History Grade 11 P1 Eastern Cape November 2019 Addendum

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 11 NOVEMBER 2019 HISTORY P1 ADDENDUM MARKS: 150 TIME: 3 hours *IHISTE3* This addendum consists of 14 pages.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 2 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS QUESTION 1: COMMUNISM IN RUSSIA, 1900–1940 WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1917? SOURCE 1A This source is an extract from Father Gapon’s petition to the Tsar on 5 January 1905 at the Winter Palace. The petition outlined the unhappiness of the working class and called for economic and political reforms. “We, workers and inhabitants of the city of St. Petersburg … have come to you, Sovereign, to seek justice and protection. We are impoverished (poor) and oppressed, we are burdened with work, and insulted. Our first request was that our employers discuss our needs together with us. But they refused to do this. Also unlawful were our other requests: to reduce the working day to eight hours; for them to set wages together with us and by agreement with us. They have enslaved us and they did so under the protection of your officials, with their aid and with their cooperation. They imprison and send into exile any one of us who has the courage to speak on behalf of the interests of the working class and of the people Would it not be better if we, the toiling people of all Russia, died? Let the capitalists – exploiters of the working class – and the bureaucrats – embezzlers (thieves) of public funds and the pillages (looters) of the Russian people – live and enjoy themselves. Here we seek our last salvation (help)…Give the order, swear to meet these needs, and you will make Russia both happy and glorious, and your name will be fixed in our hearts and the hearts of our posterity for all time. But if you do not give the order, if you do not respond to our prayer, then we shall die here, on this square, in front of your palace. There are only two roads for us, one to freedom and happiness, the other to the grave.” [From https://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/bloody-sunday-petition-1905. Accessed on 05 April 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 3 SOURCE 1B This source is an extract from a book written by Meriel Buchanan, daughter of the British ambassador to Russia who lived in St Petersburg between 1910 and 1918. It explains the causes of the growing unrests in Russia in 1916. “From all sides came the complaints of a people wearied (tired) by the war, disillusioned (disappointed), lost in what seemed an endless circle of mistakes. General Polivanov [Minister of War] had been replaced by a weak, colourless man who did nothing to stem the rising tide of discontent in the army. Sergey Sazanov, who had been minister of foreign affairs for close on six years, whose love of country and for England had helped draw the two great nations together, was supplanted by Sturmer, the man with the German name and German sympathies. Food was growing ever scarcer, the queues outside the bread shops stretched right down the length of the streets. It was said in all directions that the merchants and shopkeepers were building up huge profits at the expense of the people. Rasputin’s power at the Winter Palace seemed to increase every day … I have heard people with temerity (boldness) doing both since I got back to England. “Russia has betrayed us!” “Russia has let us down!” How often does one hear these phrases – but do the people who say them know what Russia has suffered? Have they lived in Russia those first years of the war, seen the shortage of every kind of ammunition, the appalling suffering of the troops, the heart-breaking losses during those retreats when the soldiers, having no guns with which to defend themselves, had to fight with sticks and stones? [From Petrograd: The City of Trouble, 1914–18 by Meriel Buchanan] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 4 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) SOURCE 1C The source below depicts Russian prisoners-of-war after the Battle of Tannenburg, August 1914. [From http://greatwarproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/web-tannenberg-getty.jpg. Accessed on 05 April 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 5 SOURCE 1D The source below is an extract from an article written by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1938. It provides a Soviet account of the February revolution of 1917. On February 18th 1917, a strike broke out at the Putilov Works in Petrograd. On February 23rd, at the call of the Petrograd Bolsheviks, working women came out in the streets to demonstrate against starvation, war and tsardom. The political strike began to grow into a general political demonstration against the tsarist system. On February 24th the demonstration was resumed with even greater vigour (strength). About 200 000 workers were already on strike… On February 26th the Bolshevik Central Committee issued a manifesto calling for the continuation of the armed struggle against tsardom and the formation of a provisional revolutionary government. On February 27th the troops in Petrograd refused to fire on the workers and began to line up with the people in revolt. The number of soldiers who had joined the revolt by the morning of February 27th was still no more than 10 000 but by the evening it already exceeded 60 000. The workers and soldiers who had risen in revolt began to arrest tsarist ministers and generals and to free revolutionaries from jail. The released political prisoners joined the revolutionary struggle. … But the troops rapidly went over to the side of the workers, and this decided the fate of the tsarist autocracy (dictatorship). When the news of the victory of the revolution in Petrograd spread to other towns, the workers and soldiers everywhere began to depose the tsarist officials. The February bourgeois-democratic revolution had won. [From https://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/soviet-account-of-the-february-revolution- 1938. Accessed on 05 April 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 6 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) QUESTION 2: CAPITALISM IN THE USA, 1900–1940 WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION ON THE LIVES OF AMERICANS IN THE 1930s? SOURCE 2A The source below describes the impact of the Great Depression on men in the USA. The stress of financial strain took a psychological toll- especially on men who were suddenly unable to provide for their families. The national suicide rate rose to an all- time high in 1933. Marriages became strained, though many couples could not afford to separate. Divorce rates dropped during the 1930s though abandonments increased. Some men deserted their families out of embarrassment or frustration. This was sometimes called a ‘poor man’s divorce’. It is estimated that more than two million men and women became travelling hobos. Many of these were teens who felt they had become a burden on their families and left home in search of work. It was worse with men as head of the families because they could not put something on the table. Riding the rails – illegally hopping on freight trains – became a common, yet dangerous way to travel. Those travelling the country in search of work often camped in ‘Hoovervilles’, shantytowns named after Herbert Hoover, president during the early years of the Great Depression. [From https:https//www.history.com/news/life/for-the-average-family-during-the-great-depression. Accessed on 18 March 2019] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 7 SOURCE 2B The source below is an extract from an interview with Maya Angelou, conducted by Blackside, Inc. on April 11, 1992. Maya Angelou (historian and civil rights leader) describes the impact of the Great Depression on Black communities in the USA. … They said in the South that “the Depression had been going on for ten years before black people even knew about it,” even knew it existed, and that was true particularly in the South, in villages, and small hamlets, and small towns because the people lived at a subsistence level for the most part. Many were sharecroppers ... they owed their lives to the company store. So because they hadn’t been able to get education, they were vulnerable to the greed and evil of the farm owners. So at the end of the year the farmer found himself in debt. So, the Depression had gone on long before the crash of ‘29 took place. One of the ways it affected the black community was that the white hobos (travellers) would come to the black area to ask for food. Now, partly out of pride, and maybe the other part out of an ability to identify, to empathise with the hobo, black people always gave food. Now they had beans, maybe, with a little piece of smoked meat or dried meat, cured meat, they had cornbread, and black people would give beans and cornbread to black hobos. [From http://digital.wustl.edu/cgi/t/text/text- idx?c=gds;cc=gds;rgn=main;view=text;idno=ang00031.00707.028. Accessed on 05 April 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 8 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) SOURCE 2C The source below is a letter from a delegation of the Unemployed Councils of Alabama, to Governor Benjamin Miller and the state legislature (1931) representing all the cities. It describes the living conditions of the people and it gives a list of demands for unemployment relief. At the same time that the state legislature (parliament) is in a special session, there exists widespread unemployment and great misery amongst the people of Alabama. The relief being afforded by the Red Cross is entirely inadequate and is nothing but a slow process of starvation. The various self-help schemes in the cities are plans to keep the unemployed on a permanent pauper (bankrupt) level. The conditions of the unemployed is getting worse, unemployment is increasing and the question of immediate relief is the foremost issue confronting the thousands of the unemployed and their families. The special session is not attempting to meet this need… All the so called economy measures are attempts to lower the living standard of the people. In answer to these conditions, we have been elected as a delegation to present the following demands for immediate unemployment relief which we believe should take precedence over all questions before the legislature. $3 cash weekly relief for the average family… Free utilities**(gas, light, water) and rent for all unemployed and part-time workers earning less than $7 a week. Adequate care for homeless, young and single workers Provision for opening of all schools, payment of salaries to teachers and free lunches and books for school children Right to vote for all unemployed without payment of poll tax [From http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/singleitem/collection/voices/id/3912/rec/14. Accessed on 16 August 2019] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 9 SOURCE 2D This photo depicts the consequences of the Great Depression. [From https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailU2&id= C4DF7F9C284C8E2CCEBFCA3537047232F6EF1D07... Accessed on 05 April 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) QUESTION 3: IDEAS OF RACE IN THE LATE 19th AND 20th CENTURIES HOW WERE JEWS PERSECUTED IN GERMANY? SOURCE 3A This source explains the reasons for Hitler’s racial policy towards the Jews. Discrimination against Jews began immediately after the national seizure of power in 1933. The Nazi Party used populist anti-Semitic views to gain votes. Using the stab in the back legend they blamed poverty, the hyperinflation in the Weimer Republic, unemployment and the loss of World War 1 all on the Jews and Bolsheviks. German woes (miseries) were attributed to the effects of the Treaty of Versailles in 1933 and the persecution of Jews became active Nazi policy. This was at first hindered (delayed) by the lack of agreement on who qualified as a Jew as opposed to an Aryan. Bernhard Losener described it as ‘total chaos’, with local authorities regarding anything from full Jewish background to Jewish blood as defining a Jew. Those of mixed descent were especially problematic in their eyes. The first anti-Semitic law was promulgated (circulated) with no clear definition of a Jew. Finally, the criterion was set at three or four Jewish grandparents, two or one rendered a person a Muscling. On 1 April 1933, the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses was observed throughout Germany. Only six days later, the Law for Restoration of the Professional Civil Service was passed, banning Jews from government jobs. These laws meant that Jews were now indirectly dissuaded or banned from privileged and superior positions reserved for ‘Aryan Germans’. From then on, Jews were forced to work in more menial (unskilled) positions, becoming second-class citizens to the point that they were illegally residing (living) in Germany. [From http://everything.explained.today/racial-policies of Nazi Germany. Accessed on 26 August 2019] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 11 SOURCE 3B This source explains the reasons why Hitler decided to identify Jews in Germany. Jews throughout Nazi-occupied Europe were forced to wear a badge in the form of a yellow Star as a means of identification. This was not a new idea; since medieval l(old- fashioned) times many other societies had forced their Jewish citizens to wear badges to identify themselves. The badges were often printed on coarse yellow cloth and were a garish yellow colour. The star, which represented the Star of David, was outlined in thick, black lines and the word ‘Jew’ was printed in mock Hebraic type. In the Warsaw ghetto, Jews wore a white armband with a blue Star of David on the left arm. In some ghettos, even babies in prams had to wear the armband or stars. Jewish shops were also marked with a Yellow Star. The star was intended to humiliate Jews and to mark them out for segregation and discrimination. The policy also made it easier to identify Jews for deportation to camps. [From www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/voices/info/yellow star/theyellowstar.html. Accessed on 26 August 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 12 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) SOURCE 3C This photo depicts Jewish children wearing clothes marked with the Star of David. [From www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/voices/info/yellow star/theyellowstar.html. Accessed on 05 April 2019] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 13 SOURCE 3D This source explains how Jews were killed at the Chelmno Extermination Camp. Chelmno was the first Nazi camp where gassing was used to murder Jews on a large scale. A total of 320 000 people were murdered at Chelmno. These included Jews from the Lodz ghetto and throughout the area, in addition to 5 000 Roma who had been previously sent to the ghetto. The first group of victims arrived at Chelmno on 7 December 1941. The following day the first exterminations took place. On arrival at the ‘Palace’ camp, the Jews were told that they would be fairly treated and receive good food in return for working on the estate, in Austria or in the East. They were then told that they needed to shower to become clean and that their clothes had to be disinfected. This was a lie. They were led to the undressing room, where they gave up their valuables and clothes. But, having been led up steps to the ‘washrooms’, they in fact found themselves in a gas van. The doors were closed and locked. The driver then drove into the forest. After ten minutes the gas fumes had suffocated all those inside the van. The victims were buried in mass graves. The possessions of those brought to Chelmno were given or sold to Germans living in the region. The Nazis destroyed Chelmno in September 1944. They ordered the digging up and cremation of all of the bodies from the mass graves. [From https://www.theholocaustexplained.org/the-final-solution/the-death-camps/. Accessed on 26 August 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 14 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Extracts and visual sources used in the addendum were taken or adapted from the following publications. https://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/bloody-sunday-petition-1905 Petrograd: The City of Trouble, 1914-18 by Meriel Buchanan http://greatwarproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/web-tannenberg-getty.jpg] https://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/soviet-account-of-the-february- revolution-1938 https:https//www.history.com/news/life/for-the-average-family-during-the-great- depression http://digital.wustl.edu/cgi/t/text/text- idx?c=gds;cc=gds;rgn=main;view=text;idno=ang00031.00707.028 http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/singleitem/collection/voices/id/3912/rec/14 . https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailU2&id=C4DF7F9C284C8E2CC EBFCA3537047232F6EF1D07 http://everything.explained.today/racial-policies of Nazi Germany https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/the-holocaust www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/voices/info/yellow star/theyellowstar.html Copyright reserved Please turn over

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