.4.3 Important aspects of mitosis • Facilitates growth √ • Replaces worn out cells or tissues √ • Forms the basis of asexual reproduction in plants √ (Any 2 x 1) (2) 4.4.4 Phases of mitosis A – Anaphase √ B – Telophase √ (2) [35] TOTAL SECTION B: 105 GRAND TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved Please turn over