History Grade 12 P1 Eastern Cape Mock 2021 Addendum

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE KEREITI 12 LOETSE 2021 HISTORY P1 ATENTAMO *HISSES3* Atentamo ena e na le maqephe a 14.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 2 HISTORI P1 (ATENTAMO) (EC/LOETSE 2021) POTSO YA 1: BERLIN BLOCKADE E KENETSE JWANG HO DITLHAKU TSA NTWA PAKENG TSA MABAKA A UNITED STATES AMERICA (USA) LE SOVIET UNION (USSR)? MOHLODI 1A Mohlodi ona o hlalosa mabaka a thibelo ya Stalin ya Berlin ka 1949. Qetellong ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe, United States, Fora le Soviet Union di ile tsa arola Jeremane e hlotsweng dikarolong tse nne tsa mosebetsi, jwalo ka ha ho hlalositswe Kopanong ya Yalta ka Hlakubele 1945 mme e hlophisitswe semolao Potsdam hamorao selemong seo. Berlin, leha e ne e le kahara sebaka se hapilweng ke Soviet, le yona e ne e arotswe, karolo e ka Bophirima ya toropo e matsohong a Allies le ka botjhabela tlasa taolo ya Soviet. E etelletswe pele ke Joseph Stalin, Soviet Union e ne e batla ho otla Jeremane moruong, e qobella naha ho lefa puseletso ya ntwa le ho fana ka theknoloji ya yona ya indasteri ho thusa ho hlaphohelwa ha Soviet kamora ntwa. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, Dinaha tsa Selekane di ile tsa bona ho hlaphohelwa ha moruo wa Jeremane e le ntho ya bohlokwa ho e boloka e le sesupo sa demokrasi kgahlanong le ho ata ha bokomonisi bo tswang Europe Botjhabela, boo Stalin a ileng a kopanya tshusumetso ya Soviet ho bona. … Ka Phuptjane, diofisiri tsa U.S. le Borithane di ile tsa kenya tjhelete e ntjha, Deutschmark, ho Bazonia le West Berlin, ntle le ho tsebisa bo-mphato ba bona ba Soviet. Ha ba nka sena e le tlolo ya ditumellano tsa bona tsa kamora ntwa, Masoviet a ile a ntsha tjhelete ya bona hanghang, Ostmark, ho ya Berlin le Jeremane botjhabela. Letsatsing lona leo – la 24 Phuptjane 1948 – ba ile ba kwala tsela yohle, seporo le kanale e kenang dibakeng tse ikopantseng tsa Selekane tsa Berlin, ba phatlalatsa hore tsamaiso ya ditsela tse nne ya toropo e fedile. [Ho tloha https:// www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-blockade. E fihlile ka la 6 Hlakola 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/LOETSE 2021) HISTORI P1 (ATENTAMO) 3 MOHLODI 1B Mohlodi o ka tlase o shebile karabelo ya Matla a Bophirimela mabapi le thibelo ya Russia ya Berlin ka 1949. Berlin Blockade e bile kgohlano ya pele e tebileng dipakeng tsa ditho tsa Grand Alliance ya mehleng, mme ho tloha mona, ho ne ho hlakile haholo hore Cold War e se e qadile. Dinaha tsa Selekane tsa Bophirimela di ne di sa itokisetsa ho beha ntwa e hlometseng le Masoviet kotsing ya ho bula tsela e yang Berlin Bophirima. Ba nkile qeto ya hore dikarolo tsa bona tsa Berlin (bophirima) di tla fanwa ka moya. Sena se ile sa tsejwa e le Berlin Airlift mme se nkile dikgwedi tse leshome le motso o mong ho fihlela Blockade e phahamiswa ka Motsheanong 1949. Ha bophahamo ba Berlin Airlift, sefofane se tswang ho matla a Bophirimela se ne se dula boema-fofane ba Berlin's Templehof motsotso o mong le o mong. Ho boloka Berlin Bophirima ho fanwa ka tsela ena ho ile ha jella USA $350 milione le Borithane £17 milione. Ka mokgwa o tshwanang, Stalin o ne a sa ikemisetsa ho sebedisa matla ho thibela Bophirimela ba dinaha tse ding ho fepa Berlin Bophirimela ka sefofane, hobane o ne a sa batle ho beha ntwa kotsing. Ka May 1949, Stalin o ile a emisa thibelo eo. Dinaha tsa selekane jwale di ne di ikemiseditse ho aha Berlin Bophirima e le pontsho ya capitalism. Majeremane a mangata a tswang sebakeng sa Soviet a ile a tshela Berlin Bophirima. Jeremane le Berlin e ne e tla dula e le sesosa sa tsitsipano Europe nako yohle ya Cold War. Ka Mmesa 1949, USA, Borithane le Fora di phatlaladitse semmuso ho thewa ha Federal Federal Republic (Jeremane Bophirima). Ka 1949 ho bile le tlhokomediso lefatsheng ka bophara ka Cold War. [Ho tloha https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zgdnmsg/revision/4. E fihlile ka la 6 Hlakola 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 4 HISTORI P1 (ATENTAMO) (EC/LOETSE 2021) MOHLODI 1C Sengolwa se ka tlase se hlahisa ditlamorao tsa thibelo ya Berlin ho Matla a Kopaneng le baahi ba West Berlin. Pakeng tsa la 24 Phuptjane 1948 le la 30 Loetse 1949 masole a Borithane le Maamerika a ile a etsa difofane tse ka bang 400 000 ho leba Berlin Bophirima, a hula (a nkile) ditone tse ka bang dimilione tse pedi tsa dijo, mashala, diaparo le dintho tse ding tse hlokahalang. Nakong ya matsatsi a maphathaphathe ka ho fetisisa, sefofane se ne se dula metsotswana e meng le e meng e 45 boema-fofane bo bong ho a mararo a Berlin Bophirimela. Bafofisi ba difofane ba bile ba sebedisa dinoka e le ditselana ho tlisa thepa ya bona ya bohlokwa. Noka ya Havel ya Berlin e ne e le sebaka sa ho dula bakeng sa difofane tse ngata (difofane tse ka dulang metsing) tse nkang karolo ho sefofane. Leha ho le jwalo, esita le ka thepa e fanweng ke dinaha tsa Bophirimela, Berliners e thibetsweng ha eya ka ya ba le selemo se bonolo.Mafura a ne a haella hoo dibaka tsa motlakase di neng di ka fepela motlakase dihora tse mmalwa feela ka letsatsi. Dijo di ne di sebediswa haholo-holo bakeng sa ditapole tse omisitsoeng le dijo tse ntjha di ne di sa fumanehe ho hang. Mariha letsatsi le ne le dikela pele ho hora ya bone. Batho ba Berlin Bophirimela ba ile ba kgobokana (ba bokane) malapeng a bona a batang, a lefifi a se nang motjheso, kganya kapa dijo tse futhumetseng ho ba hlasimolla. Leha ho le jwalo, Ma-Berlin Bophirimela a ne a ikemiseditse ho se inehele kgatellong ya Soviet. Ba hanne ho amohela dijo ho tswa mmusong wa bokomonisi wa East Berlin. [Ho tloha A History of the United States, Volume II:1865 to the Present – American Voices ka S. Foresman] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/LOETSE 2021) HISTORI P1 (ATENTAMO) 5 MOHLODI D Mohlodi ona ke setshwantsho se bontshang thepa e tlisitsweng Berlin Bophirima dipakeng tsa 1948 le 1949. [Ho tloha https://schoolshistory.org.uk/topics/world-history/cold-war-1945-1972/berlin-airlift/. E fihlile ka la 05 January 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 6 HISTORI P1 (ATENTAMO) (EC/LOETSE 2021) POTSO YA 2: KE HOBANENG HA ANGOLA E FUMANEHILE E LE LEFATSHE LA NTWA E BATANG MO AFRIKA KA DILEMO TSA 1970? MOHLODI 2A Mohlodi ona o shebana le tshimoloho ya Ntwa ya boipuso ya Angola. Kaha e ne e ruile ditaemane le oli, Angola e ne e le e nngwe ya dinaha tsa ho qetela tsa Afrika ho fumana boipuso ho tswa pusong ya Europe. Ka la 25 Mmesa 1974, lesole la Portugal le ileng la phethola mmuso le ipelaetsa ka mekgwa ya naha ya bokoloni le ile la diha puso ka katleho. Mabotho a kopaneng a Mokgahlelo o Tlwaelehileng wa Tokoloho ya Angola (MPLA), National Front bakeng sa tokoloho ya Angola (FNLA), le National Union for Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) ba thehile mmuso wa phetoho le Alvor Accord ya 1974. . Pele selemo se fela mmuso o ile wa putlama, mme ka thuso e tswang ho USSR le sesole sa Cuba, MPLA e ikemiseditseng Marxist tlasa Jose dos Santos e ne e hapile taolo ya boholo ba Angola. United States, Brazil le Afrika Borwa di tseheditse UNITA ka ditjhelete, di fana ka dithunya, ditlaleho tsa bohlale le masole. Ntwa e matla e ile ya tswela pele ho fihlela ka 1991 ha tumellano ya nakwana (eo e seng ya ka mehla) e tsejwang ka hore ke Tumellano ya Bicesse. Ho bitsa bohle ho emisa hang- hang le ho tlosa ha mabotho a mabedi a Afrika Borwa, tumellano e laetse mmuso o motjha wa naha le sesole, hammoho le dikgetho tsa pele tsa mekga e mengata ya Angola. [Ho tloha www.blackpast.org>angolan-civil-war1975-2002. E fihlile ka la 7 Hlakola 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/LOETSE 2021) HISTORI P1 (ATENTAMO) 7 MOHLODI 2B Mohlodi ona o ka tlase o hlalosa ho nka karolo ha matla a maholo ntweng ya lehae ya Angola ya 1975. Mathata a Angola a ile a fetoha lebala la ntwa la Cold War ha mebuso e matla le balekane ba yona ba isa thuso ya sesole ho bareki ba bona bao ba ba ratang. United States e fane ka dithuso le kwetliso bakeng sa FNLA le UNITA, ha mabotho a Zaire a thusa Holden Roberto le bahlabani ba hae. China le yona e rometse barupedi ba sesole ho ya kwetlisa FNLA. Soviet Union e fane ka kwetliso ya sesole le disebediswa tsa MPLA. Lehlabuleng la 1975, MPLA e tsheheditsweng ke Soviet e ile ya kgona ho kopanya (ho theha) matla Luanda le ho phethola (ho diha) FNLA e tsheheditsweng ke USA ho tswa motse-moholo, empa FNLA e ile ya tswela pele ho hlasela. Mabotho a setseng a Portugal a ile a hloleha ho thibela (emisa) pefo. Ha moetapele wa MPLA Agostino Neto a phatlalatsa la 11 Pudungwana 1975 e le letsatsi la boipuso ba Angola, Lisbon e nkile qeto ya ho hula mabotho a yona ka letsatsi leo. MPLA le yona e bile le dikamano tsa nako e telele le Cuba ya Fidel Castro. Pele La 1 Pudungwana MPLA e ne e buisane le Castro bakeng sa thuso ya Cuba. Ka nako e tshwanang, UNITA, e neng e thabela tshehetso ya Amerika, e ile ya ya ho mmuso wa kgethollo Afrika Borwa ho matlafatsa sesole. Pretoria, ka sepheo sa ho emisa tshebediso ya Angola jwalo ka setsi sa marabele a lwanelang boipuso ba Namibia e hapuweng ke Afrika Borwa, e kentse mabotho a keneng ka Borwa ho Angola ka Mphalane mme a hatela pele ka potlako ho ya motse-moholo. Ha a arabela, Castro o ile a romela Mabotho a Kgethehileng a Cuba ho emisa tswelo-pele ya Afrika Borwa mme a atleha ho lebisa tlhokomelo ntlheng ya hore United States e fane ka tshehetso ho sehlopha se seng se amohetse thuso ho mmuso wa kgethollo. [Ho tloha https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/angola. E fihlile ka la 8 February 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 8 HISTORI P1 (ATENTAMO) (EC/LOETSE 2021) MOHLODI 2C Mohlodi o ka tlase o hlalosa mabaka a ho nka karolo ha Afrika Borwa Ntweng ya Lehae ya Angola ya 1975. Ka Ntlong ya Kopano ka Pherekgong 1976 Vorster (Tonakgolo ya Afrika Borwa) o ile a beha molato wa ho kenella ha Afrika Borwa ho Angola mahetleng a Marussia le MaCuba: ‘Ho nka karolo ha rona e bile phello ya ho kenella ha Russia le Cuba. Haeba ba ne ba sa kena Angola, haeba ba ne ba sa nke karolo ketsahalong ena, haeba ba ne ba sa leke ho nyenyefatsa (ho nyenyefatsa) Angola yohle le ho hatella (ho ba le) batho ba yona, Afrika Borwa e ne e ke ke ya hlola e kena Angola ho hang… Re kene ho lelekisa Cuba le MPLA hole le matamo (Ruacana le Calueque)’. Ho ke ke ha belaellwa hore tshehetso eo Marussia le maCuba a faneng ka yona ho MPLA ka sebopeho sa dihlomo le kwetliso di kentse letsoho ka mokgwa o itseng ho susumetsa boitshebetso ba Afrika Borwa, empa ho ke ke ha etsahala hore ebe e ne e le lebaka la bohlokwa jwalo ka ha Vorster a boletse. E ne e le SWAPO, eseng MaCuba le MPLA, ba ileng ba sokela matamo a mabedi dipakeng tsa Ruacana le Calueque. Lebaka le ka sehloohong la ho kenella ha Afrika Borwa Angola e ne e se boteng ba Marussia le MaCuba, empa takatso (ho hlolohelwa) ho thibela mmuso o mabifi wa MPLA ho nka taolo. Ha mabotho a Afrika Borwa a qala ho futuhela Angola mathwasong a Mphalane, ho ne ho se Marussia le batho ba fokolang haholo ba Cuba naheng eo. Ho boetse ho na le bopaki ba hore Mopresidente Kaunda wa Zambia le Mopresidente Mobutu wa Zaire, bao ho bona ho seng ba ratang MPLA, ba amohetse tshehetso ya Afrika Borwa bakeng sa FNLA le UNITA. … Diketso tsa Afrika Borwa di ile tsa mo hulela hanyane ntweng ya Angola… General Hendrik van den Bergh o ile a romelwa Fora ho ya reka dibetsa tsa boleng ba R20 milione bakeng sa FNLA le UNITA … Barupedi ba Afrika Borwa ba qala ho kwetlisa FNLA le Masole a UNITA a ka ho Angola. [Ho tloha South Africa in the 20th Century by BJ Liebenberg and SB Spies] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/LOETSE 2021) HISTORI P1 (ATENTAMO) 9 MOHLODI 2D Setshwantsho se ka tlase se hlahile ho The Observation Post mme se bitswa ‘Sera sa sera sa ka ke motswalle wa ka.’ Se bontsha Magnus Malan, PW Botha le Jonas Savimbi moeding wa Angola nakong ya Ntwa ya Lehae ya Angola ya 1975’. [Ho tloha https://samilhistory.com/2017/08/19/the-enemy-of-my-enemy-is-my-friend/#comments. E fihlile ka la 12 Phupu 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10 HISTORI P1 (ATENTAMO) (EC/LOETSE 2021) POTSO 3: KE DITLHOPHISO TSE BOLETSWENG DITLHAKU TSE NNETE LEKGOTLA LA BOROBELI NAKONG YA KOPANYO YA SEKOLO SE SEHOLO SA CENTRAL KA 1957? MOHLODI 3A Mohlodi ona o hlahisa lebaka la ho kopanngwa ha ditshebeletso tsa thuto ho la Arkansas dilemong tsa bo-1950. Ka la 17 Motsheanong 1954, Lekgotla le ka Hodimo-dimo la United States le ile la diha ka ntswe-leng ho Brown le Boto ya Thuto ya Topeka hore kgethollo ya morabe ditsing tsa thuto e kgahlanong le molao-motheo. Matsatsi a mahlano hamorao, Boto ya Sekolo sa Little Rock e ile ya fana ka polelo e reng e tla latela qeto ha Lekgotla le ka Hodimo-dimo le hlahisa mokgwa le nako eo kgethollo e lokelang ho kengwa tshebetsong ka yona. Ka nako eo Arkansas e ne e le e nngwe ya Dinaha tse ka Borwa tse tswelang pele mabapi le ditaba tsa morabe. Sekolo sa molao sa Univesithi ya Arkansas se ile sa hokahanngwa ka 1949 le Laeborari ya Setjhaba ya Little Rock ka 1951. Le pele Lekgotla le ka Hodimo- dimo le laela kopanyo ho tswelapele “ka lebelo lohle la ka boomo”, Boto ya Sekolo sa Little Rock ka 1955 ka ntswe-leng e ile ya amohela leano la kopanyo ho qala ka 1957 sekolong se phahameng. … Nakong ya selemo ka 1957, ho ne ho na le baithuti ba Batsho ba 517 ba neng ba dula seterekeng sa Sekolo se Phahameng. Ba mashome a robedi ba bontshitse thahasello ya ho ya Central ka hwetla mme ba botswa dipotso ke Boto ya Sekolo sa Little Rock, e fokotseng palo ya ba kgethilweng ho fihlela 17. Ba robedi ho baithuti bao hamorao ba nkile qeto ya ho dula Sekolong se Seholo sa Horace Mann, ba siya Little Rock Nine ho ya kena sekolong se phahameng sa Little Rock. [Ho tloha www.history.com>central high. E fihlile ka la 8 February 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/LOETSE 2021) HISTORI P1 (ATENTAMO) 11 MOHLODI 3B Mohlodi ona o shebana haholo le diphihlelo tsa Elizabeth Eckford ka la 4 Loetse 1957, letsatsi la hae la pele Sekolong se Phahameng sa Central. Ketsahalo ya pele eo Eckford a e boneng ha a theoha beseng mohahong o tswang Central High School e ne e le lewatle la difahleho tse halefileng. O ile a leka ho ya sekolong, empa mokgopi o neng o soma o ile wa mo thiba. A le mong, mangole a hae a ne a tetesela, o ile a sutumetsa mokgopi oo. O ne a leka ka matla ho se bontshe tshabo ya hae. ‘E ne e le sebaka se selelele ka ho fetisisa seo nkileng ka se tsamaya bophelong bohle ba ka’ o ile a re hamorao. Eckford e ne e le e mong wa baithuti ba robong ba neng ba ithaopetse ho ba hara Maafrika a pele a Amerika ho ya Sekolong se Phahameng sa Central. Ha a ya sekolong hoseng hoo, Eckford o ile a nahana hore ho ka ba le bothata. Empa o ne a sa tsebe hore o tla bona makgolo a batho ba basweu ba halefileng ba neng ba mo emetse ho tloha hoseng haholo. Ka tshohanyetso moo o ile a feta hara bongata. Elizabeth Eckford o ne a leka ho kena sekolong. Eckford o ile a kgutlela ho Balebeli ba Naha, empa ha baa ka ba etsa letho. O ile a kgutlela setopong sa dibese mme a dula setulong. Hape, mokgopi oo o ile wa mo dika- diketsa. ‘Fumana ropo. Mo hulele sefateng sena! Ha re hlokomeleng nigger’. ‘Mosadi e mosweu o ile a lwana a feta ka mahoohoo,’ a howa, ‘Tlohela ngwana enwa. Ke hobaneng ha o mo utlwisa bohloko? Dikgwedi tse tsheletseng ho tloha jwale, le tla fanyeha dihlooho ka dihlong.’ Mosadi eo, Grace Lorch, o ile a dula fatshe le Eckford bencheng. O ile a haka ngwanana eo 'mme a dula moo ho fihlela bese e fihla. Mofumahadi Lorch o ile a palama le Eckford ho fihlela a theoha sekolong seo mme wa hae a neng a ruta ho sona. [Ho tloha http://www.ahsd.org/ socialstudies/williamsm/The%20Mob%20at%20Central%20 High%20School.pdf. E fumaneha ka la 9 Hlakola 2016.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 12 HISTORI P1 (ATENTAMO) (EC/LOETSE 2021) MOHLODI 3C Setshwantsho se ka tlase se bontsha Elizabeth Eckford, e mong wa baithuti ba robong ba batsho tseleng ya hae ho ya ngodisa Sekolong se Phahameng sa Central sa makgowa kaofela, Little Rock, Arkansas ka Phato 1957. Ka mora hae ke sehlopha sa batswadi le ditho tsa Balebeli ba Setjhaba ba ba ne ba mo hlorisa ka morabe. [Ho tloha https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/central -high-school-integrated. Accessed on 10 February 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/LOETSE 2021) HISTORI P1 (ATENTAMO) 13 MOHLODI 3D Mohlodi ona o shebana le diketsahalo tse etsahetseng kamora hore Little Rock Nine e qale ho ya sekolong se phahameng sa Central ka 1957. Mantsiboyeng ao, ho tswa White House, mopresidente o ile a fana ka puo ya naha ka bophara moo a hlalositseng hore o nkile qeto ya ho sireletsa molao le ho thibela puso ya mahoohoo le ‘moferefere. Ka la 25 Loetse 1957, Little Rock Nine e ile ya kena sekolo e le tlasa molebedi ya hlometseng haholo. Masole a ile a dula Sekolong se Phahameng sa Central ho pholletsa le selemo sa sekolo, empa baithuti ba batsho ba ile ba hlekefetswa ka mantswe le ka mmele ke sehlopha sa baithuti ba makgowa. Melba Patillo, e mong wa ba robong, o ne a lahletswe ka asiti mahlong, mme Elizabeth Eckford o ile a sutumellwa fatshe ka ditepisi. Baithuti ba bararo ba banna sehlopheng ba ile ba otlwa ka tsela e tlwaelehileng. Minnijean Brown o ile a emiswa kamora ho lahlela sekotlolo sa chilli hodima hlooho ya moithuti ya mosweu (ya nyefolang). Hamorao o ile a emiswa selemo kaofela ka mora ho tswela pele ho lwana. Baithuti ba bang ba robedi ba ne ba fetolela lerama le leng kgafetsa. Ka la 27 Motsheanong 1958, Ernest Green, e bile motho wa pele wa Motho e motsho ho fumana mangolo Sekolong sa Central . Mmusisi Faubus o ile a tswela pele ho lwantsha leano la ho kopanya diboto tsa sekolo, mme ka Loetse 1958 a laela Little Rocks hore dikolo tse tharo tse phahameng di kwalwe ho fapana le ho dumella kopanyo. Baithuti ba bangata ba Little Rock ba ile ba lahlelwa ke selemo sa thuto ha ntwa e molaong ya kgethollo e ntse e tswela pele. [Ho tloha www.history.com>central-high... E fihlile ka la 8 February 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 14 HISTORI P1 (ATENTAMO) (EC/LOETSE 2021) LITEBOHO LEHLOA Mehlodi ya pono le bopaki bo bong ba nalane di nkuwe ho tse latelang: A History of the United States, Volume II:1865 to the Present – American Voices by S Foresman historytoday.com http://www.ahsd.org/socialstudies/williamsm/The%20Mob%20at%20Central%20High% 20School.pdf images.app.goo.gl/e27YpuvQ5ar9M6 www.atomicheritage.org>history www.blackpast.org>angolan-civil-war1975-2002 www.history.com/this-day-in-history/central -high-school-integrated www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-blockade. www.history.com>central www.history.com>central-high… https://samilhistory.com/2017/08/19/the-enemy-of-my-enemy-is-my-friend/#comments South Africa in the 20th Century by BJ Liebenberg and SB Spies Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Downloaded from hlayiso.com

Downloaded from hlayiso.com

14 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/SEPTEMBER 2021) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Visual sources and other historical evidence were taken from the following: A History of the United States, Volume II:1865 to the Present – American Voices by S Foresman historytoday.com http://www.ahsd.org/socialstudies/williamsm/The%20Mob%20at%20Central%20High%2 0School.pdf images.app.goo.gl/e27YpuvQ5ar9M6 www.atomicheritage.org>history www.blackpast.org>angolan-civil-war1975-2002 www.history.com/this-day-in-history/central -high-school-integrated www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-blockade. www.history.com>central www.history.com>central-high… https://samilhistory.com/2017/08/19/the-enemy-of-my-enemy-is-my-friend/#comments South Africa in the 20th Century by BJ Liebenberg and SB Spies Copyright reserved Please turn over Downloaded from hlayiso.com

(EC/SEPTEMBER 2021) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 13 SOURCE 3D This source focuses on the events that occurred after the Little Rock Nine had started attending at Central High School in 1957. That evening, from the White House, the president delivered a nationally televised address in which he explained that he had taken the action to defend the rule of law and prevent ‘mob rule’ and ‘anarchy’. On 25 September 1957, the Little Rock Nine entered the school under heavily armed guard. Troops remained at Central High School throughout the school year, but still the black students were subjected to verbal and physical assaults from a faction of white students. Melba Patillo, one of the nine, had acid thrown in her eyes, and Elizabeth Eckford was pushed down a flight of stairs. The three male students in the group were subjected to more conventional (usual) beatings. Minnijean Brown was suspended after dumping a bowl of chilli over the head of a taunting (insulting) white student. She was later suspended for the rest of the year after continuing to fight back. The other eight students consistently turned the other cheek. On 27 May 1958, Ernest Green, became the first Black person to graduate from Central High School. Governor Faubus continued to fight the school’s boards integration plan, and in September 1958 he ordered Little Rocks three high schools closed rather than permit integration. Many Little Rock students lost a year of education as the legal fight over desegregation continued. [From www.history.com>central-high... Accessed on 8 February 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over Downloaded from hlayiso.com

12 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/SEPTEMBER 2021) SOURCE 3C The photograph below shows Elizabeth Eckford, one of the nine black students on her way to enroll at the all-whites Central High School, in Little Rock, Arkansas in August 1957. Behind her is a group of parents and members of the National Guard who were racially harassing her. [From https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/central -high-school-integrated. Accessed on 10 February 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over Downloaded from hlayiso.com

(EC/SEPTEMBER 2021) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 11 SOURCE 3B This source focuses on Elizabeth Eckford’s experiences on 4 September 1957, her first day at Central High School. The first scene Eckford saw when she got off the bus a block from Central High School was a sea of angry faces. She tried to walk to school, but a jeering (taunting) mob blocked her path. All alone, her knees shaking, she pushed through the mob. She was trying hard not to show her fright. ‘It was the longest block I ever walked in my whole life’ she said later. Eckford was one of nine students who had volunteered to be among the first African Americans to attend Central High School. When she left for school that morning, Eckford thought there might be trouble. But she didn’t know that she would see hundreds of angry white people who had been waiting for her since early morning. Suddenly a shout went through the crowd. Elizabeth Eckford was attempting to enter the school. Eckford turned back to the National Guards, but they did nothing. She walked back to the bus stop and sat down at the bench. Again, the mob surrounded her. ‘Get a rope. Drag her over to this tree! Let’s take care of the nigger’.’ A white woman fought her way through the mob,’ screaming, ‘Leave this child alone. Why are you tormenting (upsetting) her? Six months from now, you will hang your heads in shame.’ The woman, Grace Lorch, sat down with Eckford on the bench. She put her arm around the girl and stayed there until the bus arrived. Mrs Lorch rode with Eckford until she got off at the school where her mother taught. [From http://www.ahsd.org/ socialstudies/williamsm/The%20Mob%20at%20Central%20 High%20School.pdf. Accessed on 9 February 2016.] Copyright reserved Please turn over Downloaded from hlayiso.com

10 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/SEPTEMBER 2021) QUESTION 3: WHAT CHALLENGES DID THE LITTLE ROCK NINE FACE DURING THE INTEGRATION OF CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL IN 1957? SOURCE 3A This source outlines the reason for the integration of educational facilities in Arkansas in the 1950s. On 17 May 1954, the US Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka that racial segregation in educational facilities was unconstitutional. Five days later, the Little Rock School Board issued a statement saying it would comply with the decision when the Supreme Court outlined the method and time frame in which desegregation should be implemented. Arkansas was at the time among the more progressive Southern States in regard to racial issues. The University of Arkansas School of law was integrated in 1949 and the Little Rock Public Library in 1951. Even before the Supreme Court ordered integration to proceed “with all deliberate speed”, the Little Rock School Board in 1955 unanimously adopted a plan of integration to begin in 1957 at the high school level. … In the spring of 1957, there were 517 Black students who lived in the Central High School district. Eighty expressed an interest in attending Central in autumn and they were interviewed by the Little Rock School Board, which narrowed down the number of candidates to 17. Eight of those students later decided to remain at the all-black Horace Mann High School, leaving the Little Rock Nine to forge their way into Little Rock’s premier high school. [From www.history.com>central high. Accessed on 8 February 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over Downloaded from hlayiso.com

(EC/SEPTEMBER 2021) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 9 SOURCE 2D The photograph below appeared in The Observation Post and is titled ‘The enemy of my enemy is my friend.’ It depicts Magnus Malan, PW Botha and Jonas Savimbi on the Angolan border during the Angolan Civil War of 1975. [From https://samilhistory.com/2017/08/19/the-enemy-of-my-enemy-is-my-friend/#comments. Accessed on 12 July 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over Downloaded from hlayiso.com

8 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/SEPTEMBER 2021) SOURCE 2C The source below explains the reasons for South Africa’s involvement in the Angolan Civil War of 1975. In the House of Assembly in January 1976 Vorster (South African Prime Minister) placed the blame for South Africa’s intervention in Angola squarely on the shoulders of the Russians and Cubans: ꞌOur involvement was the effect of Russian and Cuban intervention. If they did not enter Angola, if they did not take part in this affair, if they did not try to subvert (undermine) the whole of Angola and to suppress (contain) its people, South Africa would never have entered Angola at all … We went in to chase Cuba and the MPLA away from the dams (Ruacana and Calueque)’. It can hardly be doubted that the support which the Russian and the Cubans gave to the MPLA in the form of arms and training contributed in some measure to motivating South Africa’s intervention, but it is unlikely that it was as crucial a reason as Vorster implied. It was SWAPO, not the Cubans and the MPLA, who threatened the two dams between Ruacana and Calueque. The main reason for South Africa’s intervention in Angola was not the presence of Russians and Cubans, but the desire (longing) to prevent a hostile MPLA government from taking control. When South African troops began to invade Angola early in October, there were hardly any Russians and very few Cubans in the country. There is also evidence that President Kaunda of Zambia and President Mobutu of Zaire, neither of whom favoured the MPLA, welcomed South Africa’s support for the FNLA and UNITA. … South Africa’s actions drew her progressively (more and more) deeper into the Angolan war … General Hendrik van den Bergh was sent to France to purchase weapons to the value of R20 million for the FNLA and UNITA … South African instructors began to train FNLA and UNITA soldiers in Southern Angola. [From South Africa in the 20th Century by BJ Liebenberg and SB Spies] Copyright reserved Please turn over Downloaded from hlayiso.com

(EC/SEPTEMBER 2021) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 7 SOURCE 2B This source below explains the involvement of the superpowers in the Angolan Civil war of 1975. The crisis in Angola developed into a Cold War battleground as the superpowers and their allies delivered military assistance to their preferred clients. The United States supplied aid and training for both the FNLA and UNITA, while troops from Zaire assisted Holden Roberto and his fighters. China, also, sent military instructors to train the FNLA. The Soviet Union provided military training and equipment for the MPLA. During the summer of 1975, the Soviet-supported MPLA was able to consolidate (establish) power in Luanda and oust (overthrow) the USA-supported FNLA from the capital, but the FNLA continued to attack. The remaining Portuguese troops failed to stem (stop) the violence. When MPLA leader Agostino Neto announced 11 November 1975 as the day of Angolan independence, Lisbon decided to withdraw its troops on that day. The MPLA also had long-established relations with Fidel Castro’s Cuba. Before 1 November the MPLA had negotiated with Castro for Cuban assistance. At the same time, UNITA, which enjoyed US support, approached the apartheid government in South Africa for military reinforcement. Pretoria, with the aim to end the use of Angola as a base for rebels fighting for the independence of South Africa-occupied Namibia, contributed forces that entered Southern Angola in October and made rapid progress toward the capital. In response, Castro sent Cuban Special Forces to halt the South African advance and succeeded in drawing attention to the fact that the United States had provided support to a group that now accepted assistance from an apartheid government. [From https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/angola. Accessed on 8 February 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over Downloaded from hlayiso.com

6 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/SEPTEMBER 2021) QUESTION 2: WHY DID ANGOLA BECOME THE FOCAL POINT OF THE COLD WAR IN AFRICA IN THE 1970s? SOURCE 2A This source focuses on the origins of the Angolan War of Independence. Rich in diamonds and oil, Angola was one of the last African nations to receive independence from a European power. On 25 April 1974, a Portuguese military coup d’état protesting the country’s colonial practices successfully overthrew the regime. The combined forces of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), the National Front for the liberation of Angola (FNLA), and the National Union for Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) created a transitional government with the Alvor Accord of 1974. Within a year the government had disintegrated (collapsed), and with aid from the USSR and the Cuban military, the Marxist-oriented MPLA under Jose dos Santos had wrested (taken) control of most of Angola. The United States, Brazil and South Africa funded UNITA, providing ammunitions, intelligence reports and mercenaries. Heavy fighting continued until 1991 when a temporal (non-permanent) agreement known as the Bicesse Accords was reached. Calling all for an immediate ceasefire and the removal of both South African troops, the agreement mandated a new national government and army, along with Angola’s first multi-party elections. [From www.blackpast.org>angolan-civil-war1975-2002. Accessed on 7 February 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over Downloaded from hlayiso.com

(EC/SEPTEMBER 2021) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 5 SOURCE 1D This source is a photograph showing supplies delivered to West Berlin between 1948 and 1949. [From https://schoolshistory.org.uk/topics/world-history/cold-war-1945-1972/berlin-airlift/. Accessed on 05 January 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over Downloaded from hlayiso.com

4 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/SEPTEMBER 2021) SOURCE 1C The extract below outlines the impact of the Berlin Blockade on the Allied Powers and citizens of West Berlin. Between 24 June 1948 and 30 September 1949 British and American soldiers made about 400 000 flights into Western Berlin, hauling (carrying) almost two million tons of food, coal,clothes and other necessities. During the busiest days, a plane landed every 45 seconds at one of the three airports in West Berlin. Pilots even used the rivers as runways to bring in their essential cargo. Berlin’s Havel River was a landing site for amphibious aircraft (planes which can land on water) participating in the airlift. However, even with supplies donated by Western nations, blockaded Berliners did not have an easy year. Fuel was in such short supply that power plants could supply electricity for only a few hours each day. Food rations consisted mainly for dehydrated (dried) potatoes and fresh foods were not available at all. In the winter the sun set before four o’clock. The people of West Berlin huddled (gathered) in their cold, dark homes without heat, light or a warm meal to cheer them on. Nevertheless, West Berliners were determined not to give in to Soviet pressure. They refused to accept food from the communist government of East Berlin. [From A History of the United States, Volume II:1865 to the Present – American Voices by S. Foresman] Copyright reserved Please turn over Downloaded from hlayiso.com

(EC/SEPTEMBER 2021) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 3 SOURCE 1B The source below focuses on the reaction of the Western Powers towards the Russian blockade of Berlin in 1949. The Berlin Blockade was the first serious clash between the members of the former Grand Alliance, and from this point, it was very clear that the Cold War had begun. The Western Allies were not prepared to risk armed conflict with the Soviets to open the way to West Berlin. They decided that their sectors of Berlin (west) would be supplied by air. This became known as the Berlin Airlift and it lasted for eleven months until the Blockade was lifted in May 1949. At the height of the Berlin Airlift, a plane from the Western powers landed at Berlin’s Templehof Airport every minute. Keeping West Berlin supplied in this way cost the USA $350 million and Britain £17 million. Similarly, Stalin was not prepared to use force to keep the Western Allies from supplying West Berlin by air, because he did not want to risk a war. In May 1949, Stalin ended the blockade. The allies were now determined to build up West Berlin as a showcase for capitalism. Many Germans from the Soviet zone crossed into West Berlin. Germany and Berlin would remain a source for tension in Europe for the duration of the Cold War. In April 1949, the USA, Britain, and France officially announced the formation of the German Federal Republic (West Germany). By 1949 there was a worldwide awareness of a Cold War. [From https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zgdnmsg/revision/4. Accessed on 6 February 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over Downloaded from hlayiso.com

2 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/SEPTEMBER 2021) QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE BERLIN BLOCKADE CONTRIBUTE TO COLD WAR TENSIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA) AND THE SOVIET UNION (USSR)? SOURCE 1A This source explains the reasons for Stalin’s blockade of Berlin in 1949. At the end of Second World War, the United States, France and the Soviet Union divided the defeated Germany into four occupational zones, as outlined at the Yalta Conference in February 1945 and formalised at Potsdam later that year. Berlin, though located within the Soviet-occupied zone, was divided as well, with the Western part of the city in Allied hands and the east under Soviet control. Led by Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union wanted to punish Germany economically, forcing the country to pay war reparations and contribute its industrial technology to help post- war Soviet recovery. On the other hand, the Allies saw Germany’s economic recovery as crucial to preserving it as a democratic buffer (wall) against the spread of communism from Eastern Europe, over which Stalin had consolidated Soviet influence. … In June, U.S. and British officials introduced the new currency, the Deutschmark, into Bazonia and West Berlin, without informing their Soviet counterparts. Viewing this as a violation of their post-war agreements, the Soviets immediately issued their own currency, the Ostmark, into Berlin and eastern Germany. That same day – 24 June 1948 – they blocked all road, railway and canal access to the Allied-occupied zones of Berlin, announcing that the four-way administration of the city had come to an end. [From https:// www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-blockade. Accessed on 6 February 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over Downloaded from hlayiso.com

NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 SEPTEMBER 2021 HISTORY P1 ADDENDUM *HISTE3* This addendum consists of 14 pages. Downloaded from hlayiso.com