Module 5 Support pack for Plant reproduction GR11

Study & Master Support Pack | Grade 11 CAPS Module 5 Units 1 – 4 Agricultural Sciences Plant reproduction This support pack for the Plant reproduction module in the Agricultural Sciences Grade 10 CAPS curriculum provides valuable revision activities. All activities have the answers provided. Learners can work through these individually at home or these could form the basis of a catch-up class or online lesson. You have permission to print or photocopy this document or distribute it electronically via email or WhatsApp. For more information on our Study & Master CAPS-approved  textbooks and valuable resource materials, visit www.cambridge.org Brighter Thinking | Better Learning

Module 5 – Plant reproduction Unit 1 Sexual reproduction and pollination Short questions 1. Various possible answers are provided for the following questions. Write only the correct letter (A–D) next to the question number. 1.1 Choose the correct combination of facts that refer to cross-pollination. (i) increases genetic variation (ii) pollinating agents not necessary (iii) new variety of species (iv) sexual reproduction A (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) B (i), (ii) and (iv) C (i), (iii) and (iv) D (ii), (iii) and (iv) 1.2 The petals are protected in the bud stage by the: A receptacle B sepals C corolla D flower stalk 1.3 In _____ reproduction the offspring inherit characteristics of both parents. A asexual B propagation C selective D sexual 1.4 The innermost whorl of a flower is the: A gynoecium B androecium C corolla D calyx 1.5 The sexual parts of a flower are the: A gynoecium and corolla B androecium and calyx C gynoecium and androecium D corolla, calyx and gynoecium  (5 × 2 = 10) 2. Supply ONE word/term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the word/term next to the question number. 2.1 The sweet substance in flowers that attracts bees for pollination 2.2 A group of plants that bears flowers and produces seeds 2.3 The whorl of a flower that consists of the male reproductive units called stamens 2.4 The powdery product of seed plants that produces the male reproductive cells 2.5 The part of the flowering plant that produces the female reproductive cells  (5 × 2 = 10) Longer questions 3. Study the following illustration and then answer the questions that follow. A C F E D G I H B J K 3.1 Write down the letter and name of the floral parts of the flower.  (1) 3.2 What are the floral parts called collectively?  (1) S T U DY & M A S T E R S U P P O R T PA C K S 1

3.3 Write down the letter and name of the green leaves of the flower. (1) 3.4 What are the green leaves called collectively? (1) 3.5 Write down the letters and names of: a) the TWO parts of the male reproductive organ (2) b) the collective name for the male reproductive organ (1) c) the THREE parts of the female reproductive organ (3) d) the collective name for the female reproductive organ  (1) e) the female reproductive cell  (1) 3.6 Write down the letter and name of the specialised region where the four whorls of the flower are attached to the stem.  (1) 4. Study the following images and then answer the questions. pollen grains a pistil of the same flower collects pollen pistil pollen comes loose from stamen stamens A B 4.1 Identify the process that takes place in A and B. (1) 4.2 Compare the processes in A and B differs by briefly explaining each process.  (8) 4.3 Which image shows a process that requires agents to aid in the process mentioned in 4.1? (1) 4.4 Tabulate the differences between insect- and wind-pollinated flowers with reference to: a) petals b) scent c) nectar d) pollen e) anthers  (5 × 2 = 10) Unit 2 Fertilisation and ablactation Short questions 1. Various possible answers are provided for the following questions. Write only the correct letter (A–D) next to the question number. 1.1 Fertilisation in a flowering plant is the fusion of a: A diploid male gamete and a haploid B haploid male gamete and a diploid female gamete female gamete C diploid male gamete and a diploid D haploid male gamete and a haploid female gamete female gamete 1.2 These layers of the ovary wall from the inside to the outside are in this order: A mesocarp, endocarp, exocarp B endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp C endocarp, exocarp, mesocarp D exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp 1.3 A mature dicotyledonous plant has a: A taproot and radicle B taproot and small lateral roots C fibrous root system D radicle only 2 S T U DY & M A S T E R S U P P O R T PA C K S

1.4 Which one of the following is NOT a cause of seed dormancy? A certain plant hormones B seed coat is impermeable to water C oxygen can be taken in D immature embryos 1.5 _____ is performed mechanically, thermally or chemically to open the seed coat so that germination can take place. A scarification B stratification C propagation D horticulture  (5 × 2 = 10) 2. Supply ONE word/term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the word/term next to the question number. 2.1 The tissue in the female reproductive organ of a flower that supplies nutrients for the developing embryo 2.2 During unfavourable conditions the embryo stops developing and goes into a rest period until conditions change to favourable 2.3 The production of fruit without fusion and fertilisation of female gametes by male gametes 2.4 A developed and ripened ovary of a flowering plant 2.5 The dropping of flowers or fruitlets within the first ten days  (5 × 2 = 10) 3. Match each description in column B with the correct word/term in column A. Column A Column B 3.1 Succulent berry fruit A Peas and beans split open to discharge the seeds to be spread by wind 3.2 Succulent stone fruit B Raspberries and strawberries develop from several ovaries in a single flower 3.3 Dehiscent dry fruit C Apples develops from the ripened ovary as well as some other parts of the flower 3.4 Indehiscent dry fruit D Pineapples develop from the ovaries of several flowers on the same inflorescence 3.5 Aggregate fruit E In grapes the whole fruit wall becomes fleshy and edible 3.6 Multiple fruit F In peanuts and hazelnuts the ovary wall develops into the hard shell of the fruit 3.7 Accessory fruit G A peach has a soft and edible outer layer with the inner layer forming a hard pit containing one or more seeds (7 × 2 = 14) Longer questions 4. Study the following illustration and then answer the questions that follow. A C pollen tube G tube nucleus E H F tube nucleus degenerates sperm nuclei (n) I 4.1 a) Identify A. (1) b) State what it produces. (1) 4.2 Name the tough outer wall of A. (1) 4.3 Name the delicate inner wall of A. (1) 4.4 The inner wall of A grows and forms C. Identify C. (1) 4.5 Identify the two nuclei labelled B and D and indicate the function of each.  (4) 4.6 Name the process whereby B divides into two nuclei.  (1) S T U DY & M A S T E R S U P P O R T PA C K S 3

4.7 a) Identify E.  (1) b) State what E will develop into.  (1) 4.8 Identify F (which is contained inside E).  (1) 4.9 C grows downwards and enters the female reproductive organ through I. Identify I.  (1) 4.10 Briefly explain what happens with D as the tube enters the female reproductive organ of the flower.  (1) 4.11 Write down the letter and name of the female reproductive cell.  (1) 4.12 One of the two male reproductive cells fuses with the female reproductive cell. Name the cell that is formed from this fusion.  (1) 4.13 The other male reproductive cell fuses with G. Supply the label for G.  (1) 4.14 Name the tissue that is formed from the fusion of the second male reproductive cell with G.  (1) 5. Differentiate between vegetative and stimulative parthenocarpy and supply ONE example of each. (4) 6. Study the following illustration and then answer the questions. D C E B A  6.1 Identify the process that is illustrated in these images.  (1) 6.2 Name THREE requirements for the process mentioned in 6.1. (3) 6.3 Briefly explain what is the first part of the developing seed that occurs if conditions are favourable. (2) 6.4 a) Write down the letter and the name of the embryonic root that appears.  (1) b) State the direction in which it grows.  (1) 6.5 a) Write down the letter and the name of the part that grows upwards through the seed coat.  (1) b) Name the part of the plant it gives rise to.  (1) 6.6 Identify C and supply the function thereof.  (2) 6.7 Identify D and mention from which part of the developing seed it is formed. (2) 6.8 Identify E and mention which part of the plant it gives rise to.  (2) 6.9 Is this a monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plant? Supply a reason for your answer.  (2) Unit 3 Asexual reproduction Short questions 1. Various possible answers are provided for the following questions. Write only the correct letter (A–D) next to the question number. 1.1 Adventitious roots develop at the _____ of a stolon. A nodes and internodes B terminal bud C nodes D internodes 1.2 Plants that reproduce asexually by _____ eventually form a continuous ground cover and crowd out other plant species. A root tubers B stolons C stem tubers D corms 4 S T U DY & M A S T E R S U P P O R T PA C K S

1.3 To propagate plants vegetatively, plant cuttings can be prepared from: A stems only B stems and leaves only C leaves and roots only D stems, leaves and roots 1.4 In natural asexual reproduction: A male and female gametes fuse B seed is formed C self-pollination occurs D only one parent is necessary 1.5 In _____ reproduction the offspring is genetically identical to the parent plant. A asexual only B sexual only C sexual and asexual D bi-sexual  (5 × 2 = 10) 2. Supply ONE word/term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the word/term next to the question number. 2.1 A young twig attached to a piece of bark that is attached to a prepared stock of another plant 2.2 The stock of another plant into which a bud piece of one plant is inserted 2.3 The vascular tissue that needs to make contact when grafting one plant part onto another plant part 2.4 The resting stage in plants when grafting is usually done 2.5 A type of artificial asexual reproduction  (5 × 2 = 10) Longer questions 3. Study the following types of asexual reproduction and then answer the questions. node intermode scale leaf adventitious root A B C old axillary mother buds stem crown shoots axillary bud gives rise to rhizome crown fibrous roots D E F  Identify each of the types of asexual reproduction labelled A–F above, and complete the table below. Type of asexual reproduction Part of plant where it develops Example A B C D E F  (6 × 3 = 18) 4. Differentiate between budding and grafting.  (4) S T U DY & M A S T E R S U P P O R T PA C K S 5

5. Study the illustrations below and then answer the questions that follow. scion T-shaped cut in bark rootstock RemoveRemove wedgewedge FitFit scion scionintointo place. Wrap union Wrap union and and scion inserted scion and stock from from rootstock. rootstock. place. seal with seal with wax.wax. into cut firmly bound together A B scion two cut ends fimrly bound together root stock C D 5.1 Identify which of the above techniques labelled A–D are budding or grafting.  (2) 5.2 Write down the specific types of budding or grafting used in each one of A–D. (4) 6. Name THREE advantages of propagating plants by using budding and grafting techniques.  (3) 7. Name FOUR advantages of asexual reproduction in plants.  (4) Unit 4 Plant improvement and biotechnology Short questions 1. Various possible answers are provided for the following questions. Write only the correct letter (A–D) next to the question number. 1.1 A technique such as in vitro used to improve plants and enhance desirable traits is known as: A selection B mutation C biotechnology D hybridisation 1.2 The progeny from a cross between two parent plants with desirable traits are stronger and more robust than the parents. This principle can be described as: A dominance B dihybridisation C mutation D heterosis 1.3 _____ of plants involves inserting new DNA into the genes of plant cells, thereby changing their genetic make-up and giving them new characteristics: A selection B genetic modification C cross-breeding D inbreeding 1.4 Which combination of characteristics of genetically modified crops is correct? (i) Increased yield and better flavour (ii) Resistance to pests and decreased input costs (iii) Increased yield and damage to crop (iv) Increased yield and improved shelf life A (i), (ii) and (iv) B (ii), (iii) and (iv) C (i), (iii) and (iv) D (i), (ii) and (iii) 6 S T U DY & M A S T E R S U P P O R T PA C K S

1.5 A disadvantage of hybridisation but desirable in bananas and seedless watermelons is that the offspring are often: A tasty B nutritious C sterile D fertile  (5 × 2 = 10) 2. Supply ONE word/term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the word/term next to the question number. 2.1 The method of plant breeding where the best plants with desirable traits are chosen to breed the best progeny 2.2 The plant breeding system where two different but related plant species are crossed 2.3 A disadvantage of breeding different plant species is that the offspring are unable to produce further offspring 2.4 The plant breeding system where genetic variability is improved artificially by radiation 2.5 The culture where flowering plants are regenerated from isolated organs, individual cells and protoplasts  (5 × 2 = 10) 3. The following statements are FALSE. Correct them by changing the underlined word/s. 3.1 In tissue culture plant parts are grown in a natural environment. 3.2 Reproductive cells are used to grow new plants by means of tissue culture. 3.3 Cells are treated with enzymes to induce cell division when using tissue culture. 3.4 Bt maize is a genetic crop into which a gene for resistance against the maize stalk borer was introduced. 3.5 The main pest of cotton in South Africa is mealworm. (5 × 2 = 10) Longer questions 4. A farmer chooses plants with desirable traits to produce progeny that will inherit these traits. Name FIVE desirable traits of plants that are selected.  (5) 5. Name FOUR advantages of the use of gene mutations to improve plant production.  (4) 6. Name THREE disadvantages of genetically modified crops. (3) Memorandum Unit 1 Short questions 1.1 C 1.2 B 1.3 D 1.4 A 1.5 C (10) 2.1 nectar 2.2 angiosperms 2.3 androecium 2.4 pollen 2.5 ovary  (10) Longer questions 3. Flower parts: 3.1 A: petals  (1) 3.2 corolla  (1) 3.3 B: sepals  (1) 3.4 calyx  (1) 3.5 a) C: anther D: filament  (2) b) E: stamen  (1) c) F: stigma G: style H: ovary  (3) d) I: pistil  (1) e) J: ovule  (1) 3.6 K: receptacle  (1) 4. Process in flowers: 4.1 pollination  (10) S T U DY & M A S T E R S U P P O R T PA C K S 7

4.2 A: Self-pollination: transfer of ripe pollen grains from the anthers to the ripe receptive stigma of the same flower B: Cross-pollination: transfer of ripe pollen grains from the anthers of one flower to the ripe receptive stigma of another flower on the same plant or to another plant of the same species  (8) 4.3 B(1) 4.4 Differences between insect- and wind-pollinated flowers: Insect-pollinated flowers Wind-pollinated flowers a) Brightly coloured petals Small or non-existent b) Scented Unscented c) Sweet, nutritious nectar No nectar d) Large, sticky pollen grains Large quantities of light pollen grains e) Anthers inside the flower, stiff to Large anthers that hang outside and move brush against insects freely to disperse pollen (10) Unit 2 Short questions 1.1 D 1.2 B 1.3 B 1.4 C 1.5 A(10) 2.1 endosperm 2.2 dormancy 2.3 parthenocarpy 2.4 fruit 2.5 ablactation  (10) 3.1 E 3.2 G 3.3 A 3.4 F 3.5 B 3.6 D 3.7 C (14) Longer questions 4.1 a) A: pollen grain  (1) b) B: It produces male sex cells / male gametes.  (1) 4.2 exine  (1) 4.3 intine  (1) 4.4 pollen tube  (1) 4.5 B: Vegetative nucleus: determines growth direction of pollen tube D: Generative (tube) nucleus: divides into two male gametes  (4) 4.6 mitosis  (1) 4.7 a) ovule (1) b) It develops into seed.  (1) 4.8 embryo sac  (1) 4.9 micropyle  (1) 4.10 It degenerates.  (1) 4.11 H: egg cell / ovum / female gamete  (1) 4.12 zygote  (1) 4.13 G: Polar nuclei  (1) 4.14 endosperm  (1) 5. Vegetative and stimulative parthenocarpy: • Vegetative parthenocarpy: pollination or other stimulation is not needed to produce fruit, e.g. seedless cucumbers and bananas • Stimulative parthenocarpy: pollination or another form of stimulation is necessary, e.g. seedless grapes  (4) 6.1 seed germination  (1) 8 S T U DY & M A S T E R S U P P O R T PA C K S

6.2 Requirements for germination (any three): • correct temperature • water • oxygen • period of dormancy (in some seeds) • light or darkness (depending on the type of seeds)  (3) 6.3 The seed swells and the testa (seed coat) splits open.  (2) 6.4 A: Radicle: it grows downwards in the soil.  (2) 6.5 B: Hypocotyl: it gives rise to the embryonic stem.  (2) 6.6 C: Cotyledons: they provide nutrients for the developing embryo. (2) 6.7 D: First foliage leaves: they develop from the plumule. (2) 6.8 E: Epicotyl: it gives rise to the stem of the plant.  (2) 6.9 Dicotyledonous plant / Dicot: it has two cotyledons.  (2) Unit 3 Short questions 1.1 C 1.2 B 1.3 D 1.4 D 1.5 A (10) 2.1 scion 2.2 rootstock 2.3 cambium 2.4 dormancy 2.5 budding/grafting (10) Longer questions 3. Types of asexual reproduction: A: Bulb: underground stem, e.g. onion, garlic, flowers such as lilies and daffodils B: Corm: underground stem, e.g. gladiolus and freesia C: Runner: aboveground horizontal stem, e.g. strawberries D: Tuber: swollen adventitious root, e.g. dahlias and sweet potatoes E: Rhizome: thickened underground stem, e.g. ferns, grasses and ginger F: Tuber: swollen underground stem, e.g. potatoes and yams  (18) 4. Budding and grafting: • Budding: a single virile bud is inserted into an opening in the bark of another plant (the rootstock) of the same cultivar. • Grafting: a whole scion with several buds is grafted onto the rootstock of another plant of the same cultivar.  (4) 5.1 A, C and D are grafting techniques. B is a budding technique.  (2) 5.2 A: side-veneer grafting B: t-budding / shield budding C: whip-and-tongue grafting D: tip grafting  (4) 6. Advantages of propagating plants using budding and grafting techniques (any three): • Fruit trees can be propagated with several cultivars on the same tree. • Grafted scion is chosen with good fruit-bearing quality and quantity. • Rootstock chosen is strong with fast growth rate, more vigorous root system. • Flowering plants can be propagated to have different colour flowers on the same plant. • The grower can choose plants with desirable traits.  (3) 7. Advantages of asexual reproduction (any four): • Faster than sexual reproduction • Large numbers of offspring • Seed formation not necessary • Pollinating agents not necessary S T U DY & M A S T E R S U P P O R T PA C K S 9

• No germination of seed • No fertilisation • Progeny is identical to parent plant • Desirable traits are carried from parent to offspring • Offspring are adapted to environment where parent plant grows  (4) Unit 4 Short questions 1.1 C 1.2 D 1.3 B 1.4 A 1.5 C (10) 2.1 selection 2.2 aybridisation 2.3 sterile or sterility  2.4 mutation 2.5 tissue  (10) 3.1 artificial 3.2 somatic 3.3 hormones 3.4 transgenic 3.5 bollworm  (10) Longer questions 4. Desirable traits used during selection (any five): • High production yields • High quality crops • Improved flavour or better taste or nutritional value or palatability • Enhanced beauty for horticultural crops • Resistance to pests and diseases • Higher tolerance to herbicides and pesticides • Drought resistance • Adaptation to environmental conditions • Efficient use of water and nutrients  (5) 5. Advantages of using gene mutations to improve plant production (any four): • Provision of breeding material for conventional plant breeding • Conservation and use of plant genetic resources • Contributes to food security • Additional income for farmers • Introduction of desirable traits, e.g. disease resistance • Plants can be mutated to bear more fruit, flowers and seeds  (4) 6. Disadvantages of genetically modified crops (any three): • Risk to food safety caused by unexpected side effects/allergies • Non-target organisms may be affected negatively • Negative impact on biodiversity • Expensive • Objection from people against GMO crops  (3) 10 S T U DY & M A S T E R S U P P O R T PA C K S