Religion Studies Grade 12 P2 NSC June 2018 Memo (English)

Downloaded from hlayiso.com SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS RELIGION STUDIES P2 2018 MARKING GUIDELINES MARKS: 150 These marking guidelines consist of 16 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Religion Studies/P2 2 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 1 NOTE: If no religion is mentioned or clearly implied in 1.1-1.5, no credit is given. If more than one religion is mentioned, only the first religion is credited. If a religion is mentioned only in any sub question, this religion is binding in 1.1 -1.5.. Other relevant responses must be credited. 1.1 EXAMPLE 1: ISLAM • According to the Qur'an, Allah created the universe in six phases. • Allah provides the energy and everything that the universe needs for survival. • According to Islam, the existence of the universe is not accidental. • Life is not purposeless, but planned and purposeful. • The vast variety of plants and animals species in the world has important roles in the ecosystem. • New forms of life are continuously being created and function according to established divine laws. • The universe is not eternal but has a fixed timespan. (10) 1.2 • Islam believes in a universal God called Allah. • Belief in the oneness of Allah is the foundation of Islam. • Allah has other titles, which reflect His attributes. • He is the Creator (Khaliq) and Originator (Badi) of the universe, continuing to create new forms of life and sustaining all of creation. • Human beings must affirm and acknowledge the existence of Allah and live in accordance with His divine will. • The Muslim understanding of divinity is shaped essentially by the Qur'an. (10) 1.3 • Humans are one of the many species that make up creation. • Humans in Islam are the highest form of creation. • They are vice-regents (khalifah) of Allah. • This places an enormous responsibility on human beings. • They are entitled to use the earth's resources for their own benefit. • They have to respect creation highly, and use resources responsibly and efficiently. • They are accountable for their actions on the Day of Judgment. (10) 1.4 Muslims fulfil their responsibilities because of the following reasons: • Muslims take care of one another. • They have special offerings they give for the poor and strangers. • They are also farmers who look after animals and cultivate the land. • The destruction of environment is forbidden and there is condemnation of pollution in Islam. • They live their life according to the Qur'an to demonstrate that they are vice-regents of Allah. OR Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Religion Studies/P2 3 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines They do not fulfill their responsibilities: • Some Muslims are involved in wars and use chemical weapons. This is regarded as a war crime, e.g. Syria. • They recruit the youth to join extremist organizations to kill in the name of Islam, e.g. ISIS. • In some Muslim countries, modern society is depleting valuable natural resources. • They discriminate against non-Muslims, e.g. Egypt. • Civilian populations are not spared in conflict situations. • They use natural resources to create dangerous weapons to destroy one another rather than benefitting humans. (10) 1.5 • The sacred scripture of Islam is the Qur'an. • The Qur'an is the final message for humanity given to the Prophet Muhammad through the archangel Gabriel. • The Prophet shared the revelation with his followers orally. • He could not read or write. • The Qur'an is regarded as the Word of God. • The Qur'an was revealed to the Prophet over a period of 23 years • The Qur'an was revealed in Arabic language. • Before the Prophet died, he had recited the entire Qur'an from memory. • His followers wrote the Qur'an in the lifetime of the Prophet. • The Qur'an cannot be translated without losing its meaning. • The message and the teachings contained in the Qur'an cannot be separated from the language in which it is written. • The secondary scriptures in Islam are Hadiths. • Hadith refers to the sayings of Prophet Muhammad which were recorded by his scribes and remembered by his companions. • The most famous compilers are Imam Bukhari and Imam Muslim. (10) 1.1 EXAMPLE 2: BUDDHISM • Buddhists believe that the world was not created at any point in time. • The world has been created millions of times every second and will continue to do so by itself. • The world will break away by itself. • According to Buddhism, the world system always appears and disappears in the universe. • The universe, in which we live, has existed for an enormous period of time and possibly for endless time. • The explanation of the origin of the world is not a concern in Buddhism. • In the eyes of Buddha, the world is nothing but Samsara – the cycle of repeated birth and deaths. • The beginning and the end of the world is within this Samsara. • Since elements and energies are relative and inter-dependent, it is meaningless to single out anything as the beginning. (10) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Religion Studies/P2 4 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines 1.2 • Divinity is not a key belief in Buddhism. • Most forms of Buddhism accept that there are beings who are more powerful and who live longer than humans. • They may be referred to as 'gods'. • The core Buddhist teaching that everything is impermanent implies that even the gods in Buddhism are not immortal. • They may live for millions of years, but eventually will die and be reborn. • They did not create the universe, for they themselves are part of it. • Buddhists may pray to a local god, but they do not believe that the god can help them become enlightened. (10) 1.3 • Buddhism sees being born as a human as rare and very precious, since one can be born as so many other types of being. • Humanity is the only condition in which enlightenment is possible. • In Buddhism human reincarnation is very important. • The primary responsibility of every human is to become enlightened. • Humans must share the way of enlightenment with others. • Everything else is secondary and, anyway, impermanent. (10) 1.4 Buddhists fulfil their roles because of the following reasons: • In Buddhism, most Buddhists use meditation for peace of mind and enlightenment. • Buddhist communities are generally peace-loving, and accepting of other religions. • They focus on a goal of self-improvement. • They also attempt to find harmony in life and in nature. • The Buddhist lives a life of detachment, and rethinks past life to enter spiritual life. • Bodhisattvas delay themselves from entering nirvana out of compassion for human suffering, in order to help other humans become enlightened. They do not fulfill their responsibilities for the following reasons: • Buddhism has historically not been good at practical efforts to fight poverty, discrimination, diseases, as a way of enlightenment. • The Buddhist who emphasises that every person in the universe controls his/her own destiny, leads people to be greedy and selfish. • In Buddhism a person's luck or misfortune, success or failure, is determined by his/her deeds, and that leads to suffering for an unknown past. • Buddhists are also involved in ethnic cleansing in their countries, e.g. in Myanmar. • To get what they want, they are prepared not only to suffer themselves, but even to make others suffer. (10) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Religion Studies/P2 5 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines 1.5 • The sacred scripture is the Pali Canon or Tripitaka/Tipitaka. • The Tripitaka was written in the 1st century BCE. • It contains some of the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, founder of Buddhism. • It is called Tripitaka because it was first written on palm leaves, which were put in three different baskets. • It is sometimes called Pali Canon because it was originally written in the Pali Language. • In Theravada Buddhism, the very large canonical tradition goes back to about the fifth century BCE. • It was transmitted orally for a few centuries before it was eventually written down. • From its earliest time, it has produced an ever growing body of commentaries on the canonical tradition. • The Tripitaka was transmitted in Pali, a language closely related to Sanskrit. • Mahayana Buddhism has produced a voluminous body of literature in Buddhist form of Sanskrit. • Of special importance is the Prajna-Paramita Sutras (the sutras about the wisdom that has gone beyond). (10) [50] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Religion Studies/P2 6 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines QUESTION2 2.1 • The theory of evolution explains the development of life from a simple form to its most complex form today. • This development includes the evolution of humans through primitive stages to modern humans. Darwin's theory consists of four ideas: • Species contain a great variety of differences. • Both the world and species change over time. • In the fight for survival, better adapted variation will be favoured while those that are not fit will struggle to survive. • A species may gradually change its form and become more complex by developing along a path of successful variation. • According to Charles Darwin humans evolved from apes. (10) 2.2.1 CHRISTIANITY NOTE: If only the religious perspective is given, and is not linked to Darwin’s theory, a maximum of FOUR marks may be awarded for 2.2.1 and 2.2.2 • Traditional Christians accept the literal interpretation of the scriptures as written in the book of Genesis. • To these Christians, the word of God is the only literal truth. • Traditional Christians consider it impossible that humans evolved from animals. • They believe that man was created in the 'image of God' • The theory of evolution is therefore rejected by conservative Christians. • The liberal Christians accommodate Darwin's theory and understand the book of Genesis to be interpreted symbolically. (8) 2.2.2 HINDUISM • Hinduism has a more complicated theory of evolution than Darwin's theory. • Their concept of evolution also involves spiritual evolution. • Hindus believe that one has control over both spiritual and physical evolution. • Good life leads to gradual evolution to an advanced form. • Doing good deeds leads to better life, and bad deeds lead to lower life in reincarnation. • Darwin's theory of evolution has some shortcomings because it does not address spiritual life. (8) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Religion Studies/P2 7 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines 2.3.1 • The scientific theory of creation of the universe is called the Big Bang theory. • What existed before the Big Bang is not known. • There was a big explosion in space and within seconds the universe had appeared and expanded to an enormous size. • It happened about fifteen billion years ago. • Small temperature differences in the initial explosion led to varying densities throughout the universe. • These eventually formed into clusters of matter and energy. • They formed vast collection of stars that we call galaxies. • Some galaxies condensed into a combination of stars and planets called solar systems. • Our earth belongs to one of the solar systems. (12) 2.3.2 EXAMPLE 1: ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS. • Abrahamic religions believe in creation as narrated in their holy scriptures. • They believe that the universe was created by a Creator called God/Allah/Elohim. • The Creator is male. • At first only the Creator existed, and He then made the universe. • The universe is separate from the Creator. • God created the universe in six days. • The first two humans were Adam and Eve. • They were created in the image of God. • At the end of time, the universe that we see will be replaced by something perfect after a judgement day./The universe is not permanent. EXAMPLE 2: HINDUISM • To Hindus, the universe is the Creator. • The Creator has existed and will exist for all time. • The Creator has no limitation and therefore is not 'he', 'she or anything. • The Creator exists in either an active or a passive state. • The passive state is a state of rest when nothing happens. • At rest, the universe has no form, and is undifferentiated. • After a long time, the Creator stirs and becomes active. This is when some parts of the universe are different from other parts and 'creation' begins. (12) [50] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Religion Studies/P2 8 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 3 3.1 3.1.1 • Secularism means a separation of power between state and religion. • In the 16th century, Martin Luther set in motion certain changes that led to the splintering of Christianity into Catholic and Protestant groups. • This led to decades of religious wars in Europe. • At the time, the Church was very influential, both politically and socially. • Kings, emperors and nobility used the Church to establish their power. • In return, religious leaders also influenced rulers to promote their interpretation of beliefs. • All the warring parties thought that a society would be peaceful if everyone shared the same beliefs. • People started to seek for a state where there would be religious tolerance. • Intellectuals of the time came to a conclusion that religion was divisive rather than uniting. • A government which was based purely on reasoning and on an understanding of human nature was then the solution. • The Prince of Orange was one of the first persons to advocate a split between church and state. • Thus government and morality were divorced from religion, and secularism came into being. (12) 3.1.2 EXAMPLE 1: • AGNOSTICISM • The word 'agnosticism' comes from Greek: 'a-' meaning 'without' and 'gnosis' meaning 'knowledge'. • This refers to uncertainty about God-knowledge. • Agnostics believe that it is not possible to either prove or disprove the existence of a God/supernatural being. • Agnostics are sceptical of religious teachings. • They also argue that humans cannot comprehend such a thing as a divine power. • They reject religious doctrine, especially religions that claim they have spiritual knowledge. EXAMPLE 2: • MATERIALISM • As a secular worldview, materialism believes that matter is the only reality. • Materialism teaches its followers that there is no supernatural realm. • This worldview is opposed to the religious worldviews that are based on the beliefs that affirm the existence of any form of spiritual reality. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Religion Studies/P2 9 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines • Materialism propagates that nothing exists but nature. • According to materialism, any being that is viewed as beyond nature is a creature of imagination. • Materialism forbids its followers to subject themselves to any spiritual dependency. • New terms were developed from materialism, namely, dialectical materialism and historical materialism. • In dialectical materialism matter is regarded as the fundamental cause of everything. • Historical materialism: economics and the relationships between workers and owners as the basic structure in the community are referred to as historical materialism. • However, contemporary physicists and neuroscientists are challenging materialist explanations of reality. (14) 3.1.3 • There is peace because all religions are recognised as being equal. • There is no religion that is officially favoured by the state. • It promotes religious freedom. • It promotes religious tolerance. • In a secular constitution, all religions may practise and worship in their own ways but must not infringe on the religious rights of others. • In state functions, such as the inauguration of the president, all religions participate. • Religion cannot dictate terms on the laws of the state. NOTE: Other relevant responses must be credited. (14) 3.2 • Clearest meaning. • Grammar and historical context. • Plan, purpose and context. • Meaning of words. • Figurative language. • Other sacred texts. (10) NOTE: Any FIVE of the above responses must be credited. [50] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Religion Studies/P2 10 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 4 4.1 4.1.1 • Lack of knowledge about sex and contraceptives. • Family breakdown. • Peer pressure. • Low educational expectations. • Heightened sex-based messages in the media. • Barrier to access contraceptives including negative attitude of health staff. • Low self-esteem. (10) NB: Other relevant responses must be credited. 4.1.2 • The formal education of the teen mothers remains on hold during pregnancy. • They often do not complete their studies, owing to the responsibilities of motherhood. • They drop out of school, resulting in fruitless expenditure by the education department. • They then receive a child maintenance grant, which is further government expenditure. • Teenage moms can abandon their children, making them the state's responsibility. • Teenage mothers lack family support structures, and often become victims of abuse. • Teenage moms are more prone to committing suicide. • Teenage pregnancy can result in medical complications in both the mother and her baby. (10) NB: Other relevant responses must be credited 4.1.3 EXAMPLE 1: CHRISTIANITY • 'The body is not meant for sexual immorality, but for the Lord, and the Lord for the body.' (1Cor 6: 13). • This means that sex and sexuality must be within Biblical teachings that forbid extra- marital sex. • 'The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want.' (Psalm 23:1-6). • It means the youth must rely on God for their needs, and to avoid sugar daddies/Blessers. • 'You shall not commit adultery.'(Exodus 20:14). • This commandment forbids pre-marital sex and extra-marital sex. • Christians are taught to live a holy life, including abstinence from sex before marriage. • 'If a man seduces a virgin who is not betrothed and lies with her, he shall give the bride price for her'. (Exodus 22:16-17). • This means that the man has to compensate her, thus discouraging sex outside of marriage. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Religion Studies/P2 11 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines EXAMPLE 2: AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION • Among the traditional Aka people, there are laws that are meant to ensure that a woman maintains her virginity. • In some instances early marriage is encouraged to avoid teen pregnancy. • Marriage serves as a sacred traditional stage to move from childhood to adulthood. • According to African tradition no woman is allowed to get married without having gone through puberty rites. • Every young woman has to remain a virgin prior to marriage. • The religion teaches followers about abstinence from sexual intercourse before marriage (principle of Ubuntu, respecting one's body and lineage). • Virginity testing is done by African women in order to fight teenage pregnancy. • Amongst the AmaZulu, the Reed Dance festival promotes maintenance of virginity among Zulu maidens. • If a Zulu man impregnates a lady outside wedlock he has to pay compensation for that (ukuhlawula). NB: Other relevant responses must be credited (10) 4.2 EXAMPLE 1: CHRISTIANITY • ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH • The branch sees itself as the original church. • God is made up of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. (The Trinity). • They believe that everyone is born in sin, because Adam and Eve disobeyed God's command. • The Holy Spirit comes from God the Father and the Son. • EASTERN ORTHODOX CHURCH • They believe that they are the rightly guided church. • They teach that the Pope does not have supreme authority over the church. • They believe that the Holy Spirit comes from God only and not the Son. • They believe that they are the original church founded by Jesus Christ. • PROTESTANTISM • They believe that faith is the key to salvation. • They teach that rituals are less important. • The Bible has more authority than the Pope. • Salvation is a gift given freely through the works of Jesus Christ. EXAMPLE 2: AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION • AMAZULU • They believe and acknowledge the existence of a Supreme Being called uMvelinqangi. • They believe that His status is so high that he cannot be directly approached. • Communication with uMvelinqangi is done through the ancestors. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Religion Studies/P2 12 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines • They also believe in a ceremony called 'brought back'(ukubuyisa ritual), where the living dead is established as an ancestor. • When there is illness or misfortune people consult either a diviner or a traditional healer. • They believe in the princess of heaven called uNomkhubulwana, who is associated with agriculture, rain and fertility. • AKA • The Aka believe in a creator spirit called Bembe. • They believe that Bembe retired after the act of creation. • They believe in the forest spirit called Dzengi. • They believe that Dzengi assists them in successful hunting. • Aka also have rituals directed to the spirits of ancestors and animals. • They also believe that people and animals reincarnate within their species • YORUBA • They believe that Olodumare/Olorun is the creator spirit. • They believe that each human possesses a fate or destiny. • They also believe that life is cyclical. • The aim of reincarnation is spiritual improvement. • They believe that good spirits become one with Olodumare. • They believe that the cosmos has two levels – the sky and the earth. • The Yoruba accept that after death a person enters the spirit realm and joins the living dead. (20) [50] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Religion Studies/P2 13 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 5 NOTE: If the area of conflict is a local conflict that can be verified, it must be credited. 5.1 EXAMPLE 1: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC (CAR) • The conflict began approximately in 2003, when president Bozize seized power in the country. • A number of rebel groups fought against the government in what is called CAR Bush War (2003 – 2007) • These groups were called the Seleka (Union). • Peace talks between the rebels and government broke down in 2012. • The rebels accused Bozize of reneging on amnesty promises. • The Seleka captured a number of key towns in 2012. • They seized Bangui, the capital, in 2013. • The president fled the country in 2014. (14) • Several unrests flared up in the absence of any effective government. 5.2 • In 2017, the renewed violence in CAR made many people to flee their homes. • There is still relentless suffering. • Some became displaced within the CAR. • Others were forced to flee their country. • The UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres was planning to visit CAR in October 2017 because of the ongoing turmoil. • In January 2018, Rodrique Ngaibona, known as 'General Andjilo', a warlord who fought in anti-Balaka (anti-Muslim) was sentenced to life in prison. • In February 2018, Armel Sayo, the president of the fearsome Revolution and Justice Movement, urged all rebel elements to cease hostility and support the programme of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintergration. (12) • There is now hope for peace in Central African Republic. 5.3 • This is not a religious conflict. • However, religion is exploited for political gain. • The main cause of conflict is political unrest. • The warring factions all want to have exclusive access to oil and diamond resources. • Both Christian and Muslim leaders showed support for African Union peace keepers • Religious leaders are engaging with conflicting parties in dialogue. • They took care of the casualties of war. • They provided shelter to the victims of conflict. • They provided medical assistance. • They provided food to those who are needy due to the violence. • They repaired clinics. • They promoted mutual respect among the parties in conflict. (10) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Religion Studies/P2 14 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines 5.4 YES Religion may be successful if the parties involved engage in dialogue: • If they respect one another. • If they tolerate one another. • If religion displays a high level of impartiality. • If parties involved in conflict may understand the value of compromise. • If the government supports the religious leaders. • If religion is objective in its approach to solving the conflict. NO Religion may not be successful if it is subjective in its dealing with conflict resolution • Religion has to be impartial in its approach. • Failure to do so will mean that parties will not participate meaningfully. • Sometimes religion is not credible when it is understood as being partial and subjective when making decisions • Sometimes religions do not have a strong enough influence. • The parties in conflict must desire to reach a peace agreement – religion by itself will not achieve it • This calls for co-operation of all stakeholders in order to be successful. (14) 5.1 EXAMPLE 2: SUDAN • The conflict in Sudan has lasted more than 100 years. • The north of Sudan comprises mainly Arabic-speaking tribes. They are largely Muslim. • Some tribes are animists. • Other tribes are Christians who live in the Darfur region and the south. • There are also economic factors that play a role. • The economy of the north is better developed than the south. • The discovery of oil in the south (Heglig fields) has led to factional conflict. • Khartoum tends to exert political control over the south (because of oil). • When Khartoum imposed Sharia law on the whole country, it resulted in an armed uprising against the government. • The Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) was formed and led the attacks against the government. • SPLA split into different factions, and turned to against each other. (14) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Religion Studies/P2 15 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines 5.2 • Although South Sudan gained independence from Sudan in 2011 through a UN referendum, little has changed. • Civil war erupted in South Sudan after the independence, and continues today. • Armed groups have turned on each other. • The vulnerable civilians are the victims. • The peace agreement signed in August 2015 proved to be ineffective. • There is still serious conflict between government and opposition parties. • There is widespread abuse of human rights and war crimes are being committed by the warring factions. • The healthcare centres are also vandalised. • In Sudan itself, there are sporadic uprisings against the government. • These are economic in nature. (12) 5.3 • This is not a religious war. • Religion plays only a minor role in the conflict. • No attempt has been made by one religion to convert another religion. • Muslims were also enlisted in the SPLA. • The imposition of Sharia law was therefore not the cause of the conflict. • There was also evidence of infighting in the SPLA soon after it was formed. The conflict was therefore not caused by religion. • There are numerous other divisions (economic, cultural and tribal) which have continued, even after the independence of South Sudan. • Religious organisations such as Islamic Relief and the Catholic Agency for Overseas Development provide humanitarian support. • This includes repairing schools and clinics, and providing food and water. (10) 5.4 NO • People involved in civil uprising in Sudan are all Muslims. • There is no religious domination in South Sudan, and still the conflict continues. • The warring factions in South Sudan comprise Christian, Muslim and animists. • The splits are along tribal and economic lines, rather than religious lines. • Religion, more often, is seen as favouring one side by the parties involved. • Under the circumstances, religion does not have an influence over politicians. • Religion generally relies on public donations./ Religion has very limited funding. • The limited funding hampers the role of religion. • This also inhibits their role in any attempt to involve the conflicting parties in brokering peace. • Religious organisations do not have the mechanism to enforce agreements, for example, an army. Copyright reserved

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Religion Studies/P2 16 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines YES • Religion may be successful if the parties involved engage in dialogue. • There is a greater chance of success- o If they respect one another. o If they tolerate one another. o If religion may display a high level of impartiality o If parties involved in conflict may understand the value of compromise. o If warring parties have sufficient trust in religious organisation. o If governments can support religious organisation financially. (14) [50] TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved