Geography Grade 10 Paper 1 November Mock 2026 Memo (English)

hlayiso mock exams Practice Series: Grade 10 Exam Preparation WWW.HLAYISO.COM NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 10 GEOGRAPHY P1 NOVEMBER EXAMINATION 2026 (MOCK) MARKING GUIDELINES MARKS: 150 These marking guidelines consist of 7 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P1 2 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines NOTE TO MARKERS: • Accept alternative answers that are correct and relevant to the question, even if not listed. • A mark is allocated for each correct fact. For (2 x 2) questions, award 2 marks per complete, well-explained point. • Paragraph questions (approximately EIGHT lines): assess the quality and relevance of the response. • For calculations, follow the steps indicated. Measurements were taken on the A3 map sheet printed at 100%; accept answers within the given ranges. SECTION A QUESTION 1: THE ATMOSPHERE 1.1 1.1.1 Z (1) (8 x 1) (8) 1.1.2 Y (1) 1.1.3 Z (1) 1.1.4 Y (1) 1.1.5 Y (1) 1.1.6 Z (1) 1.1.7 Y (1) 1.1.8 Z (1) 1.2 1.2.1 B (1) (7 x 1) (7) 1.2.2 A (1) 1.2.3 C (1) 1.2.4 B (1) 1.2.5 A (1) 1.2.6 C (1) 1.2.7 D (1) 1.3.1 The natural process whereby greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (1 x 2) (2) absorb outgoing (long-wave) terrestrial radiation and re-radiate it back to the earth, keeping the earth warm (2) 1.3.2 Carbon dioxide (1) (1 x 1) (1) Water vapour (1) Methane (1) Nitrous oxide (1) CFCs (1) Ozone (1) [ANY ONE] 1.3.3 A: Short-wave (solar) radiation/insolation (1) (2 x 1) (2) B: Long-wave (terrestrial) radiation (1) 1.3.4 Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide (greenhouse gases) (1 x 2) (2) into the atmosphere; more greenhouse gases absorb more long-wave radiation and re-radiate more of it back to the earth (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P1 3 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 1.3.5 Higher temperatures cause heat waves and heat (4 x 2) (8) stress/heat-related illnesses (2); more frequent and longer droughts lead to water shortages (2); crop failures and livestock losses threaten food security (2); more intense storms and floods damage homes and infrastructure (2); rising sea levels flood low-lying coastal areas and cause coastal erosion (2); more veld fires (2); spread of diseases such as malaria to new areas (2); loss of biodiversity as plants and animals cannot adapt (2); coral bleaching and changes in fish stocks affect fishing communities (2); higher costs for disaster relief and repairs (2) [ANY FOUR] 1.4.1 Orographic (relief) rainfall (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.4.2 The process whereby water vapour (gas) changes into liquid water (1 x 2) (2) (droplets) when air cools to its dew point (2) 1.4.3 A (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.4.4 Air must be cooled to (below) its dew point (1) (2 x 1) (2) Condensation nuclei (dust, salt, smoke particles) must be present (1) The air must have a high humidity (be saturated) (1) [ANY TWO] 1.4.5 Warm, moist air from the ocean is forced to rise over the mountain (2 x 2) (4) (2) As the air rises it expands and cools (2) The air cools to its dew point and water vapour condenses around condensation nuclei (2) Water droplets form clouds; when they become large and heavy, they fall as rain on the windward slope (2) [ANY TWO] 1.4.6 Rain shadow (area) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.4.7 The air has lost most of its moisture as rain on the windward slope (2 x 2) (4) (2) The air descends on the leeward side and is compressed and warmed (2) Warming air can hold more moisture, so the relative humidity drops and no condensation takes place (2) [ANY TWO] 1.5.1 A layer in the atmosphere (stratosphere) with a high concentration (1 x 2) (2) of ozone gas that absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun (2) 1.5.2 Stratosphere (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.5.3 2000 (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.5.4 The size of the ozone hole generally decreased (with fluctuations) (1 x 2) (2) from 29 million km2 in 2000 to 19 million km2 in 2025 (2) 1.5.5 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (1) (1 x 1) (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P1 4 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 1.5.6 It absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun (2) (2 x 2) (4) It reduces the risk of skin cancer (2) It reduces eye damage such as cataracts (2) It protects the immune system (2) It protects crops, plants and marine life (plankton) on which people depend for food (2) [ANY TWO] 1.5.7 Buy products that are CFC-free/ozone-friendly (2) (2 x 2) (4) Dispose of old fridges and air conditioners responsibly so that gases do not escape (2) Avoid aerosol sprays that contain ozone-depleting chemicals (2) Have fridges and air conditioners serviced to prevent leaks (2) Support and obey laws that ban ozone-depleting substances (2) Educate others about protecting the ozone layer (2) [ANY TWO] [60] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P1 5 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 2: GEOMORPHOLOGY 2.1 2.1.1 Y (1) (8 x 1) (8) 2.1.2 Z (1) 2.1.3 Z (1) 2.1.4 Y (1) 2.1.5 Z (1) 2.1.6 Y (1) 2.1.7 Y (1) 2.1.8 Z (1) 2.2 2.2.1 B (1) (7 x 1) (7) 2.2.2 C (1) 2.2.3 A (1) 2.2.4 B (1) 2.2.5 C (1) 2.2.6 C (1) 2.2.7 A (1) 2.3.1 The bending of rock layers (strata) when they are squeezed by (1 x 2) (2) compressional forces (2) 2.3.2 A: Anticline (upfold) (1) (2 x 1) (2) B: Syncline (downfold) (1) 2.3.3 Compression (compressional force) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 2.3.4 Rift valley (graben) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 2.3.5 Tension (tensional forces) pulls the crust apart (2) (2 x 2) (4) Two parallel (normal) faults form (2) The block of land between the faults sinks down (2) The blocks on either side remain standing high (horsts), leaving a long, steep-sided valley (2) [ANY TWO] 2.3.6 Cape Fold Mountains, e.g. Swartberg, Langeberg, Outeniqua, (1 x 1) (1) Cederberg, Tsitsikamma or Hex River Mountains (1) [ANY ONE] 2.3.7 Steep slopes make it difficult and expensive to build roads, railways (2 x 2) (4) and houses (2) Steep slopes and thin soils limit farming (2) Mountains are barriers to transport and communication (2) Roads must use passes and tunnels, which increase travel time and costs (2) Slopes are prone to rockfalls and other mass movements (2) Low population densities make services expensive (2) [ANY TWO] 2.4.1 A sudden shaking or vibration of the earth’s crust caused by the (1 x 2) (2) release of energy (e.g. movement along a fault) (2) 2.4.2 Seismograph (1) (1 x 1) (1) 2.4.3 The point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus of an (1 x 2) (2) earthquake (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P1 6 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.4.4 Windows rattled (1) (2 x 1) (2) Pictures fell off walls (1) Cracks appeared in the walls of older houses (1) Mineworkers had to be brought to the surface (1) Two people were injured (1) [ANY TWO] 2.4.5 Build earthquake-resistant buildings (flexible frames, reinforced (4 x 2) (8) concrete, deep foundations) (2); enforce strict building regulations (2); strengthen (retrofit) old buildings and bridges (2); monitor seismic activity with seismographs and early-warning systems (2); educate people on what to do during an earthquake (drop, cover and hold on) (2); hold regular earthquake drills at schools and workplaces (2); prepare emergency kits and evacuation plans (2); train and equip rescue and medical teams (2); avoid building on unstable ground (2); regulate deep-level mining activities and monitor old mine workings (2) [ANY FOUR] 2.5.1 A: Magma chamber (1) (4 x 1) (4) B: Main vent (pipe) (1) C: Crater (1) D: Secondary (side/parasitic) vent/cone (1) 2.5.2 Magma is molten rock below the earth’s surface, while lava is (1 x 2) (2) molten rock that has reached the earth’s surface (2) 2.5.3 Composite volcano (stratovolcano) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 2.5.4 It consists of alternating layers of lava and ash (2) (1 x 2) (2) It has a steep-sided, cone shape (2) It has a secondary vent (2) [ANY ONE] 2.5.5 Plate boundaries are zones of weakness in the crust through which (1 x 2) (2) magma can rise to the surface (2) Magma forms where plates are subducted (convergent boundaries) or where plates move apart (divergent boundaries) (2) [ANY ONE] 2.5.6 Volcanic soils are very fertile, which is good for farming (2) (2 x 2) (4) Volcanoes attract tourists, which creates jobs and income (2) Geothermal energy can be used to generate electricity (2) Valuable minerals (e.g. diamonds, sulphur) and building materials are found in volcanic areas (2) Hot springs are used for health spas and tourism (2) [ANY TWO] [60] TOTAL SECTION A: 120 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P1 7 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION B QUESTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES 3.1.1 B (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.1.2 C (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.1.3 B (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.1.4 5,65 cm × 0,5 km (1) (range 5,5 – 5,8 cm) (2 x 1) (2) = 2,83 km (1) (range 2,75 – 2,9 km) 3.1.5 75◦ (2) (range 74◦ – 76◦ ) (1 x 2) (2) 3.1.6 Difference in years: 2026 − 2001 = 25 years (1) (4 x 1) (4) Mean annual change: 9′ westwards (given) Total change: 25 × 9′ = 225′ = 3◦ 45′ (1) Magnetic declination 2026: 25◦ 29′ + 3◦ 45′ = 29◦ 14′ (1) west of true north (1) 3.1.7 MB = 75◦ + 29◦ 14′ (1) (2 x 1) (2) = 104◦ 14′ (1) (range 103◦ 14′ – 105◦ 14′ ; mark consequentially from QUESTIONS 3.1.5 and 3.1.6) 3.1.8 11,7 cm × 100 m (1) (range 11,5 – 11,9 cm) (2 x 1) (2) = 1 170 m (1) (range 1 150 – 1 190 m) 3.2.1 Steep (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.2 The contour lines are close together (2) (1 x 2) (2) 3.2.3 Dam/reservoir (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.4 Marsh and vlei (wetland) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.5 Dam (dam wall) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.6 East/south-east (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.7 There are perennial rivers, e.g. the Seekoeirivier and Kromrivier (2) (1 x 2) (2) There are many dams/perennial water bodies (2) There are large areas of woodland/natural vegetation (2) There are cultivated lands without many irrigation canals (2) [ANY ONE] 3.3.1 The collection of information about the earth’s surface from a (1 x 2) (2) distance, without being in physical contact with it (e.g. by satellites or aircraft) (2) 3.3.2 Orthophoto map (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.3.3 Point: trigonometrical station/spot (2 x 1) (2) height/building/windpump/reservoir symbol (1) Polygon: dam/built-up area/cultivated land/woodland/marsh and vlei/Soutvlei (1) 3.3.4 Hardware/software/data/people/methods (procedures) (1) (1 x 1) (1) [ANY ONE] [30] TOTAL SECTION B: 30 GRAND TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved