Geography Grade 12 P2 NSC November 2025 Question Paper (Eng)

Confidential NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 GEOGRAPHY P2 NOVEMBER 2025 MARKS: 150 TIME: 3 hours This question paper consists of 20 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 2 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. This question paper consists of TWO sections. SECTION A QUESTION 1: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS (60) QUESTION 2: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA (60) SECTION B QUESTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES (30) 2. Answer ALL THREE questions. 3. ALL diagrams are included in the question paper. 4. Leave a line between the subsections of questions answered. 5. Start EACH question at the top of a NEW page. 6. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. 7. Do NOT write in the margins of the ANSWER BOOK. 8. Draw fully labelled diagrams when instructed to do so. 9. Answer in FULL SENTENCES, except when you have to state, name, identify or list. 10. Units of measurement MUST be indicated in your final answer, e.g. 25 tons, 10 years, 50% and 45 m. 11. You may use a non-programmable calculator. 12. You may use a magnifying glass. 13. Write neatly and legibly. SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION FOR SECTION B 14. A 1 : 50 000 topographical map 2529CC eMALAHLENI (WITBANK) and a 1 : 10 000 orthophoto map 2529 CC 15 eMALAHLENI (WITBANK) are provided. 15. The area demarcated in RED/BLACK on the topographical map represents the area covered by the orthophoto map. 16. Show ALL calculations. Marks will be allocated for steps in calculations. 17. You must hand in the topographical and orthophoto map to the invigilator at the end of this examination session. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 3 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential SECTION A: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENT AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA 2025 QUESTION 1: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS 1.1 Complete the statements in COLUMN A with the options in COLUMN B. Write only the letter (Y or Z) next to the question numbers (1.1.1 to 1.1.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.1.8 Z. COLUMN A COLUMN B 1.1.1 Settlements are classified as rural, based Y the number on … of functions Z the total population 1.1.2 The actual physical position where a rural Y site settlement is located Z situation 1.1.3 A loose grouping of farmsteads is called a … Y town Z hamlet 1.1.4 A … has mostly rural functions and some Y farmstead urban functions. Z village 1.1.5 The pattern of the settlement below is … Y nucleated Z dispersed KEY Settlement 1 : 30 000 Road [Source: Examiner's own sketch] 1.1.6 The sketch below depicts a … settlement. Y wet-point Z dry-point KEY River Settlement Contour line [Source: Examiner's own sketch] 1.1.7 The shape of the settlement below is … Y linear Z round KEY River Settlement [Source: Examiner's own sketch] (7 x 1) (7) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 4 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential 1.2 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions based on concepts and classification of urban settlements. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (1.2.1 to 1.2.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.2.9. D. 1.2.1 A … trade and transport town/city is shown in the photograph below. [Source: m/place/South-Africa/Urban-settlement] A gap B junction C break-of-bulk-point D specialised 1.2.2 Plettenberg Bay in the photograph below is classified as a/an … urban settlement and its dominant economic function is … [Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=plettenberg+bay&oq=pl&gs_lcrp=EgZja] (i) gateway (ii) specialised (iii) tourism (iv) mining A (i) and (iii) B (i) and (iv) C (ii) and (iii) D (ii) and (iv) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 5 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential 1.2.3 A … provides mostly low-order goods and services to the surrounding rural population. A city B metropolis C conurbation D town 1.2.4 … is the maximum distance that people will travel to buy goods or obtain services. A Sphere of influence B Range C Market D Threshold population 1.2.5 … refers to the uncontrolled growth of urban areas. A Rate of urbanisation B Urban growth C Urban sprawl D Level of urbanisation 1.2.6 The cartoon below depicts the negative impact of … KEY Building Tree [Source: https://www.cartoonmovement.com/collection/] A urban blight. B urban renewal. C counter-urbanisation. D urban expansion. 1.2.7 … is a process whereby an increasing percentage of a country's population lives in urban rather than rural areas. A Urbanisation B Population growth C Urban growth D Rural-urban migration Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 6 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential Refer to the table below based on the level and rate of urbanisation in South Africa. 1.2.8 The level (%) of urbanisation in 2022 AND the rate (%) of urbanisation in 2024 is … and … YEAR LEVEL (%) RATE (%) 2020 67,35 0,55 2021 67,85 0,50 2022 0,49 2023 68,82 0,48 2024 69,30 [Adapted from STATISTA.COM] (i) 68,34 (ii) 69,34 (iii) 0,51 (iv) 0,47 A (i) and (iii) B (i) and (iv) C (ii) and (iii) D (ii) and (iv) (8 x 1) (8) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 7 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential 1.3 Refer to the graph below showing the percentage of rural population in South Africa from 2017 to 2024 and the extract on land restitution. PERCENTAGE OF RURAL POPULATION IN SOUTH AFRICA [Adapted from https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/South-Africa/rural_population_percent] MOLETELE CITRUS FRUIT FARM SHOWCASING THE SUCCESS OF A LAND RESTITUTION PROGRAMME IN LIMPOPO The Moletele community opted to take their land back and this has resulted in a successful land restitution programme. The newest agricultural technology and rows of well-maintained citrus trees at Moletele Farm in Hoedspruit are clear indicators of this success. The lime-producing farm in Hoedspruit is a joint venture project of the Moletele communal property association (holding a 51% stake) and the established commercial fruit producer Komati Fruit Group. A total of 30 permanent and 60 temporary jobs have already been created. The programme transfers skills to the workforce and community. Proceeds are given to thousands of families in the Moletele community. A bursary scheme makes it possible for profits to be used in the education of children in the community. The restitution programme includes profit sharing. This makes it possible to invest back into the business. [Adapted from https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/lime-farm-in-hoedspruit] 1.3.1 According to the graph, state the rural population percentage of South Africa for 2024. (1 x 1) (1) 1.3.2 Give the general trend in the rural population (percentages) as depicted between 2017 and 2024 in the graph. (1 x 1) (1) 1.3.3 Explain the social impact that the general trend (answer to QUESTION 1.3.2) will have on the rural community. (2 x 2) (4) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 8 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential Refer to the extract on land restitution. 1.3.4 What is land restitution? (1 x 2) (2) 1.3.5 According to the extract, which option (model) of land restitution applied to the Moletele community? (1 x 1) (1) 1.3.6 Suggest strategies that can be implemented after land restitution has taken place to reduce rural depopulation (as indicated in the graph). (3 x 2) (6) 1.4 Refer to the urban profile depicting urban land-use zones and the photographs showing urban land-use below. KEY A – Industrial zone B – Residential zone C – Transition zone D – CBD E – Rural-urban fringe A B1 C D C B2 E [Source: Examiner's own sketch] [Source: https://www.google.com/search?sca_ [Source: https://www.google.com/search?sca esv=cdd70d77cbc6b9e0&sxsrfnzrVfFWOSM] _esv=cdd70d77cbc6b9e0] 1.4.1 What is an urban land-use zone? (1 x 2) (2) 1.4.2 Name TWO urban land-use zones where commercial functions are mainly found. (2 x 1) (2) Refer to the urban profile showing land-use zones and photographs that show examples of land use in these zones. 1.4.3 (a) Give evidence that the land use in B2 is a high-income residential area. (2 x 1) (2) (b) Is the land use at A a heavy or a light industry? (1 x 1) (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 9 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential 1.4.4 Explain TWO economic reasons why this land use (answer to QUESTION 1.4.3 (b)) is located on the outskirts of the urban area, as indicated in the urban profile. (2 x 2) (4) 1.4.5 Why is the land use at B2 not located close to the land use at A? (2 x 2) (4) 1.5 Refer to the extract and photograph below on urban blight/decay. URBAN BLIGHT/DECAY IN WYNBERG, CAPE TOWN Over the past decade, business owners have felt helpless as they watched on as the buildings and services in the area have gradually deteriorated. They have tried to get the municipality of Cape Town to take action, but their cries seem to have gone unheard as the issue of urban blight/decay remains unresolved. Leif Petersen, co-director for Sustainable Livelihoods Foundation, whose offices are along the road (shown in the photograph), said that Ebor Road has been in a state of decay for more than a decade. The living conditions in the buildings are terrible – there are illegal water and electricity connections and people sleeping in squalor (filth). 'A small, committed group of business owners, including ourselves, have invested time, effort and money in our attempts to implement urban renewal.' [Source: https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/wynberg-business-owners-helpless-as- urban-decay-sets-in] 1.5.1 What evidence in the photograph suggests that urban blight/decay has taken place? (1 x 1) (1) 1.5.2 State TWO social causes of urban blight/decay. (2 x 1) (2) 1.5.3 Suggest possible reasons why the municipality of Cape Town has not attended to this issue of urban blight/decay in Wynberg. (2 x 2) (4) 1.5.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain the positive impact of urban renewal on the economy of Wynberg. (4 x 2) (8) [60] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 10 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential QUESTION 2: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA 2.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions on primary economic activities. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (2.1.1 to 2.1.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 2.1.9 D. QUESTIONS 2.1.1 to 2.1.4 are based on sugar cane farming in KwaZulu-Natal. 2.1.1 … is a positive social factor of sugar cane production in KwaZulu-Natal. A Earning foreign exchange B Provision of employment C Stimulation of industrial production D Contribution to the GDP 2.1.2 … is/are a negative economic factor hindering sugar cane farming in KwaZulu-Natal. A Floods B Lack of access to capital C Shortage of large-scale farmers D Crime 2.1.3 TWO advantages of sugar cane farming for the economy of South Africa is/are … and … (i) contributing to the gross domestic product (GDP) (ii) fluctuating prices (iii) development of infrastructure (iv) retrenchment of workers A (i) and (iv) B (ii) and (iv) C (i) and (iii) D (iii) and (iv) 2.1.4 Climatic factors that favour KwaZulu-Natal as the highest producer of sugar cane in South Africa is/are … and … (i) high temperatures (ii) low rainfall (iii) high rainfall (iv) low temperatures A (i) and (ii) B (iii) and (iv) C (i) and (iii) D (ii) and (iv) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 11 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential QUESTIONS 2.1.5 to 2.1.8 are based on gold mining in South Africa. 2.1.5 The province that produces the most gold in South Africa is … A Limpopo. B Mpumalanga. C KwaZulu-Natal. D Gauteng. Refer to the graph below showing the number of people employed in gold mines in South Africa between 1995 and 2025 to answer QUESTIONS 2.1.6 to 2.1.8. NUMBER OF PEOPLE EMPLOYED IN GOLD MINES FROM 1995 TO 2025 400 000 350 000 Number of people 300 000 250 000 200 000 150 000 100 000 50 000 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Years [Adapted from www.google.com/IMGRESS?imgurl=https%3a%2f%fwww.sa] 2.1.6 The number of people employed in South African gold mines decreased the most between … A 1995 and 2000. B 2000 and 2005. C 2005 and 2010. D 2010 and 2015. 2.1.7 A physical (natural) factor causing employment numbers to decrease in South African gold mines is/are … A threats of nationalisation. B depletion of gold in mines. C unskilled labourers. D less foreign investment in mines. 2.1.8 An economic factor that has caused employment numbers to decrease from 2015 onwards is/are … A HIV and Aids. B fluctuating prices of gold. C environmental degradation. D strikes and protests. (8 x 1) (8) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 12 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential 2.2 Complete the statements in COLUMN A with the options in COLUMN B. Write only the letter (Y or Z) next to the question numbers (2.2.1 to 2.2.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 2.2.8 Y. Use the table below of the contributions (%) made to the gross domestic product (GDP) during 2024 to answer QUESTIONS 2.2.1 to 2.2.4. ECONOMIC ACTIVITY PERCENTAGE (%) CONTRIBUTION TO THE GDP Transport 11 Agriculture 2,9 Mining 8,4 General government services 10,6 Electricity and gas 2,8 Construction 3 Trade, catering and accommodation 14,7 Manufacturing 15 Finance and real estate 31,7 [Adapted from https://intergest.co.za/exploring-south-africas-economic-potential/] COLUMN A COLUMN B 2.2.1 … is a secondary economic activity. Y Transport Z Manufacturing 2.2.2 Primary economic activities Y 8,4% accounted for … of the gross Z 11,3% domestic product (GDP). 2.2.3 … makes the largest contribution to Y Finance and real estate the tertiary sector. Z Construction 2.2.4 The … sector was the greatest Y secondary contributor to the gross domestic Z tertiary product (GDP) in 2024. 2.2.5 The sketch below illustrates … Y balance of trade Z domestic trade Imports Exports 2.2.6 A factor that advantages Y trade tariffs international trade Z well-developed infrastructure 2.2.7 … is an economic benefit of Y Access to foreign international trade. currencies Z Closing down of local industries (7 x 1) (7) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 13 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential 2.3 Refer to the infographic below on food security and small/large-scale farming. FOOD SECURITY IN SOUTH AFRICA Large-scale farming South Africa has a complex food security situation, with millions of people experiencing food insecurity. In 2024, 25,8% of households faced moderate to severe food insecurity. Both large-scale and small-scale farming are important contributors to food security in South Africa. However, large-scale farmers are often seen as the main drivers of national food security. They can contribute to food security in the region through increased production of agricultural products. Small-scale farming Small-scale farmers are important drivers of household food security. The government has implemented programmes to support small-scale farmers, including financial assistance, training and market access. Despite these efforts, food insecurity remains a challenge for many South Africans. [Adapted from [Source: https://www.google.co.za/search?q=food+security+ https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/advantages- in+south+africa+and+ small and small-scale-farming] +large+scale+farming] MAJOR CHALLENGES EXPERIENCED BY SMALL- AND LARGE-SCALE FARMERS IN SOUTH AFRICA Access to farming equipment/technology Access to finance Access to arable land Percentage Large-scale farmers Small-scale farmers [Adapted from https://www.google.co.za/search?q=+LARGE+scale+farming&sca_esv=25add6e16aa71730] 2.3.1 Define the concept food insecurity. (1 x 2) (2) 2.3.2 According to the extract, what percentage of households suffered from food insecurity in 2024? (1 x 1) (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 14 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential 2.3.3 What evidence in the photograph on large-scale farming suggests that it would have a positive impact on food production? (1 x 2) (2) 2.3.4 Refer to the graph. Identify TWO economic challenges that small- scale farmers would more likely experience than large-scale farmers. (2 x 1) (2) 2.3.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain how these economic challenges identified in your answer to QUESTION 2.3.4 can have a negative impact on food production. (4 x 2) (8) 2.4 Refer to the extract and map below on the Dube Trade Port Industrial Development Zone (IDZ). DUBE TRADE PORT (IDZ) ATTRACTS INVESTMENTS FROM THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY The Dube Trade Port (IDZ) has seen positive economic investments in August 2024 as major automotive (car) companies pledged investment and have set up business in this industrial development zone (IDZ). The automotive industry would join the electronic, high-value manufacturing, food processing and fibre optics sectors at the Dube Trade Port (IDZ). Auto Investment Holdings Group and Mahindra (South Africa) revealed a new assembly plant. Construction of the new assembly plant is expected to be completed in 2025. The company would expand its staff to complement the growing production volumes, as they currently have 90 staff on the assembly line. Ogihara South Africa is a new joint venture between Toyota Tsusho Africa, Ogihara (Thailand) Corporation and Toyota South Africa Motors. They have pledged a R1,2 billion investment among themselves. These companies are building a facility at the Dube Trade Port (IDZ) to manufacture parts for their current and future vehicles. [Adapted from www.moneyweb] Durban-Pinetown The Dube Trade Port (IDZ) is Industrial Region DUBE TRANSPORT located in the same vicinity as the King Shaka International 30 km Airport, 30 minutes from OCEAN Africa's busiest cargo port, Durban Harbour, and DURBAN HARBOUR 34 minutes (41 km) from the Durban-Pinetown industrial TOYOTA SA 22 km region. [Source: sciencedirect.com] 2.4.1 In which province is the Dube Trade Port (IDZ) located? (1 x 1) (1) 2.4.2 Quote evidence from the extract that indicates that the Dube Trade Port (IDZ) has a variety of manufacturing industries. (1 x 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 15 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential 2.4.3 According to the extract, why is the Dube Trade Port classified as an industrial development zone (IDZ)? (1 x 2) (2) 2.4.4 How did the proximity (distance) to the airport and harbour favour the location of the automotive plants in the Dube Trade Port (IDZ)? (2 x 2) (4) 2.4.5 Explain how the variety of manufacturing industries in the Dube Trade Port (IDZ) would have a positive impact on the economy of the province. (3 x 2) (6) 2.5 Refer to the infographic below on the informal sector. GIVE THE INFORMAL SECTOR A BREAK Informal traders are part of the informal sector. Everyone in town has become familiar with the sight of Vegetables informal traders on the main road in Fruit Richards Bay. Most of these informal traders are women without any other income other than selling their goods next to the road. Richard's Bay – informal trader on main road However, during the December holidays, which is normally peak NUMBER OF INFORMAL TRADERS IN season for informal traders, the RICHARDS BAY CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT municipality fined all of these traders (CBD) FOR 2024 R300 each for selling goods without MONTH NUMBER OF permits. As it is the only income for INFORMAL TRADERS some of the informal traders, their January 35 income will now take a huge knock. February 22 Selling fruit/vegetables/cooked food March 38 only twice a week will not cover April 24 monthly bills, and some of them are May 22 faced with hard times ahead. June 42 [Adapted from July 35 https://www.citizen.co.za/zululand- August 29 observer/opinion-give-vendors-a-break] September 46 October 49 November 58 December 60 [Adapted from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/ Busiest-Trading-Months-for-Informal-Traders] 2.5.1 What is the informal sector? (1 x 2) (2) 2.5.2 Why is the informal trader in the photograph found on the main road? (1 x 1) (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 16 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential 2.5.3 State TWO challenges that this informal trader is likely to experience with the type of goods being sold. (2 x 1) (2) 2.5.4 Refer to the table. Account for the large number of informal traders during the month of December. (1 x 2) (2) 2.5.5 How will the municipality of Richards Bay benefit by issuing permits to informal traders? (2 x 2) (4) 2.5.6 What can the municipality of Richards Bay provide to the informal traders with the money collected from the issuing of permits? (2 x 2) (4) [60] TOTAL SECTION A: 120 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 17 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential SECTION B QUESTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES GENERAL INFORMATION ON eMALAHLENI (WITBANK) eMALAHLENI N Coordinates: 25°50'S; 29°10'E eMalahleni (previously known as Witbank) is a city situated on the Highveld of Mpumalanga, South Africa. eMalahleni is in a coal mining area. Opencast mining is mainly used to extract coal. This type of mining involves digging near the surface to extract coal seams. There are a number of power stations, as well as a steel mill nearby which all require coal. The farmland surrounding eMalahleni is being bought by investors, coal mining companies and real estate developers to accommodate the rapid growth of the city, which is good for local businesses and residents. The region experiences highly polluted air due to the coal mining and power stations. [Source: https://en.wikipedia.org.Witbank] The following English terms and their Afrikaans translations are shown on the topographical map: ENGLISH AFRIKAANS Cemetery Begraafplaas Diggings Uitgrawings Golf course Gholfbaan Open-cast mine Oopgroefmyn River Rivier Subsiding ground Insakkende grond Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 18 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential 3.1 MAP SKILLS AND CALCULATIONS Refer to the topographical map. 3.1.1 You would be driving in a/an … direction on the main road from F in block C3 to Valley Glen in block A5. A north-easterly B north-westerly C south-easterly D south-westerly (1 x 1) (1) Refer to the orthophoto map. 3.1.2 Calculate the area of the demarcated feature 6 in blocks B4, C3 and C4 in m². Use the following information: Measured breadth (orthophoto map distance) = 1,8 cm Formula: Area = Length (L) x Breadth (B) (4 x 1) (4) 3.1.3 Why is the measurement of the breadth on the topographical map smaller than that on the orthophoto map? (1 x 1) (1) Refer to the topographical map. 3.1.4 Calculate the magnetic declination of eMalahleni (Witbank) for 2025. Use the following information: Difference in years: 11 Mean annual change: 5' W (3 x 1) (3) 3.1.5 Why is it important to calculate the current magnetic declination? (1 x 1) (1) 3.2 MAP INTERPRETATION 3.2.1 Match the information in COLUMN A with the features in COLUMN B on the orthophoto map. Write only the letter (A–C) next to the question numbers (3.2.1(a) and 3.2.1(b)), e.g. 3.2.1(c) D. COLUMN A COLUMN B (a) 6 A golf course (b) 7 B school and recreation area C old diggings (2 x 1) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 19 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential Refer to the street pattern around 8 in block D4 on the orthophoto map. 3.2.2 Explain how this street pattern will create challenges for commuters (people travelling to and from work). (1 x 2) (2) Refer to the cemetery at G in block D2 on the topographical map. 3.2.3 Identify the land-use zone in which the cemetery is located. (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.4 Why is this land-use zone (answer to QUESTION 3.2.3) a suitable location for the cemetery? (1 x 2) (2) Refer to the opencast mining taking place at H in block D1 on the topographical map and the general information. 3.2.5 Identify ONE type of transport infrastructure found at the opencast mine. (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.6 What mineral is mined at the opencast mine? (1 x 1) (1) Refer to the industries at I in block C3 on the topographical map. 3.2.7 State a physical (natural) factor that makes this a suitable location. (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.8 What are the economic advantages of these industries for the local population? (1 x 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 20 DBE/November 2025 NSC Confidential 3.3 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) Vegetation layer A + … layer Non- perennial B water = Data layering C [Source: Examiner's own sketch] Refer to block E3 on the topographical map. 3.3.1 What is data layering? (1 x 2) (2) 3.3.2 Name the data layer at B (in the sketch above) as it is represented on the topographical map. (1 x 1) (1) 3.3.3 Redraw layer C in the sketch above in your ANSWER BOOK. Apply the data layers of A and B to the sketch. (3 x 1) (3) Refer to the open space in blocks E3/E4 on the topographical map. 3.3.4 The open space indicates that buffering is taking place in order to limit urban development. Name TWO pieces of evidence on the topographical map that supports the need for this buffering. (2 x 1) (2) TOTAL SECTION B: 30 GRAND TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved