Geography Grade 10 P1 November Mock Exam 2 2026 Memo (Eng)

Mock hlayiso mock exams Practice Series: Grade 10 Exam Preparation WWW.HLAYISO.COM NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 10 GEOGRAPHY P1 NOVEMBER EXAMINATION 2026 (MOCK) MARKING GUIDELINES MARKS: 150 These marking guidelines consist of 9 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P1 2 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines NOTE TO MARKERS: • Accept alternative answers that are correct and relevant to the question, even if not listed. • A mark is allocated for each correct fact. For (2 x 2) questions, award 2 marks per complete, well-explained point. • Paragraph questions (approximately EIGHT lines): assess the quality and relevance of the response. • For calculations, follow the steps indicated. Measurements were taken on the A3 map sheet printed at 100%; accept answers within the given ranges and mark consequentially (CA) where indicated. SECTION A QUESTION 1: THE ATMOSPHERE 1.1 1.1.1 B (1) (8 x 1) (8) 1.1.2 B (1) 1.1.3 B (1) 1.1.4 A (1) 1.1.5 C (1) 1.1.6 B (1) 1.1.7 D (1) 1.1.8 C (1) 1.2 1.2.1 Insolation (1) (7 x 1) (7) 1.2.2 Reflection (1) 1.2.3 Scattering (1) 1.2.4 Absorption (1) 1.2.5 Terrestrial radiation (1) 1.2.6 Conduction (1) 1.2.7 Convection (1) 1.3.1 An increase in the average temperature of the earth’s surface and (1 x 2) (2) lower atmosphere, caused mainly by an increase in greenhouse gases released by human activities (2) [CONCEPT] 1.3.2 Electricity and heat production (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.3.3 Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.3.4 Most of the extra electricity is generated by burning coal, which (1 x 2) (2) releases more carbon dioxide (greenhouse gases); these trap more outgoing terrestrial (long-wave) radiation, so the earth warms further and heat waves become more likely (a vicious circle) (2) 1.3.5 Elderly people and young children were treated for heat (1 x 1) (1) exhaustion/dehydration (1) Schools ended lessons early (1) Farmers lost cattle and crops (accept: loss of income/livelihood) (1) [ANY ONE] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P1 3 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 1.3.6 Generate more electricity from renewable sources such as solar (4 x 2) (8) and wind power (2); gradually replace coal-fired power stations (2); use energy-saving appliances and LED light bulbs (2); switch off lights and appliances when not in use (2); install solar water heaters and solar panels in homes (2); insulate buildings so that less energy is needed for heating and cooling (2); improve and encourage public transport, lift clubs, cycling and walking (2); promote electric or fuel-efficient vehicles (2); plant trees and stop deforestation (trees absorb CO2 ) (2); recycle and compost to reduce waste in landfills (methane) (2); introduce a carbon tax/stricter laws on emissions from industries (2); educate people about reducing their carbon footprint (2) [ANY FOUR] 1.4.1 Convectional rainfall (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.4.2 Summer (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.4.3 Cumulonimbus (cloud) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.4.4 Heavy rain (downpours) (1) (2 x 1) (2) Thunder and lightning (1) Hail (1) Strong, gusty winds (1) Dark, overcast skies (1) Sudden drop in temperature (1) [ANY TWO] 1.4.5 The sun heats the ground strongly, and the air in contact with the (2 x 2) (4) ground is heated by conduction (2) The warm air expands, becomes lighter (less dense) and rises in convection currents (thermals) (2) The rising air cools to its dew point and the water vapour condenses around condensation nuclei, forming clouds (2) The clouds grow into tall cumulonimbus clouds; the water droplets grow large and heavy and fall as heavy rain (2) [ANY TWO] 1.4.6 The ground heats up during the day and reaches its highest (1 x 2) (2) temperature in the afternoon, so the convection currents are strongest then (2) It takes the whole morning for enough heating and rising air to build up tall clouds (2) [ANY ONE] 1.4.7 Hail damages or destroys crops, fruit and greenhouses (2) (2 x 2) (4) Lightning kills livestock and can start veld fires (2) Heavy rain causes flash floods that wash away crops and fences (2) Heavy rain washes away fertile topsoil (soil erosion) (2) Strong winds damage farm buildings and flatten crops (2) Damage to roads/power lines disrupts farming activities and increases costs (2) Lower income/crop losses mean farmers may not repay loans (2) [ANY TWO] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P1 4 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 1.5.1 Isobars (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.5.2 South Atlantic High (St Helena High) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.5.3 1 012 hPa (1 008 hPa + 4 hPa isobar interval) (2) (1 x 2) (2) 1.5.4 (a) Summer (1) (1 x 1) (1) (b) The high-pressure cells lie further south over the oceans (1) The interior is under low pressure (L) (1) The cold front (C) is far south of the country (1) (2 x 1) (2) High temperature (27 ◦ C) at station X (1) High dew point/moist air at station X (1) [ANY TWO] 1.5.5 (a) 27 ◦ C (1) (5 x 1) (5) (b) 18 ◦ C (1) (c) 6/8 (6 oktas; three-quarters of the sky covered) (1) (d) North-east (north-easterly wind) (1) (e) 15 knots (1) 1.5.6 Cold front (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.5.7 In summer the overhead sun is close to the Tropic of Capricorn, so (1 x 2) (2) the interior is heated strongly; the heated air expands, becomes less dense and rises, which lowers the air pressure (thermal/heat low) (2) [60] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P1 5 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 2: GEOMORPHOLOGY 2.1 2.1.1 A (1) (8 x 1) (8) 2.1.2 C (1) 2.1.3 D (1) 2.1.4 B (1) 2.1.5 E (1) 2.1.6 C (1) 2.1.7 B (1) 2.1.8 A (1) 2.2 2.2.1 Y (1) (7 x 1) (7) 2.2.2 Z (1) 2.2.3 Y (1) 2.2.4 Y (1) 2.2.5 Z (1) 2.2.6 Y (1) 2.2.7 Z (1) 2.3.1 The theory that the continents were once joined in one large (1 x 2) (2) landmass (Pangaea) and have slowly moved (drifted) apart to their present positions (2) [CONCEPT] 2.3.2 Gondwana (Gondwanaland) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 2.3.3 South America (1) (2 x 1) (2) Antarctica (1) Australia (1) India (the Indian subcontinent) (1) (do NOT accept Asia) [ANY TWO] 2.3.4 A small freshwater reptile could not have swum across the wide (1 x 2) (2) salt-water Atlantic Ocean, so South America and Africa must have been joined when it lived (2) 2.3.5 The coastlines of Africa and South America fit together like pieces (1 x 2) (2) of a jigsaw puzzle (2) Rocks of the same type and age are found on continents that are now far apart (2) Mountain ranges continue from one continent to another (e.g. Cape Fold Mountains and the Sierra de la Ventana in Argentina) (2) Evidence of glaciation (glacial deposits/scratches) is found in areas that are now hot (2) Coal deposits (formed from tropical forests) are found in Antarctica (2) [ANY ONE] 2.3.6 Sea-floor spreading (1) (1 x 1) (1) 2.3.7 African Plate (accept Nubian Plate) (1) (1 x 1) (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P1 6 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.3.8 Heat from the core heats the material in the (lower) mantle, which (2 x 2) (4) becomes less dense and rises (2) The rising material spreads out sideways below the lithosphere and drags the plates along with it (2) The material cools, becomes denser and sinks again, forming a circular convection current (2) Where currents move apart, plates diverge; where they meet, plates converge (2) [ANY TWO] 2.4.1 The point below the earth’s surface where the earthquake (1 x 2) (2) originates and the energy is released (2) 2.4.2 Richter scale (accept moment magnitude scale) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 2.4.3 It struck in the early hours of the morning while most people were (2 x 1) (2) asleep (1) Many apartment blocks were not built according to the building regulations and collapsed (1) The earthquake was very strong (magnitude 7,8) and was followed by a second strong earthquake (7,5) (1) Thousands of aftershocks followed (1) Survivors were left homeless in freezing winter weather (1) Damaged roads and hospitals made rescue work very difficult (1) [ANY TWO] 2.4.4 Aftershocks caused weakened buildings to collapse further, (1 x 2) (2) trapping/injuring more people and rescue workers (2) They made rescue work more dangerous and slowed it down (2) They caused fear, so people were afraid to return to their homes (2) [ANY ONE] 2.4.5 Social: loss of life and many injuries (2); people are left homeless (4 x 2) (8) and must live in shelters/tents (2); families are separated and children orphaned (2); outbreaks of disease due to damaged water and sewerage pipes (2); shortages of food, clean water and medicine (2); trauma and stress (psychological impact) (2); schools and hospitals are destroyed, disrupting education and health care (2) Economic: high costs of rebuilding homes, roads and bridges (2); businesses and factories are destroyed, causing job losses (2); damaged roads, railways and ports disrupt trade and transport (2); loss of income from tourism (2); the government must spend large amounts on disaster relief and may need to borrow money (2); insurance costs increase (2) [ANY FOUR] 2.5.1 A: Batholith (1) (4 x 1) (4) B: Dyke (1) C: Sill (1) D: Laccolith (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P1 7 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.5.2 Intrusive igneous rock forms when magma cools and solidifies (1 x 2) (2) below the earth’s surface, while extrusive igneous rock forms when lava cools and solidifies on the surface (2) 2.5.3 The magma cools very slowly deep below the surface, giving the (1 x 2) (2) crystals a long time to grow large (2) 2.5.4 Shield volcano (1) (1 x 1) (1) 2.5.5 The lava has a low viscosity (is runny), so it flows far before it cools (1 x 2) (2) and solidifies, building a volcano with gentle slopes and a wide base (2) Runny lava does not pile up around the vent, so the volcano is low and broad (shield-shaped) (2) [ANY ONE] 2.5.6 Lava flows destroy homes, farms and infrastructure (2) (2 x 2) (4) Hot ash, gases and pyroclastic flows kill people and animals (2) Ash falls cover crops and grazing land and make roofs collapse (2) Poisonous gases and ash cause breathing problems (2) People must be evacuated and lose their homes and income (2) Ash clouds disrupt air travel (2) Eruptions can trigger mudflows (lahars) and fires (2) Water supplies become polluted (2) [ANY TWO] [60] TOTAL SECTION A: 120 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P1 8 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION B QUESTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES 3.1.1 C (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.1.2 B (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.1.3 Latitude: 33◦ 23′ 22′′ S (1) (range 33◦ 23′ 15′′ – 33◦ 23′ 28′′ S) (2 x 1) (2) Longitude: 19◦ 18′ 36′′ E (1) (range 19◦ 18′ 30′′ – 19◦ 18′ 42′′ E) (The N/S and E/W directions must be given to earn the marks.) 3.1.4 6,1 cm × 0,5 km (1) (range 6,0 – 6,2 cm) (2 x 1) (2) = 3,05 km (1) (range 3,0 – 3,1 km) 3.1.5 Length: 3,1 cm × 0,5 km = 1,55 km (1) (range 1,5 – 1,6 km) (3 x 1) (3) Breadth: 3,7 cm × 0,5 km = 1,85 km (1) (range 1,8 – 1,9 km) Area: 1,55 km × 1,85 km = 2,87 km2 (1) (range 2,7 – 3,04 km2 ; CA from length and breadth; the unit km2 must be shown) 3.1.6 206◦ (2) (range 205◦ – 207◦ ) (1 x 2) (2) 3.1.7 Difference in years: 2026 − 2014 = 12 years (1) (4 x 1) (4) Mean annual change: 5′ westwards (given) Total change: 12 × 5′ = 60′ = 1◦ 00′ (1) Magnetic declination 2026: 24◦ 38′ + 1◦ 00′ = 25◦ 38′ (1) west of true north (1) 3.2.1 South (accept south-south-west/southwards) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.2 The spot heights along the river/R46 decrease towards the south, (1 x 2) (2) e.g. from 474,4 m (block C3) to 339,7 m (block E3) (2) The tributaries join the Dwarsrivier at angles that point downstream (southwards) (2) [ANY ONE] 3.2.3 (River) valley (accept gorge/poort/mountain pass) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.4 Industrial (factories/warehouses/packhouses) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.5 Close to the railway line for transporting goods (1) (2 x 1) (2) Close to the main road (R46) (1) Flat land that is easy to build on (1) Close to the orchards that supply the raw materials (fruit) (1) Close to Ceres town for labour and markets (1) Water is available from the river/dams (1) [ANY TWO] 3.2.6 Ceres Dam (blocks A1/B1) stores water (2) (1 x 2) (2) There are many farm dams/reservoirs to store water (e.g. in blocks A5 and B5) (2) There are weirs on the rivers to store/divert water (e.g. in block B4) (2) There are non-perennial rivers that dry up in summer (2) [ANY ONE] 3.3.1 A computer-based system that captures, stores, analyses, (1 x 2) (2) manages and displays spatial (geographical) data (2) [CONCEPT] 3.3.2 Raster (data) (1) (1 x 1) (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P1 9 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.3.3 Road (e.g. R46)/railway line/river (Dwarsrivier)/power (1 x 1) (1) line/fence/boundary of the nature reserve (1) [ANY ONE] 3.3.4 Name of the dam/volume (capacity) of water/surface (1 x 1) (1) area/depth/water level/year built/owner/use of the water (1) [ANY ONE] 3.3.5 Scanning/digitising/GPS/remote sensing (satellite images, aerial (1 x 1) (1) photographs)/field surveys/keyboard entry (1) [ANY ONE] [30] TOTAL SECTION B: 30 GRAND TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved