History Grade 11 P1 Eastern Cape November 2016 QP (Eng)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 11 NOVEMBER 2016 HISTORY P1 ADDENDUM *IHISTE3* This addendum consists of 13 pages.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 2 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2016) SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS QUESTION 1: COMMUNISM IN RUSSIA, 1900 – 1940 WAS THE 1917 REVOLUTIONARY CHALLENGE TO CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA SUCCESSFUL? SOURCE 1A This source discusses the early achievements of the Russian Revolution and provides background information on why Tsar Nicholas II’s rule was ruthless. The Russian Revolution took place in 1917, during the final phase of World War I. It removed Russia from the war and brought about the transformation of the Russian Empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), replacing Russia’s traditional monarchy with the world’s first communist state. The Revolution happened in stages through two separate coups, one in February and one on October. The new government, led by Vladimir Lenin, would solidify (strengthen) its power only after three years of civil war, which ended in 1920. Although the events of the Russian Revolution happened abruptly, the causes may be traced back nearly a century. Prior to the Revolution, the Russian monarchy had become progressively weaker and increasingly aware of its own vulnerability and therefore more reactionary (oppressive). Nicholas II – the tsar who led Russia in the years leading up to the revolution – had personally witnessed revolutionary terrorist assassinate his grandfather and, subsequently, his own father’s response to the assassination through brutal oppression of the Russian people. When Nicholas II himself became tsar in 1894, he used similarly severe measures to subdue (defeat) resistance movements, which were becoming bolder and more widespread every year. As Nicholas’s newly imposed oppression in turn incited still more unrest, he was forced to make concessions after each incident: it was in this manner that Russia’s first constitution was created, as was its first parliament. These concessions continued gradually until Nicholas II’s grip on power became very tenuous (of no effect). [From: www.sparknotes.com/history.european/russianrev. Accessed on 10 April 2016] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2016) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 3 SOURCE 1B In this source author, Alfred Knox, described the mutiny in the army that led to the overthrow of Nicholas II in his book, With the Russian Army: 1914 – 1917 (1921). I was talking to friends there in the corridor on the first floor, outside the office of General Manikovsky, the Chief of the Department, when General Hypatiev, the chemical expert, and M. Terenshchenko arrived with the news that the depot troops of the garrison had mutinied (revolted against the tsar) and were coming down the street. I heard for the first time that a company of the Pavlovsky Regiment had fired on the police the previous evening and had been disarmed and confined in the Preobrazhensky barracks… We went to the window and waited. Outside there was evident excitement, but no sound came to us through the thick double windows. Groups were standing at the corners gesticulating (making expressive movements with hands and arms) and pointing down the street. Officers were hurrying away… It seemed that we waited at least ten minutes before the mutineers arrived. Craning our necks (stretching our necks like cranes), we first saw two soldiers – a sort of advanced guard – who strode along the middle of the street, pointing their riffles at loiterers (wanderers) to clear the road (to give way).One of them fired a shot at an unfortunate chauffeur. Then came a great disorderly mass of soldiers, stretching right across the wide street and both pavements. They were led by a diminutive (short) but immensely dignified student. There were no officers. All were armed, and many had red flags fastened to their bayonets. They came slowly and finally gathered up in a compact mass in front of the Department. Soon we heard the windows and doors on the ground floor being broken in, and the sound of shots reached us…An excited orderly rushed in: “Your High Excellency! They are forcing their way into the building. Shall we barricade your door?” But Manikovsky kept his nerve, and said: “No. Open all doors. Why should we hinder them?” As the orderly turned away, astonished at his new complaisance (willingness to please others), Manikovsky sighed, and said to me with the characteristic click of worried anger: “Look what our Ministry has brought us to!” [From: www.spartacus-educational.com/RUSmarchR.htm. Accessed on 10 April 2016] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 4 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2016) SOURCE 1C This source shows the headlines of The New York Times carrying the news of the abdication (surrender) of Nicholas II as a result of the 1917 February Revolution. THE NEW YORK TIMES REVOLUTION IN RUSSIA; CZAR ABDICATES; MICHAEL MADE REGENT, EMPRESS IN HIDING: PRO-GERMAN MINISTERS REPORTED SLAIN [From: www.spartucus-educational.com/RUSmarchR.htm. Accessed on 11 April 2016] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2016) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 5 SOURCE 1D This source contains a document that was issued by the Bolshevik government after assuming power. It is a declaration of human rights for all. Declaration of the Rights of The Peoples of Russia …The first Congress of Soviets, in June of this year, proclaimed the right of the peoples of Russia to self-determination. The second Congress of the Soviets…confirmed this inalienable right of the peoples of Russia more decisively and definitely. Executing the will of these Congresses, the Council of People’s Commissars (Russian Cabinet) has resolved to establish as a basis for its activity in the question of Nationalities, the following principles: 1. The equality and sovereignty of the peoples of Russia. 2. The right of the peoples of Russia to free, self-determination, even to the point of separation and the formation of an independent state. 3. The abolition of any and all national religious privileges and disabilities. 4. The free development of national minorities and ethnographic groups inhabiting the territory of Russia. Decrees will be prepared immediately upon the formation of a Commission on Nationalities. In the name of the Russian Republic, People’s Commissar for Nationalities Yussov Djugashvili-Stalin President of the Council of People’s Commissars V. Ulianov (Lenin) [From: Ten Days That Shook the World by John Reed, 1919] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 6 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2016) QUESTION 2: CAPITALISM IN THE USA, 1900 – 1940 WHAT IMPACT DID THE GREAT DEPRESSION HAVE ON THE LIVES OF ORDINARY AMERICANS? SOURCE 2A This source focuses on the immediate impact of the Great Depression on the American work force. America’s “Great Depression” began with the dramatic crash of the stock market on “Black Thursday”, 24 October 1929, when 16 million shares of stock were quickly sold by panicking investors who had lost faith in the American economy. At the height of the Depression in 1933, nearly 25% of nation’s workforce were unemployed. Wage income for workers who were lucky enough to have kept the jobs fell almost 43% between 1929 and 1933. It was the worst economic disaster in American history. Farm prices fell so drastically that many farmers lost their homes and land. Many went hungry. Faced with this disaster, families split up or migrated from their homes in search of work. “Hoovervilles” (named after President Hoover, as an insult), shanty towns constructed of packing crates, abandoned cars and other cast-off scraps sprung up across the nation. Gangs of youths, whose families could no longer support them, rode the rails in box cars like so many hoboes (homeless people), hoping to find a job… America’s unemployed were on the move, but there was really nowhere to go. Industry was badly shaken by the Depression. Factories closed; mills and mines were abandoned; fortunes were lost. American business and labour were both in serious trouble. [From: www.sahistory.org.za/article/great-depression-usa-grade-11. Accessed on 11 April 2016] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2016) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 7 SOURCE 2B This source exposes the suffering that families went through during the Great Depression. Note the emphasis on the impact the depression had on the position of the father in the family. From one perspective, the story emerging from the Great Depression can be described as one of family “disorganisation” and deprivation. Marriage rates declined … and the trend toward decreasing birth rates, already underway, accelerated during the 1930s. Although divorce rates also declined, this seems to have been largely the consequence of the inability to pay lawyers’ fees; desertion rates increased during the decade. In some cases two or more families crowded together in the apartments or homes designed as single-family residences… From 1929 to 1931, the number of children entering custodial institutions increased by 50 percent. In many economically deprived (poor) families, children suffered from malnutrition and inadequate clothing. Things seemed to be especially difficult for unemployed male heads of families. Traditional conceptions of gender roles prevailed during the 1930s; accordingly, men were expected to be breadwinners of their families. Unemployed men felt like failures as a result of their inability to provide for their families. Such feelings of inadequacy were accentuated (made worse) when, often after having used up their savings, these men were forced to endure the humiliating experience of applying for relief. Unemployed men often found themselves hanging around their homes, irritating their wives… Children of impoverished families, recalling memories of family life during the 1930s, often remembered their fathers as emotionally distant and indifferent. Some unemployed men took up drinking…. [From: http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic. Accessed on 10 April 2016] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 8 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2016) SOURCE 2C This visual source shows people lining up for food in one of the soup kitchens that helped the needy during the Great Depression. In the background is a giant advertising board depicting the American Dream. Note the inherent contradiction. WORLD’S HIGHEST STANDARD OF LIVING THERE IS NO WAY LIKE THE AMERICAN WAY [From: www.sahistory.org.za/article/great-depression-usa-grade-11. Accessed on 13 April 2016] SOURCE 2D The source shows the ineffective steps taken by Hoover in his attempts to deal with the crisis created by the Great Depression. It was a case of too little too late. The Republican government under Hoover did implement a number of measures to combat the Great Depression. Immediately after the stock market collapse Hoover directed all Federal Departments to speed up public works to create jobs. In 1931 he set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) to provide funds to banks, building and loan associations, agricultural cooperatives and railways that were in trouble. After a collapse of the European economy in 1931 he also suspended payment of international debt repayments to the USA. In 1932 when local governments ran out of money to help the unemployed, the government provided $300 million in loans to keep people in jobs. But Hoover refused the demands of the Democrats who were asking the government to distribute money to the unemployed. Despite Hoover’s efforts, US citizens were not convinced that he was effective. In the next election they elected a Democrat – President Roosevelt. [From: Making History Grade 11 by Defterios, R et al, Heinemann, 2006] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2016) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 9 QUESTION 3: IDEAS OF RACE IN THE LATE 19th AND 20th CENTURIES HOW WERE THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF MINORITIES VIOLATED IN NAZI GERMANY FROM 1933 TO 1945? SOURCE 3A This source explains the early stages of coming to power of Hitler in Germany and it also gives insight into the exclusion of certain races from the so-called German master race. On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler was named chancellor, the most powerful position in the German government, by the aged President Hindenburg, who hoped Hitler could lead the nation out of its grave political and economic crisis. Hitler was the leader of the right- wing Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party (called “the Nazi Party” for short). The Nazi Party was extremely anti-Semitist. It was, by 1933, one of the strongest parties in Germany, even though… the Nazis had won only a plurality of 33 percent of the votes in the 1932 elections to the German parliament (Reichstag). Once in power, Hitler moved quickly to end German democracy. He convinced his cabinet to invoke emergency clauses of the constitution that permitted the suspension of individual freedoms of the press, speech and assembly... The Enabling Act of March 23, 1933…gave Hitler dictatorial powers. Also in 1933, the Nazis began to put into practice their racial ideology. The Nazis believed that the Germans were “racially superior” and that there was a struggle between them and inferior races. They saw the Jews, Roma (Gypsies) and the handicapped as a serious biological threat to the purity of the “German (Aryan) Race,” what they called the master race. Jews, who numbered about 525 000 in Germany were the principal target of Nazi hatred. The Nazis identified Jews as a race and defined this race as “inferior.” They also spewed (advocated) hate-mongering propaganda that unfairly blamed the Jews for Germany’s economic depression and the country’s defeat in World War I (1914 – 1918) [From: www.myjewishlearning.com/article/1933-1939. Accessed on 16 April 2016.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2016) SOURCE 3B The source below consists of two extracts on the impact of Nuremberg Laws on the Jews and the Gypsies. Extract 1: This newspaper article focuses on how the Nuremberg Laws started the process of discrimination against German Jews. NEWS FROM GERMANY 1935 New York Herald Tribune, 16 September 1935 “The Shame of Nuremberg” by Rudy Barnes NUREMBERG, Germany, 15 September 1935. Strict new laws depriving German Jews of all the rights of German citizens were decreed by a cheering Reichstag (Germany parliament) here tonight after an address by Chancellor Adolf Hitler. Tonight’s decrees are among the most sweeping measures taken since the Nazis came into power two and a half years ago. The new laws, which go into effect on 1 January, will help to realise the anti-Jewish part of the Nazi programme. They are described as ‘laws for the protection of German blood and honour.’ As read before the Reichstag by the president of the legislative body, they are: 1. Marriages between Jews and German citizens are forbidden. 2. Physical contact between Jews and Germans is forbidden. 3. Jews are not permitted to employ in their household German servants under the age of 45. 4. Jews are forbidden to raise the swastika emblem (now the national flag). Violation of any of the first three laws is punishable by imprisonment and hard labour. Violation of the fourth law is punishable by imprisonment. Tonight’s session of the Reichstag was called unexpectedly by Hitler. The Reichstag, which is now nothing more than a rubber stamp, was called to order by the President of the Reichstag at 09:00pm. After speaking of the three laws, the President asked the Reichstag for unanimous approval. Six hundred men, most of them in brown uniforms leaped to their feet… Extract 2: Vera Laska, an eyewitness, gives an account on the impact of the Nuremberg laws on Gypsies. Gypsies were officially defined as non-Aryan by the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, which also first defined Jews; both groups were forbidden to marry Germans. Gypsies were later labelled as asocials in 1937… Two hundred Gypsy men were then selected by quota and incarcerated (held under severe prison conditions) in the Buchenwald concentration camp. Gypsies were forbidden to move freely and were concentrated in encampments within Germany in 1939, later (1941) transformed into fenced ghettos, from which they would be seized for transport by criminal police (aided by dogs) and dispatched to Auschwitz (infamous concentration camp) in February 1943. [From: Women In The Resistance And In The Holocaust: The Voices Of Eyewitnesses by V Laska, ed.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2016) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 11 SOURCE 3C This Source focuses on Herman Goering’s (Hitler’s deputy) attempts to solve what he referred to as the ‘Jewish Question.’ Through his interests in the economics of Aryanisation (Jewish property and businesses placed under German control), and the use of the Jewish concentration camp labour, Goering was inextricably (completely) caught up in the effort to find a solution to the ‘Jewish Question’. In the winter of 1938-9 he had acquired powers to organise the economic exploitation of the Jewish population. The wider question of what to do with the Jews thus excluded from public life he delegated Heydrich and the SS (Nazi Party military police), under his loose supervision. Goering was attracted at first to the idea of expelling all German Jews, either to Madagascar or to Western powers… After the outbreak of the war the seizure of Jewish assets increased in scale, as did the exploitation of Jewish labour. It was during the ‘cleansing’ of the European economy that the Nazi leadership moved towards a final solution to the Jewish question. In the summer of 1941 Goering ordered Heydrich to provide a plan for resolving the Jewish problem using any means available. Heydrich announced this at the Wannsee conference on 29 January 1942, using it a carte blanche (complete freedom) from the movement’s leaders to proceed to annihilation (total destruction). [From – Goering, Hitler’s Iron Knight by R Overy] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 12 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2016) SOURCE 3D This source shows survivors at Buchenwald concentration camp remaining in their barracks after liberation by Allied forces on April 16, 1945. [From:www.history.com/holocaust-concentration-camps. Accessed on 18 April 2016] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2016) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 13 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Extracts and visual sources used in the addendum were taken or adapted from the following publications. Defterios, R et al 2006, Making History Grade 11, (Heinemann) Laska, V ed Women In The Resistance And In The Holocaust: The Voices Of Eyewitnesses Overy, R Goering, Hitler’s Iron Knight Reed, J Ten Days That Shook The World, 1919 http/ic.gaegroup.com/ic/uhic http://www.history.com/holocaust-concentration-camps http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/1933-1939 http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/great-depression-usa-grade-11 http://www.sparknotes.com/history.european.russianrev http://www.spartacus-educational.com/RUSmarchR.htm Copyright reserved Please turn over

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