Geography Grade 12 Paper 2 NSC November 2025 Memo (English)

GEOGRAPHY P2 NOVEMBER 2025 MARKING GUIDELINES MARKS: 150 These marking guidelines consist of 13 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 2 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines PRINCIPLES FOR MARKING GEOGRAPHY- NSC NOVEMBER 2025 AND SC/NSC JUNE 2026 The following marking principles have been developed to standardise marking in all provinces. MARKING • ALL questions MUST be marked, irrespective of whether it is correct or incorrect M • Where the maximum marks have been allocated for a particular question, place an over the remainder of the text to indicate the maximum marks have been achieved. • Where a correct fact has been mentioned more than once in a specific response R • A clear, neat tick must be used: ✓ o If ONE mark is allocated, ONE tick must be used: ✓ o If TWO marks are allocated, TWO ticks must be used: ✓✓ o The tick must be placed at the FACT that a mark is being allocated for o Ticks must be kept SMALL, as various layers of moderation may take place • Incorrect answers must be marked with a clear, neat cross:  o Use MORE than one cross across a paragraph/discussion style questions to indicate that all facts have been considered o Do NOT draw a line through an incorrect answer o Do NOT underline the incorrect facts For the following action words, ONE-word answers are acceptable: list, name, state, identify For the following action words, a FULL sentence must be written: describe, explain, evaluate, analyse, suggest, differentiate, distinguish, define, discuss, why, how The following action words need to be read within its context to determine whether a ONE- word answer or FULL sentence is required: provide, what, tabulate and give NOTE THE FOLLOWING • If the numbering is incorrect or left out, as long as the sequence of answers to questions is followed candidates can be credited • Spelling errors if recognisable, award the marks provided the meaning is correct. • Be sensitive to the sense of an answer, which may be stated in a different way • In questions where a letter is the accepted response, but the learner writes the actual answer- award marks. • There will be additional guidelines for the marking of certain questions. TOTALLING AND TRANSFERRING OF MARKS • Each sub-question must be totalled o Questions in Section A have five sub-sections, therefore five sub-totals per question required. Section B has three sub-sections and three sub-totals. o Sub-section totals to be written in the right-hand margin at the end of the sub- section and underlined o Sub-totals must be written legibly o Leave room to write in moderated marks on different levels • Total sub-totals and transfer total to top left-hand margin next to question number • Transfer total to cover of answer book Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 3 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 30 QUESTION 1 1.1.1 A (South Atlantic High) (1) ✓ 1.1.2 B (Kalahari High) (1) ✓ 1.1.3 B (South Indian) (1)  2 1.2.1 Melting snow ✓ 1.2.2 Mouth  1.2.3 Third order ✓ 2 1.3.1 Katabatic 1.3.2 1 occurs during the day while 2 occurs at night ✓✓ 1.3.3 Cold air rolls down✓✓ into the valley and forms an inversion ✓✓ Air flows downslope 6 1.4.1 Shape of front concave  Steep gradient of front ✓ 1.4.2 Warm air undercuts the cold air  ✓✓ ✓✓ 1.4.3 Air behind the cold front is colder than the air in front. Cold air moves faster than warm air ahead of it. Cold front catches up with the warm✓✓ front. 7 1.5.1 (a) A river that only flows all year round  (b) The river channel is wide  ✓✓ ✓✓ (c) Regularity of rainfall and the soil type over which the streams flow. Rainfall occurs regularly R ✓  1.5.2 Gauteng and the Eastern Cape 1.5.3 The cost of food production will increase at it is costly to buy purified water. Farmers will have to buy more chemicals ✓✓to purify water. Chemicals cost a lot and this ✓✓will increase production costs. It will be costly to purify water ✓✓for use in electricity generation. These costs will be included M in electricity prices. Costs will increase the price of electricity during production. There will be less clean water to generate hydro- electricity. 13 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 4 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION A: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS AND THE ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA QUESTION 1: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS 1.1 1.1.1 Y (1) 1.1.2 Y (1) 1.1.3 Z (1) 1.1.4 Z (1) 1.1.5 Z (1) 1.1.6 Y (1) 1.1.7 Y (1) (7 x 1) (7) 1.2 1.2.1 C (1) 1.2.2 C (1) 1.2.3 D (1) 1.2.4 B (1) 1.2.5 C (1) 1.2.6 D (1) 1.2.7 A (1) 1.2.8 B (1) (8 x 1) (8) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 5 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 1.3 1.3.1 31,18 (%) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.3.2 Downward (Decreases) (1) Trend (Accept: from 34.66 to 31.18) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.3.3 Decrease in employment opportunities (accept examples) (2) Social impact that Lack of facilities (accept examples) (2) trend will have on the Lack of services (accept examples) (2) rural Quality of life/ standard of living will deteriorate (accept examples) (2) community It will increase poverty (accept examples) (2) Infrastructure will deteriorate (accept examples) (2) Increase in crime/social ills (accept examples) (2) Population imbalance (accept examples) (2) Family ties are broken (accept examples) (2) Less social interaction (2) Loss of community identity (accept examples) (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 1.3.4 Returning the land to its rightful owners (2) Land Compensation for people for land forcefully taken away (2) restitution [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 1.3.5 They opted to take their land back (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.3.6 Facilitate skills training/education (accept examples) (2) Suggest strategies Provide technical support (accept examples) (2) that can be implemented Provide financial training (2) after land Promote commercial farming (2) restitution to reduce rural Create employment opportunities (accept examples) (2) depopulation Form business partnerships (accept examples) (2) Involve all stakeholders in decision making (accept examples) (2) Improve infrastructure (accept examples) (2) Improve services (accept examples) (2) Making financial subsidies available (2) [ANY THREE] (3 x 2) (6) 1.4 1.4.1 Land that has been zoned for a specific function (in an urban Land use settlement) (2) zone [CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2) 1.4.2 Central Business District (CBD) (1) Name Transition (zone) (1) TWO land- use zones Residential (zone) (1) where Rural-urban fringe (1) commercial functions [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2) are mainly found Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 6 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 1.4.3(a) Close to the rural-urban fringe (1) Give Large plots (1) evidence that land- Low density of buildings/ large houses (1) use zone Far away from the (heavy) industries (1) B2 is high income Architecture of buildings (1) Residents own cars (garages) (1) Wide roads/streets (1) Gardens and trees/Aesthetically appealing (1) Away from the CBD (1) High security walls (1) [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2) 1.4.3(b) Heavy (industry) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.4.4 Availability of cheaper land (2) Explain It is cheaper to build on flat land (2) TWO economic Less expensive to combat pollution (2) reasons Close to bulk transport (2) why this land-use is Close to labour force (2) located on Lower fuel costs (2) the outskirts Close to raw materials (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 1.4.5 Two land uses are incompatible (2) Why is the Preserves the aesthetics of the land use (accept examples) (2) land-use at B2 not Maintains high value of land/property (2) located To reduce the impact of pollution (accept examples) (2) close to land use at Alleviates traffic congestion (2) A? Reduces health risks (accept examples) (2) Accept responses from A (heavy industries) Two land uses are incompatible (2) Decreases aesthetic appeal (2) Decreases the value of land/property (2) Increases the impact of pollution (accept examples) (2) More traffic congestion (2) Increases health risks (accept examples) (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 1.5.1 Buildings are neglected/dilapidated (accept examples) (1) Evidence Broken windows (1) of urban blight/decay Graffiti on the walls (accept examples) (1) Litter / rubbish in the streets (1) [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 7 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 1.5.2 Unemployment (1) State TWO Poverty (accept examples) (1) social causes of Lack of affordable housing (1) urban blight Abandoned buildings (accept examples) (1) and decay Illegal occupation (accept examples) (1) Lack of interest of landlords to upgrade (1) Poor service delivery (accept examples) (1) [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2) 1.5.3 Lack of finances (2) Suggest Mismanagement of funds (accept examples) (2) reasons why the People fail to pay municipality bills (2) municipality of CT has Municipality has other urgent priorities (accept examples) (2) not Lack of skills/capacity (accept examples) (2) attended to the issue Illegal occupation of buildings (2) Buildings are privately owned (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 1.5.4 Attracts more businesses/investors (accept examples) (2) PARAGRAPH Attracts more customers (accept examples) (2) Explain the Attracts more tourists (2) positive impact of Influences the multiplier effect (accept examples) (2) urban Creates more job opportunities (accept examples) (2) renewal on the Upskills workers (2) economy Increases the value of properties (2) of Wynberg Improves infrastructure (accept examples) (2) [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8) [60] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 8 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 2: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA 2.1 2.1.1 B (1) 2.1.2 B (1) 2.1.3 C (1) 2.1.4 C (1) 2.1.5 D (1) 2.1.6 A (1) 2.1.7 B (1) 2.1.8 B (1) (8 x 1) (8) 2.2 2.2.1 Z (1) 2.2.2 Z (1) 2.2.3 Y (1) 2.2.4 Z (1) 2.2.5 Y (1) 2.2.6 Z (1) 2.2.7 Y (1) (7 x 1) (7) 2.3 2.3.1 The condition of not having access to sufficient nutritious food (2) [CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2) Accept: Do not have (sufficient) nutritious food (1) 2.3.2 25,8 (1) % (1 x 1) (1) 2.3.3 Large tracts of land are cultivated (2) From photo on large- Use of machinery/tractor/technology (accept examples) (2) scale farming- Scientific methods are used (accept examples) (2) suggest Use of pesticides (2) positive impact on [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) food prod 2.3.4 Access to farming equipment/technology (1) Identify Access to finance (1) TWO economic Access to arable land (1) challenges [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2) for small- scale farmers- graph Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 9 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.3.5 ACCESS TO FARMING EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY PARAGRAPH Lack of machinery will reduce efficiency/productivity (2) Explain Limited cultivation of land hence less food is produced (2) how these economic Manual labour is less efficient leading to lower crop yields (2) challenges Delays in planting/harvesting, impacts crop quality/market access (2) can have a negative Crop diversity is reduced resulting in less nutritious options (2) impact on Lack of hybrid seeds/genetically modified seeds/ expose crops to negative food production elements of weather (2) Limited use of pesticides will make crops vulnerable to insects/pests (2) F+Q Lack of vaccination/dipping tanks expose livestock to diseases (2) Ineffective farming methods reduce crop production (2) Lack of transport/ storage will cause produce to spoil (2) ACCESS TO FINANCE Financial institutions will not grant loans, so they will not be able to purchase seeds/equipment (2) Farmers will not generate finance and therefore not provide sufficient food to sell (2) Cannot afford labour costs results less food production (2) Limited access to finance reduces sustainability of farms (accept examples) (2) ACCESS TO ARABLE LAND Less arable land reduces food production (2) Crop diversity is hampered by limited arable land (2) Limited opportunity for expansion due to lack of arable land (2) Overgrazing of land due to lack of arable land (2) [ANY FOUR- MINIMUM OF TWO CHALLENGES ] (4 x 2) (8) INSTRUCTIONS FOR PART MARKING ACCESS TO FARMING EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY Lack of machinery (1) Limited cultivation of land (1) Manual labour is less efficient (1) Delays in planting/harvesting (1) Crop diversity is reduced (1) Lack of hybrid seeds/genetically modified seeds (1) Limited use of pesticides (1) Lack of vaccination/dipping tanks (1) Ineffective farming methods (1) Lack of transport/storage (1) ACCESS TO FINANCE Financial institutions will not grant loans to small scale farming (1) Small-scale farmers will not be able to provide enough food (1) They would not afford labour costs (1) Limited access to finance (1) ACCESS TO ARABLE LAND Less arable land (1) Crop diversity is hampered (1) Limited opportunity for expansion (1) Overgrazing of land (1) [MAXIMUM FOUR MARKS] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 10 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.4 2.4.1 KwaZulu-Natal (1) (1 x 1) (1) 2.4.2 'The automotive industry would join the electronic, high value QUOTE manufacturing food processing, and fibre optics sectors' (2) (1 x 2) (2) 2.4.3 Direct links to airport/harbour (2) Why is (Foreign) investment (2) Dube Trade Creates jobs (2) Port an [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) IDZ? 2.4.4 Lower transport costs (2) How did Airport/ harbour is easily accessible (accept examples) (2) the proximity Access to international markets (2) to the Reduces costs for exports/imports (accept examples) (2) airport and [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) harbour favour the location of automotive plants in Dube trade port 2.4.5 Upskilling of local communities will provide a variety of employment Explain opportunities (2) how the variety of Upskilling would result in higher income and greater buying power (2) manufactu The multiplier effect will lead to more employment opportunities (2) ring industries Different types of industries in one area will attract investors (2) in the Improved infrastructure will attract more businesses (2) Dube trade port More link industries increasing employment opportunities (2) will have a Export of these products would increase port tariffs (2) positive impact on Foreign investments contributes to the GGP- (Gross Geographic Product) the (2) economy in the [ANY THREE] (3 x 2) (6) province INSTRUCTIONS FOR PART MARKING Upskilling of local communities (1) The multiplier effect (1) Different types of industries in one area (1) Improved infrastructure (1) More link industries (1) Export of these products (1) Foreign investments (1) 2.5 2.5.1 Businesses that are not registered and do not pay income tax (2) What is [CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2) the informal sector? INSTRUCTIONS FOR PART MARKING Businesses that are not registered (1) They do not pay income tax (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 11 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.5.2 More accessible to potential customers (1) (1 x 1) (1) Why is the trader found on the main road? 2.5.3 No proper storage facilities (accept examples) (1) State Goods can rot (accept examples) (1) TWO challenges Goods are stolen (accept examples) (1) that this informal Insects/Pests (accept examples) (1) trader is Harsh weather conditions (accept examples) (1) likely to experience Market competition (1) with type [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2) of goods 2.5.4 Holiday season increases shoppers (2) Table Account for More tourists hence more potential customers (2) the large number of Buying power of locals increase due to extra income/bonuses (2) informal People have additional income (during festive season) (accept examples) (2) traders in Dec [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 2.5.5 They would be able to regulate the sector (accept examples) (2) How will This information can be used to set up ideal locations for municipality of RB informal traders (accept examples) (2) benefit by issuing It would increase their revenue base (2) permits to Monitor the quality of goods being sold (accept examples) (2) informal traders Monitor health and safety conditions (accept examples) (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 2.5.6 Designate areas for trade (2) What can Provide infrastructure (accept examples) (2) the municipality Provide storage facilities (accept examples) (2) of RB provide to Effective policing (accept examples) (2) the Facilitate partnerships with formal/private sector (accept examples) (2) informal traders Upskilling entrepreneurial programmes (accept examples) (2) with the Access to funding (accept examples) (2) money collected Provision of basic services (accept examples) (2) from [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) permits [60] TOTAL SECTION A: 120 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 12 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION B QUESTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES 3.1 MAP SKILLS AND CALCULATIONS 3.1.1 A (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.1.2 Area = (3,5(1) cm x 100) (1,8 cm x 100) (Range 3,4 cm - 3,6 cm) = 350(1) m x 180(1) m (Range 340 m - 360 m) = 63 000 m² (1) (Range 61 200 m 2 – 64 800 m²) (4 x 1) (4) 3.1.3 Scale of topographical map is (5x) smaller (1) Scale of orthophoto map is (5x) larger (1) [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1) 3.1.4 Total annual change: 11 x 5' = 55' (1) westwards MD for 2025: 18°19' + (1) 55' = 18°74' 19°14' west of true north (1) (3 x 1) (3) 3.1.5 To determine the correct position of the true north (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2 MAP INTERPRETATION 3.2.1 (a) B (1) (b) A (1) (2 x 1) (2) 3.2.2 It has many intersections which will delay commuters (2) Explain Increased time on the road will result in wastage of petrol (2) how street Many intersections result in car-jackings (2) pattern Increased time on road results in road-rage/stress (2) will create challenges Traffic congestion results in accidents (2) for commuters [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) INSTRUCTIONS FOR PART MARKING It has many intersections (1) Increased time on the road (1) Traffic congestion (1) [MAXIMUM ONE MARK] 3.2.3 Rural-urban fringe (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.4 Space is available (2) Why is The land is cheap (2) this land- use zone Land is flat (2) suitable Accessible to the rural and urban communities (2) location for a Peaceful/quiet area (2) cemetery Aesthetic appeal (2) [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 13 DBE/November 2025 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.2.5 Railway line (1) (Other) road (1) [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.6 Coal (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.7 Flat land (1) Available land (1) [ANY ONE] (1 x1) (1) 3.2.8 Provide employment opportunities (2) Economic Increases buying power/multiplier effect (2) advantages to the Upskilling of people in the local community (2) local community Access to goods (2) Access to improved infrastructure (2) [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 3.3 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) 3.3.1 Layers of information that are placed on top of one another (2) [CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2) 3.3.2 Drainage (layer) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.3.3 Redraw layer C in the sketch (1) (1) above. Apply the (1) data layers of A and B to (1) the sketch (1) Instruction for marking: 1 mark for row of trees 1 mark for woodland 1 mark for non-perennial water (3 x 1) (3) 3.3.4 Sinkholes (1) Name Subsiding ground (1) TWO pieces of Non-perennial water (1) evidence Woodlands (conservation) (1) that supports [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2) the need for buffering TOTAL SECTION B: 30 TOTAL SECTION B: 150 Copyright reserved